一种新的水体叶绿素a指数及其应用潜力分析

以具有代表性的野外实测光谱数据作为端元,对水体遥感反射率进行线性混合光谱分解,基于分解得到的各组分丰度,构建了一种新的水体叶绿素a指数CSI(叶绿素a光谱指数)。以太湖、巢湖、滇池以及三峡水库水体的307组实测叶绿素a浓度及高光谱数据为基础,分析了CSI的特性。以该指数为自变量,构建了内陆浑浊二类水体叶绿素a浓度估算模型,并分析了模型的抗噪性和传感器适应性。结果表明:1)CSI对水体叶绿素a浓度大小有较好的指示作用,以fCSI=0为条件将实测光谱分为2个类别,可以表征光谱特征的明显差异;2)CSI作为自变量的叶绿素a浓度估算模型在实测高光谱数据集中的精度与三波段算法(TBA)相近(二者估算结果的平均相对误差分别为0.332和0.330,均方根误差分别为9.892和9.929);3)以CSI为自变量得到的估算模型对无偏移噪声和有偏移噪声都有较好的抗性,其中无偏移噪声几乎不影响算法的精度,而三波段算法对两种噪声同样敏感,随着噪声增加,估算结果出现较大误差;4)新的估算算法对传感器波段设置不敏感,其优势在宽波段多光谱数据集中更加明显。相比于传统水体叶绿素半经验算法,CSI算法具有更高的稳定性和更强的应用潜力。     

粉煤燃烧的新概念——粉气分离

一、前言 近年来,我国在煤粉燃烧技术发展方面取得了丰硕的成果,陆续开发成功了多项煤粉稳定燃烧装置如钝体煤粉燃烧器、大速差同向射流直流式煤粉预燃室和火焰稳定船式直流煤粉燃烧器以及夹心风浓缩燃烧器等。这些新型燃烧器的应用,大大改善了劣质煤的燃烧过程,煤粉燃烧着火提前,火焰稳定性加强,使劣质煤的燃烧利用达到了一个新的水平。     

亥姆霍兹共振器抑制振荡燃烧理论分析

燃烧室是燃气轮机的核心部件之一,其中的燃烧过程的关键技术之一是如何避免和抑制振荡燃烧现象.本文简要阐述了发生振荡燃烧的机理以及亥姆霍兹共振器抑制振荡燃烧的声学分析,并且通过线性分析与CFD计算相结合的研究方法对燃烧系统的燃烧稳定性进行计算;同时分析了共振器共振频率和安装位置对燃烧稳定性的影响,得出在不同因素影响下,系统的稳定性和模态.这些分析有助于我们在设计和运行燃烧系统时,实现燃烧系统的安全、高效和清洁运行.     

混合时间对燃烧稳定性影响的实验研究

燃烧振荡是不稳定燃烧过程与燃烧室内声波耦合产生的一种现象,在燃气轮机的贫预混燃烧室中较为常见,其发生易损坏燃烧室结构及缩短运行寿命。本文通过模型燃烧室进行系列实验研究燃料与空气的混合时间对旋流预混燃烧稳定性的影响规律。实验中通过改变预混长度和空气流速来改变混合时间,通过变当量比获得燃烧振荡与稳定的范围。实验结果表明混合时间对燃烧稳定性有重要影响,仅当混合时间处于一定区间内时才有可能发生燃烧振荡,发生燃烧振荡的当量比范围也与混合时间有关。本文同时还研究了燃烧振荡频率、振幅与当量比和空气流速的关系。     

水煤浆在沸腾床内燃烧过程的初步研究

本文介绍了对于水煤浆在沸腾床内燃烧过程的初步实验研究结果。实验表明水煤浆在沸腾床内的凝聚、结团特性,使得燃烧过程中的飞灰可燃物损失可以被控制得很低,因而其燃烧效率可达很高的水平,高于同煤种的干煤粒。实验还表明采用所提出的异重度床料沸腾燃烧的方案可以成功地消除凝聚、结团造成的大颗粒沉积现象,实现稳定地运行。燃用水煤浆的沸腾床与普通燃煤沸腾床相比还有NO_x排放量低和易于脱硫等优点,因此是一项有发展前途的新技术。     

