自适应红外目标特征增强算法

利用直方图均衡化和灰度变换增强算法,不能有效增强红外图像目标。鉴于此,在研究红外图像特点的基础上,提出了一种自适应红外目标特征增强算法。该算法先对红外图像进行中值滤波,滤除掉图像中的随机噪声,然后利用直方图分割将红外图像分为目标和背景2部分,通过线性加权叠加抑制背景和增强目标。实验表明,该算法不仅能够根据红外图像中目标的灰度特性自适应地选取直方图分割阈值,而且在去除噪声和增加对比度的同时还抑制了背景,达到了预期的效果。该算法尤其适用于目标和背景像素比例相近时直方图具有局域双峰特征的红外图像中目标的增强。     

红外弱小目标的识别方法

红外弱小目标一直是自动监控和告警系统中的热点和难点。重点分析和介绍了红外弱小目标的探测、识别和跟踪算法。     

基于似然比检验的红外小弱目标快速航迹起始方法

利用红外测量跟踪系统获取目标信号幅度信息,提出了一种基于序列似然比检验的小弱运动目标航迹快速起始方法。用动态2维分配算法关联量测-航迹,采用序列似然比检验衡量航迹质量,一旦似然函数比达到阈值则确认目标航迹。该方法可根据目标信噪比不同采取不同帧数来起始、确认目标航迹,做到信噪比越大起始帧数越少,目标航迹检测概率越高,而信噪比越小则起始帧数越多。理论分析和试验结果表明,该方法既能提高航迹起始速度,又能提高目标航迹检测概率,避免和解决了M/N逻辑法需要固定扫描帧数才能确认航迹的局限性。     

超大视场红外告警系统的成像特点分析

为了设计出适用于超大视场红外鱼眼告警系统的有效算法,对超大视场红外鱼眼告警系统所拍摄的红外图像进行分析,结果发现:超大视场红外图像中目标只表现为一个点,红外图像的背景非常复杂;对于天空背景,随着仰角的增大,其辐射亮度逐渐变小,目标的运动轨迹被弯曲,并随视场角的增大其弯曲程度越甚。从红外鱼眼镜头的设计理论出发,对系统的像面照度进行了分析,并采用美国光电工业公司的CDS100-04型黑体作为标准辐射源对分析结果进行了实验验证,结果表明:不同位置处灰度值的相对标准偏差仅为2.26%,说明该系统的像面照度是均匀的;最后,对系统的作用距离进行了分析,其作用距离约为9.6 km,基本满足实际需要。     

红外搜索系统中弱小目标检测算法研究

 复杂背景下低信噪比弱小目标的检测是红外搜索系统中的重点和难点,为解决红外搜索系统中杂波干扰多、目标信噪比低等问题,提出一种模板匹配滤波的目标检测方法。该算法在预测背景的同时,通过对图像背景灰度值进行动态的阈值处理,自适应地进行背景抑制。当背景包含较多复杂因素时,采用模板匹配滤波的目标检测方法,消除背景抑制后的残留杂波,实现弱小目标的提取。试验结果表明：当场景较复杂且图像信噪比较低时,使用该算法处理后可使图像信噪比达到4 dB以上,从而提高了弱小目标的检测概率。     

一种海空背景下红外小目标检测新算法

针对海空背景下红外小目标图像信噪比低、难以检测的情况以及传统检测方法需要图像帧数多、实时性差等缺点,基于Donoho的小波变换阈值化方法,提出了一种更加适合海空背景下红外小目标检测的新算法.该算法采用一种新的阈值求取方法以及更加简单的硬阈值化函数对图像进行处理.通过仿真实验将新算法与传统检测算法进行比较,实验结果表明,无论在处理效果还是实时性上,新算法都优于传统算法.     

一种海空背景下红外小目标检测新算法

针对海空背景下红外小目标图像信噪比低、难以检测的情况以及传统检测方法需要图像帧数多、实时性差等缺点,基于Donoho的小波变换阈值化方法,提出了一种更加适合海空背景下红外小目标检测的新算法.该算法采用一种新的阈值求取方法以及更加简单的硬阈值化函数对图像进行处理.通过仿真实验将新算法与传统检测算法进行比较,实验结果表明,无论在处理效果还是实时性上,新算法都优于传统算法.     

基于Contrast box算法的图像序列有用目标段搜寻方法

提出一种基于Contrast box算法的红外弱小多目标图像序列有用目标段搜寻方法,引用每帧图像的信号量来搜索红外图像序列中含有目标的有用信息段.描述了Contrast box算法和搜索有用目标段处理过程,分析了阈值权值系数和目标所占像元面积选取的不同对图像有用目标段搜索的影响,给出了每幅图像的统计信号量.实验表明,该方法在执行效率和搜索时间上能够取得满意的结果.     

