基于激光驱动等离子体X光源的X射线相衬成像

为了诊断惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆靶丸球壳的多层信息,在神光Ⅱ激光器上对激光驱动等离子体X光源的相衬成像进行了研究。利用神光Ⅱ第9路激光驱动平面Ti靶获得X光源,在10μm的针孔约束下作为次级点光源对样品成像,用X光胶片记录。成功地将相衬成像技术应用于ICF实验,综合考虑成像放大倍数、分辨力、成像衬度和抑制烧蚀碎片等因素,选择合适的实验条件,成功获得了清晰的双层内爆靶丸球壳结构,空间分辨力优于10μm。     

四通道球面弯晶成像系统设计及实验研究

基于动态X射线荧光成像技术对高集光效率、单色化成像诊断设备的需求,提出了一种四通道球面弯晶成像系统设计。采用“圆锥体”空间排布方式,解决了多个通道耦合问题。通过调整弯晶姿态,实现了像点的合理分布。针对4.51 keV能点,采用Ge(400)球面弯晶作为成像元件,给出了四通道弯晶成像系统的光学初始结构参数。在实验中利用Ti靶X射线光管,对单个通道进行了网格背光成像,获得的二维图像放大倍数为7.8倍,空间分辨率达到15 μm,初步验证了系统的成像性能。四通道弯晶成像系统与分幅相机结合,能有效解决动态X射线荧光成像技术信号弱、图像信噪比低的技术难点。     

丝阵内爆可见光辐射区径向变化过程实验

在Z-pinch实验中，为了研究丝阵内爆过程，给出内爆轨迹、内爆速度和收缩比等诊断数据，已经研制了激光探针、X光分幅相机、时间分辨X光一维成像等诊断系统，并取得了大量实验数据。激光探针和X光分幅相机仅能给出有限的几个时刻等离子体或X光辐射区的径向尺寸，难以获得内爆辐射区随时间变化过程的全貌；利用狭缝成像的X光一维成像系统和利用球面透镜成像的可见光成像系统由于均采用条纹相机进行记录，具有时间分辨能力且能给出内爆辐射区随时间的连续变化过程。     

微聚焦菲涅耳波带板聚焦特性研究

通过激光轰击Ti平面靶,用微聚焦菲涅尔波带板做成像器,测到了在放大倍数为66倍时X射线焦斑图像.利用Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射积分公式数值模拟了微聚焦菲涅尔波带板的点扩展函数,模拟结果表明该微聚焦菲涅尔波带板在两倍焦距处强聚焦.改变物距和像距但保持透镜的物像距公式,也可得到类似的结果.模拟和实验表明微聚焦波带板可以应用于X射线点对点成像,实现激光等离子体X射线高空间分辨成像. 关键词： 菲涅尔波带板 Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射 数值模拟 点扩展函数     

球面晶体分析器在X射线成像诊断中的研究

 为诊断激光等离子体X射线,研制了基于Bragg衍射原理的球面弯曲晶体。球面晶体可提高空间分辨、光谱分辨及立体角收集辐射能力。实验采用球面弯曲石英晶体作为分析器,X射线成像板作为成像器件,利用X射线衍射仪铬靶 Kα单色谱成像,验证了0.2 mm间隔双丝的单能像,球面弯晶具有较高的光谱分辨力和信噪比,谱分辨力可达1 000,聚光效率在同样距离条件下比平晶分析器高一个数量级以上。     

激光等离子体球面晶体光谱成像

 利用自聚焦原理,研制了一种新型的球面弯晶谱仪。晶体分析器采用云母材料,其弯曲半径为380 mm,布拉格角为51°。利用成像板接收光谱信号,其有效面积为30 mm×80 mm,从等离子体源经晶体到成像板的光程长为980 mm。物理实验在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心20 J激光装置上进行,入射激光能量为6.78 J,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。球面云母弯晶谱仪的光谱分辨率达到1 000～1 500,在相同环境放置的PET平晶的光谱分辨率为50～100。结果表明：球面弯晶具有较高的光谱分辨率和信噪比,适合于激光等离子体X射线的光谱学研究。     