整装式含能液体燃烧推进实验研究及数值模拟

设计了小口径整装式液体发射药燃烧推进模拟装置,采用多级渐扩型燃烧室,研究了整装式液体发射药燃烧稳定性控制问题.研究结果表明:四级渐扩型燃烧室p-t曲线的一致性较好,燃烧过程稳定.在实验基础上建立了整装式液体发射药燃烧推进的内弹道简化模型,数值模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好.     

化学链燃煤系统的过程模拟

化学链燃烧是一个基于(近)零排放理念的先进能源利用技术。针对以NiO/NiAl_2O_4为氧载体的煤直接化学链燃烧系统,本文利用Aspen Plus软件进行了详细的模拟计算和热力学分析,研究了主要运行参数对系统性能的影响,得到了系统优化的运行工况,即燃料反应器的温度和压力分别为816.41℃和0.1 MPa,空气反应器的温度和压力分别为1200℃和0.1 MPa,氧载体煤北为14.0,空气煤北为7.8;并北较和评价了化学链燃煤系统和常规空气燃煤系统,发现化学链燃煤系统在热效率、(?)效率、碳捕捉率、NO_x和CO排放量等方面有优势,但SO_x排放量与常规燃煤系统相近。     

流化床燃烧声发射与气固两相流特性研究

１引言燃烧流化床声发射是一个极其复杂的过程,它是气因流态化两相流运动,气体湍动和燃烧化学反应复合作用的结果,其发射声谱中包含了上述运动过程的丰富信息山,对其发射声谱进行系统深入的研究,对寻求流态化两相流的运动规律有重要意义。本文试图以大量的实验研究为基础,以声波数字计算技术和现代分析理论手段,对气因流态化两相流运动规律进行了研究。２实验简介实验装置主要有燃煤流化床燃烧实验台和声波测量系统组成。燃煤流化床燃烧实验台如图１所示,声波测量系统见图２,从燃烧室不同位置测得的声波信号,一路送声波数字化处理…     

利用Turbiscan多重光散射技术研究常温液体奶酪的稳定性

常温液体奶酪是一种能够在室温下贮藏3~6个月的奶酪产品。液体奶酪在经高温处理后体系中的微生物数量达到商业无菌水平，但由于液体奶酪是一种水包油的不稳定乳液体系，在常温贮藏过程中，由于分散相颗粒的迁移和粒径大小变化导致乳液体系容易出现聚集、絮凝、浮油及沉淀等失稳现象，从而影响产品品质，缩短产品货架期，准确判断液体奶酪的稳定性对优化其加工条件具有重要意义。传统液态乳制品的稳定性评价主要是通过加速实验后肉眼观察分层、沉淀等情况，以及动态光散射等手段，尚缺乏快速可靠以及量化的评价标准。Turbiscan多重光技术在测试流体的稳定性时，无需对样品进行前处理，可实时检测样品的背向散射光和透射光的强度，计算出体系内部颗粒的迁移速率、沉淀层的厚度、体系的不稳定指数等参数，因此是评价流体稳定性的有效手段。研究利用Turbiscan多重光散射技术评价乳化盐、乳化剂、稳定剂和甜味剂的添加量对常温液体奶酪稳定性影响，同时以TSI值和感官得分为响应值，采用响应面法中的Box-Behnken试验设计模型优化常温液体奶酪的最佳配方工艺条件，并分析了导致常温液体奶酪不稳定的主要因素。研究发现：当乳化盐添加量为0.20%，0.40%，0.60%和0.80%时，24 h后的不稳定性指数从0.4增加到12.6；当乳化剂添加量为0.80%，1.0%时，24 h后的不稳定性指数从0.95增加到3.9；当稳定剂添加量为0.7%，0.9%时，24 h后的不稳定性指数从0.9增加到1.3，而甜味剂对体系整体稳定性的影响差异不显著。各因素对常温液体奶酪的不稳定性指数和感官得分影响顺序为乳化盐添加量（A）＞乳化剂添加量（B）＞稳定剂添加量（C）。乳化盐添加量0.60%、乳化剂添加量0.60%、稳定剂添加量0.70%、甜味剂添加量5.5%时，产品品质最佳且稳定性最高，在此优化条件下，样品在37 ℃，24 h内的整体不稳定指数值为0.80，样品顶端、底端的背散射光强变化值分别为0.66和0.78，感官评分为89分。研究表明通过调整乳化盐、乳化剂和稳定剂的用量能够很好地解决常温液体奶酪分层的问题，提高常温液体奶酪的稳定性。     

