一种改进的光滑粒子流体动力学前处理方法

为了便于对任意边界形状的计算域快速地布置均匀粒子,提出了一种改进的光滑粒子流体动力学前处理方法.该方法是在2012年Colagrossi等提出的算法基础上进行改进后得到的.Colagrossi等提出的算法能够计算一些简单外形分布比较均匀的粒子.然而当光滑长度与初始粒子间距的比值较大时该方法在计算过程中会出现较强的数值震荡问题,收敛速度慢;而且在计算过程中可能会遭遇流体粒子穿透固体壁面的问题.本文通过引入未知因素修正的平滑粒子动力学模型来提高计算稳定性,并通过对边界附近的流体粒子施加边界力来避免流体粒子穿透固体壁面.算例验证结果表明,利用改进后的光滑粒子流体动力学前处理方法能够快速地对各种边界形状的计算域分布均匀粒子,并且避免了流体粒子穿透固体壁面的问题.     

高速碰撞数值计算中的光滑粒子法

扼要讨论了改进的光滑粒子法的离散思想,给出了二维轴对称问题中连续介质力学守恒方程的离散过程及离散格式,提出了轴对称坐标下确定影响域内粒子数的方法.最后通过高速碰撞的系列算例说明,光滑粒子法不但适宜于计算大变形冲击力学问题,而且有着其它网格法所无法替代的优势.     

基于黎曼解的粒子间接触算法在SPH中的应用

 采用光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法模拟大变形问题具有明显的优点，但传统的SPH方法在模拟冲击波与接触界面的作用时，往往会出现压力的反常跳动。采用黎曼解描述粒子间相互作用的接触算法对传统SPH方法进行修正，计算了激波管和飞片碰撞（包含接触界面）问题中波的传播，并将计算结果与解析解作比较。结果表明，与传统的光滑粒子法相比，该改进的光滑粒子法无需引入人工粘性项和人工热流项，程序结构简洁，且能较好地处理接触界面问题，从而能有效提高计算精度。     

一种基于二维光滑粒子法的流体仿真方法

针对大场景下流体仿真计算复杂度高的问题,本文以浅水方程为基础,提出一种改进的二维光滑粒子方法.该方法中使用光滑粒子法离散二维浅水方程,将水深作为粒子的属性,把计算复杂度降到二维的程度;同时为了提高邻域粒子的搜索效率,提出一种基于动态网格的邻近粒子搜索方法;并使用虚粒子和惩罚力相结合的方法处理边界条件以高效率应对复杂边界;渲染时,首先将粒子映射并插值到规则网格内得到流体表面,避免三维流体表面重构复杂度高的问题,最后利用OpenGL着色语言实现加速渲染,从而达到大场景下流体实时仿真.     

基于不可压缩光滑粒子动力学的黏性液滴变形过程仿真

应用基于投影算法的不可压缩光滑粒子动力学(incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics, ISPH)法对黏性液滴变形过程进行了数值仿真. 对于张力失稳导致的粒子非物理簇集问题, 采用粒子移位技术加以解决. 为了验证本文ISPH 算法的精度和稳定性, 分别模拟了圆形黏性液滴的拉伸变形过程以及方形液滴的旋转变形过程, 得到了不同时刻液滴内部的压力变化特征, 准确地捕捉了液滴自由面演化过程, 并将数值计算结果与文献中的解析解进行了比较.分析结果表明, 基于投影算法的不可压缩光滑粒子动力学方法结合粒子移位技术, 能够有效地模拟黏性液滴变形过程, 可以得到精确和稳定的结果. 关键词： 不可压缩光滑粒子动力学 黏性液滴 自由面流动 数值仿真     

液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题的光滑粒子流体动力学模拟

为准确模拟液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题,对基于连续表面张力模型的表面张力光滑粒子流体动力学方法进行了改进.改进方法采用新的边界处理方式和界面法向修正方法,即将固体边界虚粒子色函数值根据液面的位置进行相应设定以保证气-液-固三相交界处流体粒子的界面法向沿接触线法线方向,引入Brackbill提出的壁面附着力边界条件处理方法,对在气-液-固三相交界处的流体粒子及部分固体边界虚粒子的界面法向进行修正,修正前后保持法向模值不变,得到了含壁面附着力边界条件的表面张力算法.模拟了受壁面附着力影响的水槽中液面的变化过程、液滴润湿壁面过程和剪切气流驱动液滴在固体表面变形脱落过程,并与流体体积函数方法进行了对比.结果表明,该方法在处理壁面附着力问题时精度较高,稳定性较好,适合处理工程中液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题.     