反射镜多靶串接增益饱和软X光激光实验

利用Mo/Si多层膜软X光反射镜实现了类氖锗软X光激光的双程放大,在顺接双靶总长28mm时,加与不加反射镜相比,软X光激光输出强度增强了40倍左右,已接近饱和;光束发散角减小,增益区厚度变薄,光束的空间相干性改善。当串接四靶总长为56mm时,加与不加反射的软X光激光输出强度没有明显的差异,表明已达到深度的增益饱和。     

基于超环面晶体的X射线成像诊断

设计了可用于X射线成像用的聚焦型超环面晶体谱仪,讨论了基于布拉格几何结构的超环面及球面弯曲晶体聚焦特性,给出了基于超环面晶体X射线2维单能成像的光源、晶体及探测器的最佳位置,在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心进行了X射线背光成像实验.利用超环面弯曲晶体作为成像器件,其弧矢及子午平面的曲率半径分别为290 mm及190...     

神光Ⅱ激光装置X射线高分辨单色成像技术

介绍了基于球面弯晶的X射线高分辨单色背光成像技术。通过对球面弯晶背光成像系统的分析,获得成像关键性能参数随成像系统设计参数变化的关系,设计了应用于神光Ⅱ激光装置的单色背光成像系统。利用石英球面弯晶,采用Mg的类H共振发射线以及利用云母球面弯晶,采用Mo连续谱中3.14 keV能点进行背光实验,获得了内爆靶丸的单色投影图像,空间分辨在较大范围内好于5 m。这种成像技术在现阶段惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验研究中能够发挥许多重要的作用,特别是对内爆靶丸压缩流线的测量和流体力学不稳定性的诊断。     

反射镜双程放大对类氖锗软X射线激光的输出影响研究

纳秒量级激光驱动的类氖锗软X射线激光具有出光稳定和输出强度大等优点,在诸多领域拥有很好的应用价值. 研究了通过在光路中增加一块多层膜反射镜实现双程放大对出光特性的影响. 通过估算和实验,证实了增加反射镜双程放大确实能够提高类氖锗软X射线激光的输出强度,对于24mm的双程放大长度,总输出强度会增加约2.3倍. 但同时这种模式也带来了光束质量的下降,对应用研究并非完全有益. 关键词： 软X射线激光 反射镜双程放大 增益饱和     

Surface imaging using diffracted electrons

Refection electron microscopy has been applied for studying single crystal surfaces of noble metals in a conventional electron microscope using diffracted electrons for the imaging. This is equivalent to dark field imaging in transmission electron microscopy. The image contains far more contrast due to deviation from the ideal surface structure than any other surface imaging technique. A resolution of the order of 20 Å has been achieved for directions perpendicular to the incident beam. In directions parallel to the incident beam the resolution is much worse and the magnification is reduced with a factor 15 to 100 because the surface is viewed at the angle of the diffracted beam used for imaging (foreshortening). Nevertheless the achieved resolution is one to two orders of magnitude better than for other surface imaging methods. Since a correspondence can be established between image and diffraction pattern by means of selected area diffraction, the present technique should be very useful in structure analysis of surfaces.     

高分辨率电子工业用数字化Ｘ射线检测系统

提出一种高分辨率电子工业用数字化Ｘ射线检测系统的总体设计方案,选择微焦斑X射线源和双近贴式X射线像增强器作为该系统的关键器件,分析了微焦斑X射线源的焦斑尺寸对系统分辨率的影响,并且建立了微焦斑X射线源和双近贴式X射线像增强器自身分辨率及成像的几何放大率对系统最终分辨率影响的数学模型。通过数学模型得出了几何放大率同系统分辨率的关系曲线。设计了光路及图像采集装置,并用VC 6.0完成了实用的X射线图像处理软件,研制了完整的成像系统样机并进行了调试与实验。这种成像系统有效视野可达75 mm,分辨率为160 lp/cm。     

Compact zoom lens unit for camera phones

We present a novel approach to the miniaturization of an imaging system with high resolution and high optical magnification for camera phones. An optical zoom system with a mechanical shutter has been designed and developed, the mechanical shutter being necessary to assure high image quality. The shutter is integrated with the zooming lens group, which allows the zoom lens unit to be downsized. Performance of the zoom lens unit accommodates an image sensor of over five-mega-pixels and fulfills all the requirements of a camera phone.     