燃气轮机合成气燃烧室中燃烧噪声的现场测试与分析

燃气轮机的燃烧噪声是反映燃烧室燃烧稳定性的主要参数.本文对国内某座煤基IGCC示范电站的40 MW级燃气轮机在诸多运行条件下的燃烧噪声进行了现场测试,分析了气液双燃料喷嘴在燃烧轻柴油、燃烧合成气以及油气切换过程中燃烧室的燃烧噪声,另外分析了合成气掺烧驰放气与合成气加湿对燃烧稳定性的影响.结果表明:合成气燃烧室在油气切换过程中燃烧噪声会增加,但距离振荡燃烧的阈值仍有很大的裕度;烧合成气时随着燃气轮机功率增加燃烧噪声降低;合成气加湿时随着蒸汽流量增加污染物NOx排放显著降低,并且燃烧噪声也有降低的趋势.     

Role of vacancy and metal doping on combustive oxidation of Zr/ZrO2 core-shell particles

We studied self-propagated combustion synthesis of transition-metal-doped tetragonal ZrO₂ (t-ZrO₂) with first principles-based one-dimensional diffusion reaction model. The optimal reaction condition for the combustion process was investigated by calculating energetic stability and surface reactivity of oxygen vacancy defects on (101) surface termination of t-ZrO₂ using first-principles density functional methods. In the first-principles model, the surface was doped with 14 different metal impurities in the 4th and 5th row of the periodic table to examine the role of transition-metal doping on the combustion process. Results indicate that there are clear trends in the defect stability and reactivity depending upon the type of metal impurity and their relative location with respect to the oxygen vacancy. Surface density of states and charge density information also show that there is a trade-off between the vacancy stability and chemical activity of the surface defect states. Based on the thermodynamic information obtained from first principles, we analyze the combustion process of a Zr metal particle by using a one-dimensional diffusion-reaction model. The competition between the vacancy-assisted chemisorption and the vacancy diffusion results in an optimal point for rate of combustion reaction with respect to the vacancy stability. From this, we suggest a plausible screening strategy for metal-doping which can be applied at different temperatures and pressures, as well as with different particle sizes. Our analysis indicates that first-principles calculation provides key information that can be subsequently used for an optimization of the reaction rate for a self-sustained combustion process. An explicit inclusion of rates of defect and ionic transport will be introduced into our model in future work.     

Imaging beta-galactosidase activity using 19F chemical shift imaging of LacZ gene-reporter molecule 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactopyranoside

2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactopyranoside (OFPNPG) belongs to a novel class of NMR active molecules (fluoroaryl-beta-D-galactopyranosides), which are highly responsive to the action of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). OFPNPG has a single 19F peak (-55 ppm relative to aqueous sodium trifluoroacetate). Upon cleavage by beta-gal, the pH sensitive aglycone 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (OFPNP) is observed at a chemical shift of -59 to -61 ppm. The chemical shift response is sufficient to observe beta-gal activity using chemical shift imaging (CSI). 19F CSI studies of enzyme activity and lacZ gene expression in 9L-glioma and MCF7 breast cancer cells are presented, providing further evidence for the utility of OFPNPG as a gene-reporter molecule for future in vivo studies.     

