Three-dimensional microscope tracking system using the astigmatic lens method and a profile sensor

We developed a three-dimensional microscope tracking system using the astigmatic lens method and a profile sensor, which provides three-dimensional position detection over a wide range at the rate of 3.2 kHz. First, we confirmed the range of target detection of the developed system, where the range of target detection was shown to be ±?90 µm in the horizontal plane and ±?9 µm in the vertical plane for a 10× objective lens. Next, we attempted to track a motion-controlled target. The developed system kept the target at the center of the field of view and in focus up to a target speed of 50 µm/s for a 20× objective lens. Finally, we tracked a freely moving target. We successfully demonstrated the tracking of a 10-µm-diameter polystyrene bead suspended in water for 40 min. The target was kept in the range of approximately 4.9 µm around the center of the field of view. In addition, the vertical direction was maintained in the range of ±?0.84 µm, which was sufficiently within the depth of focus.     

脉冲激光作用下铝靶的层裂

 本文报导波长为1.06 μm脉宽（FWHM）约4 ns的强脉冲激光辐照下，铝靶发生层裂的实验结果。当入射功率密度在2.0×10¹¹~5×10¹¹ W/cm²范围的激光束作用下，厚度为0.1 mm、0.2 mm的靶在超临界条件下发生层裂，层裂厚度分别在(17±6) μm及(35±5) μm范围。文中使用一种简化模型对阈值条件下不同厚度的靶发生层裂时的层裂片厚度作了近似估算，并与已有的实验结果较好地符合。     

机载光电稳瞄系统实时被动测距方法研究

针对现有直升机机载光电稳瞄系统高精度角度测量和角速率测量的特点,提出一种利用测量目标相对角度和角度变化率等参数实现目标实时被动测距的方法。建立了机载稳瞄平台对地面固定目标定位的数学模型,提出利用系统旋转变压器测量目标角度,利用惯性速率陀螺测量目标角度变化率。该方法使得目标角度变化率的测量精度(优于0.1 mrad/s)比一般光学方法提高了一个数量级。利用扩展卡耳曼滤波(EKF)算法提高目标距离估算精度,保证测量结果的稳定性。理论仿真和外场验证实验结果表明,该方法可以实时估算目标相对载机的距离,适合于武装直升机快速实时目标定位。     

高频共振预探测多脉冲激光测距方法

在无合作目标激光测距中,提出了一种高频共振预探测和多脉冲相关处理对远目标距离进行高精度测量的技术方案.脉冲回波光电流信号经高频共振预探测电路进行放大滤波处理并转换为包含高精度定时特征点的高信噪比的双极性衰减振荡脉冲信号;之后利用多脉冲相关处理构造出的新脉冲函数进一步改善其信噪比.理论计算结果表明:最小可探测光脉冲电流仅为17 nA,与直接探测脉冲方法相比信噪比可提高60倍;在回波光电流脉冲峰值1:10000的动态范围内,走离误差小于0.1 ps.根据此原理研制出了脉冲激光测距仪,仪器在激光发射平均功率约为1 mW时,无合作目标测程大于2000 m,在1.5—300 m范围内测距精度达到±(3 mm+2 ppm),远目标测距精度为±(10 mm+10 ppm).该测距仪系统已用于全站仪产品中.     

石油组分的拉曼位移特征统计分析Ⅱ: 环烷烃和不饱和烃

了解不同类型烃类的拉曼光谱特征有助于更好地利用拉曼光谱技术分析烃类包裹体。主要统计和分析了环烷烃和不饱和烃的典型拉曼位移特征。结果显示,环戊烷和环己烷C-C键最强拉曼峰主要集中在1 440~1 460 cm-1之间,而通过环戊烷和环己烷分别在890和785 cm-1的稳定特征峰可以进行区分。环戊烷随着支链数的增加,其C-C键最强拉曼峰的波数增大至1 460 cm-1。含一个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰位于1 445 cm-1,含两个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 450 cm-1,含三个及以上支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 460 cm-1。环己烷随着支链数增加C-H键最强拉曼峰发生红移,C-C键最强拉曼峰主要分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1范围内。含一个支链的环己烷最强拉曼峰组合特征明显,分布在1 445 cm-1±,1 034 cm-1±,2 853 cm-1±和2 934 cm-1±,含两个支链的环己烷C-C键分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1,C-H键的最强拉曼峰为2 926 cm-1±,含三个支链的环己烷具有1 459 cm-1±和2 924 cm-1±的最强拉曼峰组合。烯烃碳碳双键的特征峰为1 641 cm-1±。炔烃特征峰在2 200 cm-1±,而1 445 cm-1±,2 908 cm-1±和2 933 cm-1±三个强峰可作为辅助识别标志。这些特征可以用于识别烃类包裹体中的环烷烃和不饱和烃。     