基于多特征的快速红外弱小目标检测算法

为了从全向红外搜索和跟踪系统采集的海量大视场高分辨率红外图像中快速准确地检测出红外弱小目标,本文提出了一种基于由粗到细的分阶段检测策略和时空域特征融合的红外弱小目标检测算法.首先,通过引入基于频域的快速显著性检测算法预先检测出目标可能存在的候选区域;其次,对候选区域进行角点检测以判定是否存在候选目标;最后,通过结合帧间时空域特征对候选目标进行进一步判定,以提取真实目标、删除虚假目标.多种实际场景的实验结果表明,该目标检测算法不仅运算量小而且探测概率高、虚警率低,是一种工程实用性能很好的红外弱小目标检测算法.     

基于修补粒子群算法的红外目标跟踪

为了避免粒子群算法退化和运算量大问题,提出利用修补粒子群算法对红外目标进行跟踪。该算法先用设置粒子的惯性因子对搜索到的红外目标位置进行修正,使粒子的位置达到局部最优点和全局最优点;然后通过粒子群收缩因子限制在边界搜索,消除目标位置的模糊性。利用该方法对空中红外战斗机图像跟踪仿真,结果显示在500次粒子迭代,100次跟踪中误差为2.83%,在最大惯性权值为1.2和最小惯性权值为0.3时跟踪效果最接近真实目标,且边缘最清晰。     

红外鱼眼系统下的多目标航迹起始方法研究

为了实现红外鱼眼系统下对多目标航迹进行起始,分析了红外鱼眼系统下目标在像面上的运动特点,提出了用于红外鱼眼系统的多目标航迹起始算法。算法采用逻辑法中的3/4逻辑,利用最大速度约束法去除各采样周期中大部分非相关量测点,用Hough变换方法确定可能航迹,用匀速约束对航迹进行确认。利用模拟目标对算法进行了实验和分析,结果表明,该算法与标准Hough变换法和逻辑法相比,航迹起始性能有了明显提高。当杂波个数为450个时,航迹起始虚警率仅为14%;对非断点航迹的成功起始时间为3帧,对断点航迹的成功起始时间为4帧,且在密集杂波环境下算法执行时间也较短。     

Aberration athermal design for infrared search and trace optical system

To satisfy environment requirement of infrared search and trace optical system, an infrared diffractive/refractive hybrid optical system in 3.7–4.8 μm with 11.42° of field of view for passive athermalization is presented. The system is consisted of three lenses, including two aspheric surfaces and a diffraction surface, which has only two materials Ge and Si. The optical system has compact structure, small volume and light weight. The image quality of the system approaches the diffraction limit in the temperature range −80 °C to 160 °C. It is compatible with staring focal plane array which has a format of 320 × 240 and the pixel pitch of 30 μm. The system need not move the compensated lens repeatedly to obtain the best images from −80 °C to 160 °C and enhances the performance of target tracking and recognition.     

红外凝视系统下的多规则航迹起始算法

针对传统航迹起始算法在红外凝视跟踪系统应用中存在的弊端,提出了一种适用于凝视跟踪系统的多规则快速航迹起始算法.该方法通过深入分析红外凝视系统中目标自身特点及其运动特性,给出了能够对低速甚至静止的大威胁概率目标和断续点迹目标进行威胁概率判断和航向方差判断的起始规则,实现了凝视系统下对大威胁概率目标和断续点迹目标航迹的快速...     

Characterization of the Performance of Micro-Scanning Infrared Imager

According to the working mechanisms of micro-scanning imagery, an application-oriented analytical method of micro-scanning imager is proposed. Firstly, the sensitivity and resolution of infrared imaging system based on the micro-scanning are characterized respectively, and the modification of Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) model due to the micro-scanning is implemented. A comparison of MRTD curve between the staring and micro-scanning imaging system is performed. Finally, the field performance of micro-scanning based infrared imaging system is predicted and discussed with the target acquisition model. The simulated results show whether micro-scanning improve the infrared imaging system performance depends on the other imaging system parameters, and working conditions.     

Non-iterative spot center location algorithm based on Gaussian for fish-eye imaging laser warning system

The directional accuracy of threaten laser is highly dependent on the laser spot center location accuracy for the laser warning system. On the basis of analyzing the spot features on wide field of view (FOV) fish-eye imaging laser warning system, a refinement of existing methodology based on fitting a 2D Gaussian distribution for estimating the center of the spot is developed. The proposed procedure is using a linear least squares based algorithm to determine the best-fitting parameters of the Gaussian. However, in contrast to the standard Gaussian Fitting procedure, this new scheme gives rise to equations that are rigorously linear in the transformed unknown parameters which can be solved easily by linear least squares estimators. To validate the accuracy of the proposed algorithms, experimental approaches with a type of laser warning detector and simulated threaten laser in laboratory are used to quantify its performance. The experimental results show that this method outperforms significantly the commonly used location technique. It is less susceptible to the non-100% fill ratio of CMOS and large unsymmetrical optical aberration of fish-eye lens. The positioning precision in paraxial region and 80° incident angle region are 1/60 pixels, 1/30 pixels respectively. The biggest error is less than 1/20 pixels. The proposed method is suitable for wide FOV laser warning system for high accuracy and low computational complexity.     