Phase-Drift-Suppression in Heterodyne Detection Using Coherent Light Source

The validity of the phase-drift-suppression method (PDSM) using coherent light sources of a single-mode laser diode (LD) or multimode Nd:YAG laser has been experimentally shown. PDSM can enhance the stability of an output signal in heterodyne detection using higher order harmonics. In the Michelson interferometer, the fundamental and second harmonics in heterodyne beat signals were detected by two lock-in amplifiers, and the computed signal intensity (CSI) was obtained in the computer as an output signal. Relations between the stability of CSI and modulation indexes in sinusoidal phase modulations were measured. The CSI stability was enhanced about twice by PDSM using a single-mode laser diode, and from 4 times to 9 times using a multimode laser.     

高对比度目标的电磁逆散射超分辨成像

提出了一种适用于高对比度目标的超分辨成像方法,通过结合对比度源反演方法与基于轨道角动量的超分辨技术,实现对高对比度目标的超分辨成像.首先采用基于轨道角动量的成像方法求解出对比度函数,将其作为对比度源反演方法的迭代初值,虽然初值结果与实际目标相差较大,但是由于初值中已经包含了关于目标的倏逝波信息,再利用这个初值开始迭代便可以得到超分辨重建结果,这种方法具有一定的抗噪声能力.本文研究表明,为了实现超分辨成像,一方面需要将目标对应的倏逝波信息转化到测量数据中,另一方面还要保证成像算法能够充分利用这些信息.本文所引申出的关于超分辨信息的概念对于逆散射超分辨成像的研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Ergodic mutual information of OFDMA-based Selection-Decode-and-Forward cooperative relay networks with imperfect CSI

This paper presents a novel approach to investigate ergodic mutual information of OFDMA Selection-Decode-and-Forward (SDF) cooperative relay networks with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Relay stations are either dedicated or non-dedicated (i.e., subscriber stations assisting other subscriber stations). The CSI imperfection is modeled as an additive random variable with known statistics. Numerical evaluations and simulations demonstrate that by considering the CSI imperfection based on a priori knowledge of the estimation error statistics, a substantial gain can be achieved in terms of ergodic mutual information which makes channel adaptive schemes closer to practical implementations.     

Regression of solid polymer fuel strands in opposed-flow combustion with gaseous oxidizer

The combustion of solid fuels is a complex feedback loop, coupling the decomposition of the solid fuel into volatile gases with the gas-phase combustion which is responsible for the heat flux that drives decomposition. This study aims to explore the combustion of a solid fuel, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), with different mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen in an opposed-flow burner (OFB) configuration to better understand these coupled processes. An experimental OFB setup is described, which utilizes a nichrome wire and linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) to capture regression rate and shadowgraph imaging to measure flame thickness. Experimental measurements are compared with results from a complimentary one-dimensional opposed-flow combustion model with a pyrolyzing solid fuel boundary condition that conserves mass, species, and energy at the solid-gas interface. The oxidizer mass flux, ratio of oxygen to nitrogen, and separation distance of the fuel and oxidizer are varied to understand their influence on the combustion process and subsequently their effect on the regression rate. In numerical results, fuel regression rate increases when oxygen mole fraction or mass flux increase, or when separation distance decreases. Experimental regression rates and flame thicknesses are compared to simulated results. Though the actual values do not agree exactly, numerical and experimental results are reasonably close and present similar trends. These results demonstrate the utility of simple optical diagnostics in measuring OFB flames and provide a starting point for future opposed-flow combustion model improvements.     