Analysis of radiation dose variations measured by passive dosimeters onboard the International Space Station during the solar quiet period (2007–2008)

The average absorbed dose and dose equivalent rates from space radiation were observed using passive dosimeters with same material and configuration at the same location onboard the International Space Station (ISS) over four different occasions (I–IV) between 2007 and 2008. The passive dosimeters consisted of a combination of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs). Total average absorbed dose rate increased by 68 ± 9% over two years. The observed increase was due to the incremental increase in the altitude of the ISS over the course of the experiment and the corresponding increase in trapped proton flux encountered during passage of the ISS through the SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly), which was confirmed with the results monitored by DB-8 active dosimeter on the ISS. The PNTD data showed that the average absorbed dose and dose equivalent rates from particles of LET_∞H₂O ≥ 100 keV/μm were 28 ± 2% and 51 ± 3% of ≥10 keV/μm during Periods I–III, while the dose contributions of particles ≥100 keV/μm during Period IV were 36 ± 5% and 59 ± 10%, respectively. The integral dose equivalent distribution during Period IV shows significant enhancement from particles ≥100 keV/μm. These facts suggest that a significant fraction of the high LET component is due to short-range recoil nuclei produced in target fragmentation reactions between primary protons and the nuclei of the passive dosimeters and surrounding materials.     

三镜级联结构Gires-Tournois谐振腔的色散特性分析

系统分析了三镜级联结构G-T谐振腔的色散特性,表明三镜级联结构G-T谐振腔具有不同于两镜级联结构G-T谐振腔的特有色散特性.利用该特性以三镜级联结构G-T谐振腔作为色散补偿元件可有效改善MGTI型interleaver的色散性能,并给出了以三镜级联结构G-T谐振腔为补偿元件的具体补偿实例.模拟结果表明：对50 GHz的MGTI型光交错复用器,可实现中心波长附近±0.08 nm、±0.09 nm和±0.1 nm范围内的色散绝对值分别小于1 ps/nm、2.4 ps/nm和6.6 ps/nm的良好的补偿结果.与文献报道的两镜级联结构G-T腔补偿结果相比,色散绝对值小于1 ps/nm的波长范围扩大了60%;在中心波长附近±0.09 nm范围内的色散绝对值降低了92%.     

Simultaneous remote monitoring of atmospheric methane and water vapor using an integrated path DIAL instrument based on a widely tunable optical parametric source

We report on the remote sensing capability of an integrated path differential absorption lidar (IPDIAL) instrument, for multi-species gas detection and monitoring in the 3.3–3.7 µm range. This instrument is based on an optical parametric source composed of a master oscillator-power amplifier scheme—whose core building block is a nested cavity optical parametric oscillator—emitting up to 10 µJ at 3.3 µm. Optical pumping is realized with an innovative single-frequency, 2-kHz repetition rate, nanosecond microchip laser, amplified up to 200 µJ per pulse in a single-crystal fiber amplifier. Simultaneous monitoring of mean atmospheric water vapor and methane concentrations was performed over several days by use of a topographic target, and water vapor concentration measurements show good agreement compared with an in situ hygrometer measurement. Performances of the IPDIAL instrument are assessed in terms of concentration measurement uncertainties and maximum remote achievable range.     

激光束的锥台光纤传输

 分析了锥台光纤的传输特性,建立了高斯近似模型,采用模场耦合理论,计算了锥台光纤的功率转换效率。并在激光器的输出光波长为532 nm,多模光纤的数值孔径为0.11,纤芯半径为12.5 μm条件下对细端半径分别为（4±1）,（5±1）,（6±1）,（7±1）和（8±1） μm的锥台光纤的转换效率进行了实验测定。提出利用锥台光纤的圆柱形多模光纤部分传输光功率,锥台部分保证光束质量的传输方案,在保证光束质量的同时能传输较高的光功率。     

Remote sensing of atmospheric gases with optical correlation spectroscopy and lidar: first experimental results on water vapor profile measurements

