掠入射较高功率密度驱动Ni-like AgX射线激光的理论研究

 用系列程序对掠入射方式驱动亚稳态类镍银碰撞激发机制进行了研究。继低功率密度驱动获得有效增益系数为23.8 cm^-1结果之后，在4.3×10¹³ W·cm^-2较高功率密度驱动时，增益区移到驱动激光折返点附近，有效增益系数达到40 cm^-1以上，比正入射提高了2.4倍。用50 J激光能量驱动单靶，就能达到有效增益长度积为40的深度饱和增益。     

长波长激光驱动Ni-like Ag 13.9 nmX射线激光的理论研究

 为了进一步深入理解掠入射驱动碰撞机制的特点与长处，以基频光正入射驱动为参照，用系列程序研究了6 mm和3 mm激光正入射驱动类镍银碰撞激发机制。在波长6 mm的激光正入射驱动下，激光能量直接沉积到增益区，大大提高了增益区的电子温度；以5 J驱动能量，获得有效增益系数为20.7 cm^-1的高增益和有效增益长度积为41.4的深度饱和增益，与波长1.053 mm的正入射相比，以19%的驱动能量，使有效增益系数提高了60%。在波长3 mm的激光正入射驱动下，激光能量沉积到增益区附近，大大提高了增益区的电子温度；以15 J驱动能量，获得有效增益系数为21.2 cm^-1的高增益和有效增益长度积为42.4的深度饱和增益，与波长1.053 mm的正入射相比，以57%的驱动能量，使有效增益系数提高64%。     

19.6nm波长类氖锗X光激光光源理论模拟

 波长19.6nm的类氖锗X光激光适合作为诊断激光等离子体界面不稳定性的光源。用经过实验检验的系列程序对预-主短脉冲驱动类氖锗进行了系统的优化设计和理论分析。采用2%~3%的预脉冲强度，6~8ns的预-主脉冲时间间隔，在4×10¹³W/cm²功率密度驱动下, 波长19.6nm增益区的宽度可以超过60μm，增益区的维持时间可以达到90ps。对于16mm长的平板靶，增益系数可达11.8/cm；弯曲靶增益系数可达13.3/cm；单靶小增益长度积可达21.3，单靶就可以获得饱和增益。采用双靶对接，其小讯号增益可达38.4，可以获得深度饱和增益，能满足应用演示所需的X光激光光源。     

低强度激光泵浦类Ni离子X光激光实验

 在试运行的神光Ⅱ装置上,采用新设计的凸柱面透镜列阵均匀线聚焦系统, 用两束激光焦线叠加和双靶对接等技术,以预主脉冲激光驱动方式,在(5～8)×10¹³W/cm²的较低强度激光泵浦条件下,观测到Ni-like　Dy、Er、Yb的软X光激光输出,测得波长5.02nm类Ni-Yb和波长5.86nm类Ni-Dy的软X光激光的增益系数分别为1.6cm^-1和1.4cm^-1     

等离子体屏蔽和稀疏波对冲量耦合系数的影响

 利用脉冲Nd:YAG激光作用在铝、铜靶上，研究了不同入射激光能量下冲量耦合系数和离焦量之间的关系，以及不同功率密度情况下冲量耦合系数和光斑直径的关系。实验表明铝靶在入射激光脉冲能量由75.8 mJ增加到382.3 mJ时，冲量耦合系数峰值对应的最佳离焦量由－10 mm处远离焦点向透镜方向移到－18 mm，而对应的激光功率密度仅由2.0×10⁹ W/cm²增加到3.9×10⁹ W/cm²；铜靶实验规律和铝靶类似。等离子体屏蔽的吸收作用导致了冲量耦合系数达到最大值后迅速降低。铝靶在入射激光功率密度由0.7×10⁹ W/cm²增大到1.0×10¹⁰W/cm²时，冲量耦合系数随光斑直径增大而增大，对应变化斜率由5.2×10^-5N·s/（mm·J）增大到49.2×10^-5N·s/（mm·J），表明了稀疏波对冲量耦合系数的削弱作用随入射激光功率密度增加而增加，随光斑直径增大而减小。     