Channel temporal correlation-based optimization method for imperfect underwater acoustic channel state information

The rapid time variations and large channel estimation errors in underwater acoustic (UWA) channels mean that transmitters for adaptive resource allocation quickly become outdated and provide inaccurate channel state information (CSI). This results in poor resource allocation efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimization approach for imperfect CSI based on a Gauss–Markov model and the per-subcarrier channel temporal correlation (PSCTC) factor. The proposed scheme is applicable to downlink UWA orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems. The proposed PSCTC factors are measured, and their long-term stability is verified using data recorded in real-world sea tests. Simulation and experimental results show that the optimized CSI effectively mitigates the effects of the temporal variability of UWA channels. It demonstrates that the resource allocation scheme using optimized CSI achieves a higher effective throughput and a lower bit error rate than both imperfect CSI and the CSI predicted by the recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm.     

Concept and combustion characteristics of ultra-micro combustors with premixed flame

Under micro-scale combustion influenced by quenching distance, high heat loss, shortened diffusion characteristic time, and flow laminarization, we clarified the most important issues for the combustor of ultra-micro gas turbines (UMGT), such as high space heating rate, low pressure loss, and premixed combustion. The stability behavior of single flames stabilized on top of micro tubes was examined using premixtures of air with hydrogen, methane, and propane to understand the basic combustion behavior of micro premixed flames. When micro tube inner diameters were smaller than 0.4 mm, all of the fuels exhibited critical equivalence ratios in fuel-rich regions, below which no flame formed, and above which the two stability limits of blow-off and extinction appeared at a certain equivalence ratio. The extinction limit for very fuel-rich premixtures was due to heat loss to the surrounding air and the tube. The extinction limit for more diluted fuel-rich premixtures was due to leakage of unburned fuel under the flame base. This clarification and the results of micro flame analysis led to a flat-flame burning method. For hydrogen, a prototype of a flat-flame ultra-micro combustor with a volume of 0.067 cm³ was made and tested. The flame stability region satisfied the optimum operation region of the UMGT with a 16 W output. The temperatures in the combustion chamber were sufficiently high, and the combustion efficiency achieved was more than 99.2%. For methane, the effects on flame stability of an upper wall in the combustion chamber were examined. The results can be explained by the heat loss and flame stretch.     

Flame stabilization with a tubular flame

A new technique to stabilize a flame in a high-velocity stream with use of a tubular flame has been proposed. To elucidate the validity of this technique, an experiment has been conducted by mounting a tubular flame burner on the nozzle. Flame stability limits and temperature distributions around the burner port have been determined, and experiments have been extended to the ducted combustion to measure pressure fluctuations and to analyze the burned gases. Results show that the tubular flame can successfully stabilize the main flame up to 130 m/s, which is the upper limit of the present supply facility. The main flame is well anchored at the exit of the nozzle, and the tubular flame efficiently supplies heat and radicals to the main flame. In the ducted combustion, the pressure fluctuations are reduced significantly. The exhaust gas analyses, however, indicate that an almost chemical equilibrium condition can be achieved at 50 m/s, but not at 90 and 130 m/s. Since the energy input relative to the main flame is just 6.1% at 130 m/s, the present tubular burner is not enough to burn all the unburned gas completely at high velocities, although the main flame can be anchored. The slit length and/or the slit width of the tubular flame burner should be larger to overcome this shortage. From the above results, it is concluded that the tubular flame has a potential for stabilizing a flame in a high-speed stream.     

Critical phenomena in the cellular mode of filtration combustion in the presence of heat loss

Critical conditions for combustion failure due to heat loss to the environment are examined. The process of filtration combustion is considered under conditions where a cellular structure of the front is realized, because the planar combustion front loses its stability and splits into separate cells of exothermic chemical conversion, which propagate in self-sustained mode. The size and structure of the cells of chemical interaction depend nonlinearly on the governing parameters, including the rate of heat loss to the environment. Within the framework of a mathematical model of filtration combustion, the steady-state dynamics of the combustion process and the structure of the cell of exothermic chemical reaction of a powder mixture with a gaseous reagent with the formation of solid products are simulated. The specifics of the evolution of the cell before combustion failure as a function of the heat loss rate are studied.