高速碰撞SPH方法模拟中的初始光滑长度和粒子间距

采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法对高速碰撞问题作数值模拟,分析初始光滑长度和非一致粒子间距对计算结果的影响,提出修正光滑长度法,并引入XSPH速度纠错公式.数值结果表明,初始光滑长度越大,弹丸的刚性越小,h₀的合理取值范围应为d₀<h₀≤1.5d₀;粒子间距越小,材料的刚性越小.非一致粒子间距和均匀粒子分布的计算结果吻合的较好.     

SPH方法气-液界面边界条件研究

针对界面附近粒子光滑函数截断和非物理穿透问题,提出一种气-液界面边界条件的处理方法.当界面附近支持域出现不同材料粒子,每步计算可在支持域设置虚粒子,按照密度分配方法给虚粒子物理量赋值,并对界面附近粒子引入气-液两相阻力.采用SPH方法和Level-Set方法,计算运动激波对气-液界面作用问题,两者计算结果一致,初步验证了气-液界面边界条件处理的适用性.用SPH方法分别计算超声速气流中的圆截面液柱绕流和下落问题,界面两侧粒子压力和法向速度连续,给出弓形激波、回流区和下游回流区等定性合理结果.表明本文方法可适度避免界面附近流体粒子光滑截断和粒子非物理穿透现象、界面附近流场数值振荡.     

瑞利-泰勒不稳定问题的光滑粒子法模拟研究

提出了一种适用于模拟多相流的光滑粒子法,该方法对密度方程在交界面处的离散格式进行了修正以适应多相流所涉及的大密度比问题,在不同相粒子之间施加了很小的排斥力以防止粒子穿透交界面,并采用了最新发展的双曲型光滑函数以消除应力不稳定问题.应用该多相流光滑粒子法模拟研究了单模态和多模态瑞利-泰勒不稳定问题.通过与文献中结果的对比研究表明:在模拟瑞利-泰勒不稳定问题时,本文方法的结果明显优于文献中的大部分光滑粒子法模拟结果,与Grenier等(2009 J.Comput.Phys.228 8380)的结果相当,但本文方法比Grenier等的方法简单方便.对于单模态瑞利-泰勒不稳定问题,研究了交界面的形态,涡结构的演化过程以及贯穿深度随时间的变化关系.对于多模态瑞利-泰勒不稳定问题,研究了交界面演化过程中小尺度结构合并成大尺度结构的过程,水平方向的平均密度随高度的变化关系,以及贯穿深度随时间的变化关系.     

完全变光滑长度SPH法及其实现

提出完全变光滑长度SPH法及其算法实现.方程组基于对称形式核函数近似,SPH密度演化方程与变光滑长度方程隐式关联;在Springel提出的全守恒SPH方程组基础上,通过将分散核近似形式改进为对称核近似形式得到SPH动量方程和能量方程.采用迭代求解密度演化方程和变光滑长度方程,显式求解SPH动量方程和能量方程,增加的计算量相对很少.给出三个1D激波管算例和2D Sedov算例验证方法的有效性.数值结果表明,算法保持动量和能量的守恒律,解决了传统SPH法中由于变光滑长度影响带来的计算误差,且在模拟2DSedov问题时能得到比Springel方法更准确的压强峰值位置和中心压强值.特别适合于模拟爆炸与冲击、大变形大扭曲等密度梯度和光滑长度梯度剧烈变化的问题.     

三维粗糙面电磁双站散射的直接型区域分解计算

提出三维粗糙面双站电磁散射的直接型有限元-区域分解方法.首先建立含有迭代Robin边界条件(IRBC)的区域分解法耦合模型,再用内视法导出高度稀疏分块的分区耦合矩阵,之后给出缩减耦合矩阵带宽的子区域排序方法和IRBC的FFT加速算法.用有限元-完全匹配层和未分区的有限元-IRBC方法验证数值结果.     

Hexagonal discrete Boltzmann models with and without rest particles

We consider seven different hexagonal discrete Boltzmann models corresponding to one, two, three, and five hexagons with or without rest particles. In the microscopic collisions the number of particles associated with a given speed is not necessarily conserved, except for two models without rest particles. We compare different behaviors for the macroscopic quantities between models with and without rest particles and when the number of velocities (or hexagons) increases. We study similarity waves with two asymptotic states and consider two classes of solutions at one asymptotic state: either isotropic (densities associated with the same speed are equal) or anisotropic. Two macroscopic quantities seem useful for such studies: internal energy and mass ratio across the asymptotic states, which satisfy a relation deduced from continuous theory. Here we report results for the isotropic solutions, whoch only exist, for both models, in the subdomains where the propagation speed is larger than some well-defined value. Outside these subdomains, modifications occur when the rest particle desity becomes large. For both models we find a monotonic internal energy and subdomains with a mass ratio equal to the one in continuous theory.     