Comment on ‘Super‐resolution microscopy by movable thin‐films with embedded microspheres: Resolution analysis’ [Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 527, 513 (2015)]

This work addresses the shortcomings of the recent paper by Allen et al. [Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 527, 513 (2015)], in which the authors attempted to quantify the spatial resolution and magnification in imaging by using microsphere‐embedded films. Their methodology in resolution and magnification analyses is ill‐considered and worth discussing. Neglecting the impact of the confocal arrangement, used for imaging in their work, on the resolution improvement factor has led to an exaggerated claim of ～λ/6 as the inherent resolution gain of the microsphere. However, this ～λ/6 value cannot be solely attributed to the microspheres because, the effects the pinhole function and image acquisition process of the laser scanning confocal microscope must be separated from their results in order to find the inherent resolution gain of the microsphere. The magnification analysis is flawed for several reasons: invalidity of geometrical optics for micron‐scale spheres, neglecting the impact of the index of the PDMS film surrounding the microsphere, and the cyclic methodology used in presenting the magnification results. Specifically, such large claimed gaps between the object and the microsphere as a mediator of near‐field information contradicts the coupling condition requirement, as claimed by the authors, between the scattered evanescent field of the object and the microsphere.     

球面参考光预放大数字全息成像系统分辨力

为了提高数字全息成像系统的成像分辨力,对以球面波作为参考光波的预放大数字全息成像系统的记录和再现过程进行了理论推导,得出了该系统的脉冲响应表达式,并由此分析了决定该系统成像分辨力的因素。在CCD成像分辨力高于显微物镜分辨力的情况下,通过对分辨力测试板进行实验,讨论了系统分辨力与记录距离的关系。结果表明:再现像的分辨力对记录距离不敏感;但在记录距离为零,即像面数字全息系统下,再现像具有更高的分辨力。实验结果与理论分析一致。     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数(MTF),结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟X光针孔成像的可行性。     

基于液晶可调变滤色器的光谱图像获取及颜色重建方法

基于液晶可调变滤色器(LCTF)的光谱成像系统具有光谱分辨率高、结构紧凑、控制灵活等特点。搭建了一套可见光波段的高分辨率LCTF光谱成像系统,对系统的光谱图像获取及彩色图像重建方法进行了研究;建立了系统的光谱及颜色重建模型;基于标准色卡及标准测色系统,对该系统的颜色复现效果进行了实验验证;实验结果表明,该LCTF光谱成像系统的彩色图像颜色复现精度达可到较小色差水平。     

Automatic crystal centring procedure at the SSRF macromolecular crystallography beamline

X‐ray diffraction is a common technique for determining crystal structures. The average time needed for the solution of a protein structure has been drastically reduced by a number of recent experimental and theoretical developments. Since high‐throughput protein crystallography benefits from full automation of all steps that are carried out on a synchrotron beamline, an automatic crystal centring procedure is important for crystallographic beamlines. Fully automatic crystal alignment involves the application of optical methods to identify the crystal and move it onto the rotation axis and into the X‐ray beam. Crystal recognition has complex dependencies on the illumination, crystal size and viewing angles due to effects such as local shading, inter‐reflections and the presence of antifreezing elements. Here, a rapid procedure for crystal centring with multiple cameras using region segment thresholding is reported. Firstly, a simple illumination‐invariant loop recognition and classification model is used by slicing a low‐magnification loop image into small region segments, then classifying the loop into different types and aligning it to the beam position using feature vectors of the region segments. Secondly, an edge detection algorithm is used to find the crystal sample in a high‐magnification image using region segment thresholding. Results show that this crystal centring method is extremely successful under fluctuating light states as well as for poorly frozen and opaque samples. Moreover, this crystal centring procedure is successfully integrated into the enhanced Blu‐Ice data collection system at beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility as a routine method for an automatic crystal screening procedure.