掠入射驱动产生x射线激光的数值模拟

利用一维流体力学数值模拟程序MEDUSA和原子物理程序包，以类镍钼189nm x射线激光为例，对掠入射驱动x射线激光方案进行了研究.掠入射驱动x射线激光方案可以通过调整掠入射角来选择适合的增益区间.与正入射驱动方案相比，掠入射驱动方案加强了驱动激光在增益区内的吸收，提高了驱动激光向x射线激光的转换效率.模拟结果与实验结果符合较好. 关键词： x射线激光 掠入射辐照 激光等离子体     

预-主短脉冲激光驱动的高增益类氖氩软X射线激光

 用数值模拟程序计算了脉宽1.5ps预脉冲和主脉冲激光，经1.2ns的时间延迟先后泵浦喷射的密度为6.632×10^-3g/cm³的氩气柱，以获得高增益的类氖离子电子碰撞激发3p-3s跃迁激光的可能性。结果表明：在等离子体中能够形成宽的类氖离子丰度大于50%的区域，并且具有大于10²⁰ cm^-3的自由电子密度。主脉冲到达之后迅速加热自由电子，高密度的自由电子与类氖离子碰撞激发形成具有很高增益系数的增益区，增益区的半高宽度大约100μm，一维理论计算的增益系数为200~300cm^－1，持续时间大约相当于泵浦激光的时间宽度，在1~2ps之间。     

Cl/HN3/I2全气相化学激光体系的化学动力学模拟计算

 对Cl/HN₃/I₂产生NCl(a)/I激光的过程进行了化学动力学计算，主要考察了Cl,HN₃和I₂的初始粒子数密度及其配比对小信号增益系数的影响。结果发现,当温度为400K, 初始Cl粒子数密度为1×10¹⁵，1×10¹⁶和1×10¹⁷cm^-3时,小信号增益系数分别达到1.6×10^-4,1.1×10^-3和1.1×10^-2cm^-1，获得最佳小信号增益系数的HN₃和I₂的初始粒子数密度分别为初始Cl粒子数密度的1～2倍和2%～4%。同时，对Cl，HN₃和I₂配比对小信号增益系数和增益持续时间的影响进行了讨论。     

Laser-induced Alignment and Coulomb Explosion of CO2

实验研究了CO₂分子在飞秒强激光脉冲作用下的动力学过程，包括分子取向，隧穿电离和库仑爆炸，激光强度从1×10¹³W/cm²变化到6×10¹⁴W/cm². 当激光强度小于分子的电离阈值时，CO₂分子的非绝热转动激发形成一个相干转动波包，波包演化导致分子沿激光电场方向取向. 激光脉冲结束后，分子取向可以周期性地再现，利用另一束激光可以对取向结构进一步进行修饰. 当激光强度大于分子     

30J能量驱动类镍银X光激光的理论研究

 在1.2×10¹³W·cm^－2低功率密度下，对基频激光预主短脉冲驱动类镍银X光激光机理进行了数值模拟和理论分析。证实了在靶长23 mm范围内X光激光都能获得有效放大，取得了和实验相符合的结果。考虑了单柱面镜线聚焦沿靶长度方向功率密度的非均匀性对X光激光放大的影响，采用弯曲靶能有效克服折射以及单柱面镜线聚焦功率密度非均匀带来的不利影响。理论模拟给出的类镍银X光激光的出光下限泵浦功率密度也与实验符合得很好。理论模拟还表明，采用1%左右的预脉冲强度并对预主脉冲时间间隔进行优化，X光激光的输出能量和能量转换效率将获得大幅度提高。     

High-repetition-rate grazing-incidence pumped x-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm

We have demonstrated a 10 Hz Ni-like Mo x-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm with 150 mJ total pump energy by employing a novel pumping scheme. The grazing-incidence scheme is described, where a picosecond pulse is incident at a grazing angle to a Mo plasma column produced by a slab target irradiated by a 200 ps laser pulse. This scheme uses refraction of the short pulse at a predetermined electron density to increase absorption to pump a specific gain region. The higher coupling efficiency inherent to this scheme allows a reduction in the pump energy where 70 mJ long pulse energy and 80 mJ short pulse energy are sufficient to produce lasing at a 10 Hz repetition rate. Under these conditions and by optimizing the delay between the pulses, we achieve strong amplification and close to saturation for 4 mm long targets.     