A hybrid VOF and PIC multi-material interface treatment method and its application in the penetration

A hybrid VOF and PIC multi-material interface treatment method for Eulerian method is presented in this study in order to solve the problem that the Eulerian method is not robust enough to treat the dynamic fracture of material. This treatment method is used in the important computational region such as the material interface,large deformation region and fracture region where more particles are added for calculation,while the continuous transport method is used in the other regions. Through this method,a se...     

An energy approach to the modelling of particle removal by pulsed laser irradiation

An energy model to explain particle removal mechanism has been developed. This model is based on a detailed investigation of contact deformation of a particle on a solid surface, as well as particle motion during the process of substrate surface expansion under uniform laser irradiation. Calculation results show that small particles mainly gain kinetic energy during pulsed laser irradiation, whereas large particles mainly gain elastic deforming potential energy. The particle removal condition is derived from the viewpoint of energy. The relationship of particle removal efficiency with laser fluence and particle size is discussed. Theoretical results are compared with experimental results. Received: 30 July 1998 / Accepted: 14 December 1998 / Published online: 17 March 1999     

Scattering by a plane-parallel layer with high concentration of optically soft particles

A method describing light propagation in a plane-parallel light-scattering layer with large concentration of homogeneous particles is developed. It is based on the radiative transfer equation and the doubling method. The interference approximation is used to take into account collective scattering effects. Spectral dependence of transmitted light for a layer of nonabsorbing optically soft particles with subwavelength-sized particles is investigated. At small volume concentration of the particles the weak spectral dependences of wave exponents for coherently transmitted and diffuse light are observed. It is shown that in a layer with large volume concentration of the subwavelength-sized particles the wave exponent can exceed considerably the value of four, which takes place for the Rayleigh particles. The dependence of wave exponents for coherently transmitted and diffuse light on the refractive index and concentration of particles is investigated in detail. Multiple scattering of light results in the reduction of the exponent. The quantitative results are presented and discussed. It is shown that there is a range of wavelengths where the negative values of the wave exponent at the regime of multiple scattering are implemented.     

Nonlinear scatterers in nonlinear media: Born approximation and local perturbation method

Wave scattering by inhomogeneous nonlinear particles placed in a nonlinear host medium is studied. In the case of weak scattering the scattering indicatrix is calculated in the first Born approximation. Scattering from small nonlinear particles loaded in a medium with saturation of permittivity is studied by the local perturbation method. A small perturbation method is developed for nonlinear equations of rather general type with a random, intensity-dependent, scattering potential.     

Metal particles on surfaces-desorption,optical spectra,and laser-induced size manipulation

Desorption induced by electronic excitation with laser light is discussed. Emphasis is placed on nonthermal desorption where surface plasma excitation in small particles precedes the rupture of the surface chemical bond. A scenario for the mechanism underlying such a process is proposed. In this context, calculations of the electronic spectra of small sodium particles are presented and the influence of different multipole orders of the collective electron oscillation, of different shapes of the clusters and of the substrate are outlined. Furthermore, manipulation of the size distribution of metal particles on supports is described as an application of the effect. This allows the preparation of very special surfaces with novel physical and chemical properties. Methods to characterize such adsorbate-substrate combinations, especially by use of the optical spectra of the particles, are also discussed. Finally, prospects for future experiments in this field are outlined.     

Class of model problems in three-body quantum mechanics that admit exact solutions

An approach to solving scattering problems in three-body systems for cases where the mass of one of the particles is extremely small in relation to the masses of the other two particles and where the pair potentials of interaction between the particles involved are separable is developed. Exact analytic solutions to such model problems are found for the scattering of a light particle on two fixed centers and on two interacting heavy particles. It is shown that new resonances and a dynamical resonance enhancement may appear in a three-body system.     

Dust in Plasma I. Particle Size and Ion‐Neutral Collision Effects

A fully kinetic self‐consistent model of an absorbing particle immersed in stationary isotropic weakly collisional plasma has been developed. The combined effects of particle size and ion‐neutral charge exchange collisions have been investigated for intermediate regimes, where no analytic theories are available. It is shown that collisional effects related to the ion orbital destruction (presence of extrema in ion flux collected on the particle surface and in particle potential and charge) are important for small particles, while they are totally absent for large particles. The potential distribution around the particle is quite well represented by a Yukawa form, but with an effective screening length that shows different dependences from the gas pressure for small and large particle size. Analytical fitting formulas of particle charge and potential and screening length depending on the particle radius parameter and on the Knudsen number have been obtained (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Nonlinear scatterers in nonlinear media: Born approximation and local perturbation method

Abstract

Wave scattering by inhomogeneous nonlinear particles placed in a nonlinear host medium is studied. In the case of weak scattering the scattering indicatrix is calculated in the first Born approximation. Scattering from small nonlinear particles loaded in a medium with saturation of permittivity is studied by the local perturbation method. A small perturbation method is developed for nonlinear equations of rather general type with a random, intensity-dependent, scattering potential.