In this paper, the first experimental demonstration of the optical correlation spectroscopy lidar (OCS-lidar) is proposed. It is a new active remote sensing methodology to measure range-resolved atmospheric gas concentrations, based on broadband laser spectroscopy and light amplitude modulation. As a first step, a numerical study is performed for OCS-lidar measurements to optimize the accuracy of the range-resolved gas concentration measurement. Then, we demonstrate the ability of the OCS-lidar methodology to monitor the water vapor in the planetary boundary layer using the 4ν 720-nm absorption band. In addition to this first experimental proof, two different experimental configurations are proposed. The amplitude modulation, related to the optical correlation spectroscopy, is operated either at the emission with an active amplitude modulator before the backscattering process, or with passive optical filters on the laser backscattered light. For both configurations, range-resolved gas concentration measurements, achieved with a micro-pulse ground-based OCS-lidar, are presented. An extended discussion presents the mixing-ratio accuracy, which reaches ±1,000 ppm at a 2,000-m range for a range resolution of 200 m. The differences between the two experimental configurations are also discussed.     

A “comb” structure measurement of a micrometer displacement in laser plasma propulsion

A “comb” structure of beam intensity distribution is achieved to measure target displacements at the micrometer level in laser plasma propulsion experiments. Compared with single-beam and double-beam detection, the “comb” structure is more suitable for a thin film targets with a velocity lower than 10^?2 m/s. Combined with a light-electric monitor, the “comb” structure can be used to measure a velocity range from 10^?3 to 1 m/s. Using this “comb” structure, the coupling coefficient of aluminum ablated by nanosecond pulse laser in air is determined and compared. The results indicate that this “comb” structure is an effective experimental approach.     

Low-Dispersion Multimode Fibers with a Core Made of Fluorine-Doped Quartz Glass

The causes of the occurrence and the method of the elimination of defects of non-bridging oxygen in multimode fluorosilicate optical fibers prepared by the modified method of chemical vapor deposition are considered. The solution is the use of support tubes obtained by quartz surfacing in a hydrogen atmosphere. In this case, there is no absorption band in a range of 630 nm caused by nonbridging oxygen in the spectrum of optical losses of gradient fluorosilicate optical fibers of W-type. Attenuation in a visible spectrum range is mainly determined by the level of Rayleigh scattering and the mode dispersions at a wavelength of 342 and 683 nm are 1.2 ± 0.1 and 0.7 ± 0.2 ps/m, respectively.     

全光纤M-Z干涉仪的高灵敏度与大动态范围多普勒激光雷达风场探测技术

多普勒测风激光雷达是大气风场探测的重要手段之一。通过检测风速导致的大气后向散射谱的多普勒频移从而实现风速的探测。由于受鉴频器本身特性的影响,高灵敏度与大动态范围的探测一直是大气风场探测的难点。提出采用双光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)作为多普勒激光雷达的鉴频器件,设计两路不同动态范围及风速探测灵敏度的FMZI鉴频器同时对大气回波信号进行鉴频。采用小光程差(13.7 cm)、大动态范围(±100 m·s-1)鉴频光路FMZI-2对风速区间进行定位,大光程差(74.8 cm)、高探测灵敏度(2.62%/(m·s-1))的鉴频光路FMZI-1进行风速精细探测,从而实现大动态范围高灵敏度的风场探测。利用标准大气模型对不同参数条件下的系统灵敏度、系统探测的信噪比及风速误差进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统可以实现±100 m·s-1大动态范围内风速误差小于1 m·s-1的大气风场探测,为大动态范围高灵敏度测风激光雷达的发展进行了有益的探索。     

采用对数比处理技术的同步光位置测量系统

 对于双丝型同步光位置检测器，对数比处理技术较差比和处理技术具有更宽的线性范围和动态范围。利用美国BB公司的高精度对数运算放大器LOG112实现电流电压转换，研制了一种采用对数比处理技术的同步光位置测量系统，垂直方向光位置测量分辨率约为1 μm，线性范围大于±3 mm。与合肥同步辐射光源原有同步光位置测量系统相比，具有较高的性价比。     

On the Diffuse Structure of the Toluene–Water Interface

The electric density profile along the normal to the phase interface between aromatic hydrocarbon toluene and water has been studied by X-ray reflectometry using synchrotron radiation. According to the experimental data, the width of the interface under normal conditions is (3.9 ± 0.1) Å. This value is much larger than a theoretical value of (5.7 ± 0.2) Å predicted by the theory of capillary waves with an interphase tension of (36.0 ± 0.1) mN/m. The observed broadening of the interface is attributed to its own diffuse near-surface structure with a width no less than Å, which is about the value previously discussed for (high-molecular-weight saturated hydrocarbon–water) and (1,2-dichloroethane–water) interfaces.     