Saturated X-ray lasing in Ni-like Sn at 11.9 nm using the GRIP scheme

We report on gain-saturated operation of the 11.9 nm X-ray lasing line in Ni-like Sn using the grazing-incidence pumping scheme (GRIP). The experiments were done with 2-ps duration pump pulses and energies up to 5 J. Strong gain saturation with multi-microjoule output was measured for the Sn laser at a grazing angle of 30° and a pump pulse energy of 3 J. This was achieved with a 4.5%, 2-ps duration prepulse 2.4 ns ahead of the main pulse and also incident at grazing incidence. Increasing laser output was observed at GRIP angles up to 45°. At this angle, the minimum energy required for saturated lasing was determined as ∼2 J.     

Design of Highly Directive Ni-Like Ag X-Ray Laser at 13.9nm

We theoretically investigate a 13.9nm Ni-like Ag x-ray laser using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic code coupled with an atomic physics data package. The population inversion is transiently pumped by a grazing incident 0.5ps main pulse irradiating into an optimized plasma, which is generated by a normal incidence 300ps pulse and a subsequent grazing incidence 300ps pulse. The effect of the grazing-incidence angle on the source position of the output x-ray laser is investigated. Near zero deflecting angle is found for the peak output intensity of the Ni-like Ag x-ray lasers, with a small FWHM divergence of 5mrad. It is predicted that saturation can be achieved with a total pump energy of 165mJ.     

Demonstration of Mo Soft X-Ray Lasers with a Grazing Incidence Pumping Scheme in the XL-II Facility

A Ni-like Mo soft x-ray laser （SXRLs） operating at 18.9nm has been demonstrated by employing a grazing incidence pumping scheme with 120m^3 in the 200ps pre-pulse and 140mJ in the 200fs main pulse. The SXRL gain is estimated to be 1.5-3cm^-1 when a grazing incidence angle of 14° is applied. Numerical simulations are also performed to investigate the dynamics of the ion distribution. It is found that a high intensity at 2.4× 10^14 W/cm^2 of the 200fs main pulse could heat the pre-plasma rapidly to an appropriate temperature for population inversion, and could compensate for the shortage of the total pump energy to a certain extent.     

共轴抛物镜线聚焦性能的2维分析

 掠入射泵浦方式作为一种全新的X射线激光泵浦方式，采用了共轴抛物镜作为线聚焦器件。利用2维光路追踪程序，计算了高斯光束从5°掠入射角增加到7°时入射到共轴抛物镜上的线聚焦效果。研究发现，掠入射角从5°增加到7°过程中，线聚焦的尺寸随着掠入射角变大,线聚焦长度从6 mm逐渐变长到12 mm,线聚焦宽度从150 μm变到40 μm；掠入射角6.5°～7°可以实现符合实验要求的线聚焦效果，线聚焦尺寸约10 mm×20 μm(最小线聚焦宽度)，7°掠入射可以实现较好的线聚焦，基本满足实验的要求。     

CO2激光锡等离子体极端紫外及可见光光谱

利用CO2激光烧蚀锡靶产生等离子体,当入射到靶面的单个脉冲能量为400mJ,半峰全宽(FWHM)为75ns时,使用光谱仪和增强型电荷耦合器件(ICCD)采集了等离子体的时间分辨光谱。在局域热平衡假设下,利用谱线的斯塔克展宽和五条Sn II谱线的相对强度计算并得到了等离子体电子密度、电子温度和辐射谱线强度随时间的变化规律;利用掠入射极端紫外平场光栅光谱仪,结合X射线CCD同时探测了光源在6.5～16.8nm波段的时间积分极端紫外辐射光谱。实验结果表明:激光点燃等离子体早期的100ns内有很强的连续谱,此后才能分辨出明显的原子和离子线状谱。在延时0.1～2.0μs的时间区间内,等离子体中的电子温度和密度分别在2.3～0.5eV和7.6×1017～1.2×1016 cm-3范围内,均随时间经历了快速下降,然后再较缓慢下降的过程。激光锡等离子体极端紫外不可分辨辐射跃迁光谱峰值中心位于13.5nm,FWHM为1.1nm。     

Tunable high-energy ion source via oblique laser pulse incident on a double-layer target

The laser-driven acceleration of high quality proton beams from a double-layer target, comprised of a high-Z ion layer and a thin disk of hydrogen, is investigated with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations for an obliquely incident laser pulse. The proton beam energy reaches its maximum at a certain incidence angle, where it can be much greater than the energy at normal incidence. The proton beam propagates at some angle with respect to the target surface normal and with some tilt around the target surface, as determined by the proton energy and the incidence angle.