高分辨率中红外温度自适应夜视成像系统

针对现代最先进的像元尺寸为15 m、像元数640480的中红外焦平面大面阵探测器,设计了一种全球面轻小型高分辨率温度自适应夜视成像系统,系统工作波段为3~5 m,全视场角为8.58,相对孔径为1/2,焦距为80 mm,四片式结构,使用锗、硒化锌和硅三种材料,系统采用全球面结构,避免了以往该种系统中使用衍射面或非球面,大大降低了加工检测难度且成本低。设计结果表明,该高分辨率温度自适应夜视成像系统具有结构简单、体积小、分辨率高、成像质量高等特点,满足设计要求,可用于机载光电探测和跟踪系统。     

Improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction for focal plane arrays

In this paper, an improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction algorithm for focal plane arrays is proposed. The method simultaneously estimates detector parameters and carries out the nonuniformity correction by minimizing the mean square error between the two properly registered image frames. A new masked phase correlation algorithm is introduced to obtain reliable shift estimates in the presence of fixed pattern noise. The use of an outliers exclusion scheme, together with a variable step size strategy, could not only promote the correction precision considerably, but also eliminate ghosting artifacts effectively. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated with clean infrared image sequences with simulated nonuniformity and real pattern noise. We also apply the method to a real-time imaging system to show how effective it is in reducing noise and the ghosting artifacts.     

TOD Performance Theoretical Model for Staring Thermal Imagers

The TOD (triangle orientation discrimination threshold) metric, as a promising sensor performance measure, is suitable for all types of thermal imaging systems and corresponds to the field performance very well. Since this method was proposed, a great progress has been made in some aspects, such as experimental validation, field performance, and TOD sensor performance model. However, what is still missing is a TOD curve prediction model similar to MRTD (minimum resolvable temperature difference) equation. Here, an equation-based TOD performance model was first developed focusing on staring thermal imagers. Specifically, spatial distribution of the triangle standard test pattern is described quantitatively. Resolution transfer characteristic of the staring infrared imagers is modeled with linear system theory, and system noise is characterized with the introduction of three-dimensional noise model. The modulation effect of overall subsystem of staring thermal imager on the non-periodic triangle standard pattern is analyzed. The matched filter idea is adopted to characterize quantitatively the spatial integration of the eye to signal and various noise components over the triangle pattern area, and the perceived signal-to-noise ratio of the staring thermal imager is derived. Then, the TOD performance theoretical model is established. Comparing with experimental results, this theoretical model gives reasonable prediction of the TOD performance curve of staring thermal imagers. Although more tests and modifications are required, these preliminary results suggest that this model can be developed into a model that predicts the TOD for all kinds of sensors.     

Design of midwave infrared athermalization optical system with a large focal plane array

Based on the most advanced staring focal plane array which had a format of 640 × 480 and the pixel pitch of 15 μm, a set of all-sphere midwave infrared ahermalization optical system was designed. The working wavelength was in 3–5 μm, the full field of view was 8.58°, the relative aperture was 1/2, the efficient focal length (EFL) was 80 m. The opticalsystem consisted of four lenses with three kinds of material – Ge, ZnSe and Si. All surfaces were sphere, which was easier to process test, making the cost inexpensive, and it could avoid using diffractive surface and aspheric surface. The image quality of the system approaches the diffraction limit in the temperature range −60 °C-180 °C. The design results proved that, the high resolution midwave infrared optical system had compact structure, small volume, high resolution and excellent image quality, meeting the design requirements, so that it could be used for photoelectric detection and tracking system.     

凝视热成像系统的三角方向鉴别阈值曲线预测

为有效评价凝视成像系统的性能,依据凝视红外成像系统对红外辐射信号的转换机理,建立了凝视红外成像系统信号响应模型;利用线性系统理论和采样理论对成像系统的传递甬数进行了分析建模;借助于三维噪声模型表征了系统的噪声特性。以成像系统建模为基础,模拟生成不同尺寸、不同辐射温差的等边三角形方位靶标图像;针对不同刺激强度的三角形靶标仿真图像,统计观察者对靶标方向正确鉴别的概率,引入视觉心理测量函数——韦布尔（Weihull）函数拟合观察者鉴别概率数据,实现了三角方向鉴别阈值（TOD）曲线的预测。与实际测量结果进行比较,显示了此方法预测三角方向鉴别阈值曲线的合理性。