Low-Power Testing of Losses in Millimeter-Wave Transmission Lines for High-Power Applications

We report the measurement of small losses in transmission line (TL) components intended for high-power millimeter-wave applications. Measurements were made using two different low-power techniques: a coherent technique using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and an incoherent technique using a radiometer. The measured loss in a 140 GHz 12.7 mm diameter TL system, consisting of 1.7 m of circular corrugated waveguide and three miter bends, is dominated by the miter bend loss. The measured loss was 0.3 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a VNA; and 0.22 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a radiometer. Good agreement between the two measurement techniques implies that both are useful for measuring small losses. To verify the methodology, the VNA technique was employed to measure the extremely small transmission loss in a 170 GHz ITER prototype TL system consisting of three lengths of 1 m, 63.5 mm diameter, circular corrugated waveguide and two miter bends. The measured loss of 0.05 ± 0.02 dB per miter bend may be compared with the theoretical loss of 0.027 dB per miter bend. These results suggest that low-power testing of TL losses, utilizing a small, simple TL system and a VNA, is a reliable method for evaluating performance of low-loss millimeter-wave TL components intended for use in high-power applications.     

Fast three-component magnetometer-variometer based on a cesium sensor

A new fast three-component variometer-magnetometer based on a cesium sensor is developed and tested. The device is intended for measuring the longitudinal component of the geomagnetic field in the range from 20 to 65 μT and two transverse components in the range ±1 μT. The reproducibility of measurements is ±0.15 nT, and the noise-limited sensitivity is 0.01 nT (in terms of the rms deviation) or 0.04˝ for a measurement time of 0.1 s.     

Acoustic methods for measuring bullet velocity

This article describes two acoustic methods to measure bullet velocity with an accuracy of 1% or better. In one method, a microphone is placed within 0.1 m of the gun muzzle and a bullet is fired at a steel target 45 m away. The bullet’s flight time is the recorded time between the muzzle blast and sound of hitting the target minus the time for the sound to return from the target to the microphone. In the other method, the microphone is placed equidistant from both the gun muzzle and the steel target 91 m away. The time of flight is the recorded time between the muzzle blast and the sound of the bullet hitting the target. In both cases, the average bullet velocity is simply the flight distance divided by the flight time.     

光谱学研究硅烷钒锆复合钝化膜的结构和成膜机理

在热镀锌钢板表面制备了硅烷钒锆复合钝化膜。用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、射频辉光放电发射光谱(rf-GD-OES)和傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)表征了钝化膜的组成结构,分析了硅烷钒锆复合钝化膜的成膜机理。结果表明：硅烷之间互联构成了硅烷钒锆复合钝化膜的主成膜成分,无机缓蚀剂均匀分布在膜层中。钝化膜表面Si2p的XPS窄幅扫描谱100.7 eV处的拟合峰和红外光谱在波数1 100 cm-1 Si—O吸收峰变宽加强,表明硅烷以Si—O—Zn键的形式化学吸附在锌的表面,硅烷分子之间通过Si—O—Si键相互交联;红外光谱中1 650和1 560 cm-1的两个酰胺特征峰,结合910 cm-1的环氧特征峰的消失,表明γ-GPT的环氧基团在氨基活性氢的诱导下开环和γ-APT的氨基之间发生聚合反应形成交联的空间网状结构;rf-GD-OES分析发现钝化膜0.3 μm处存在一层富氧层,钝化反应生成的ZrF₄,ZrO₂和钒盐等无机物均匀分布在钝化膜中。分析膜层组成结构和成膜前后的ATR-FTIR光谱,研究了成膜过程中发生的物理过程和化学变化,提出了硅烷钒锆复合钝化膜的成膜机理。     

Magnon dispersion in TbAl2

Slow neutron inelastic scattering has been used to determine the magnon dispersion relation in TbAl₂ at 4.6 K. Energies of magnons in symmetry points are in meV: Γ 1.7±0.1 and 6.0±0.1, X5.1±0.2 (degenerate); L3.0±0.1 and 7.4±0.1 for the acoustic and optical modes respectively. An analysis of the experimental curves in terms of interatomic exchange parameters shows long range order and oscillations in real space.