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Measurement and feedback allows for an external agent to extract work from a system in contact with a single thermal bath. The maximum amount of work that can be extracted in a single measurement and the corresponding feedback loop is given by the information that is acquired via the measurement, a result that manifests the close relation between information theory and stochastic thermodynamics. In this paper, we show how to reversibly confine a Brownian particle in an optical tweezer potential and then extract the corresponding increase of the free energy as work. By repeatedly tracking the position of the particle and modifying the potential accordingly, we can extract work optimally, even with a high degree of inaccuracy in the measurements.  相似文献   

3.
赵丽梅  张国锋 《物理学报》2017,66(24):240502-240502
研究了以带有Dzyaloshinski-Mariya(DM)相互作用的两比特自旋体系为工质的量子纠缠Otto热机和量子Stirling热机.两种不同热机在各自的循环过程中,通过保持其他参量不变,只有DM相互作用发生改变,从而分析热机循环中DM相互作用与热传递、做功以及效率等热力学量之间的关系.研究结果表明:DM相互作用对两种热机的基本量子热力学量都具有重要的影响,但量子Stirling热机由于回热器的使用,其循环效率会大于量子Otto纠缠热机的效率,甚至会超过Carnot效率;得到了量子Otto纠缠热机和量子Stirling热机做正功的条件.因此,在这两个纠缠体系中,热力学第二定律都依然成立.  相似文献   

4.
We generalize the second law of thermodynamics in its maximum work formulation for a nonequilibrium initial distribution. It is found that in an isothermal process, the Boltzmann relative entropy (H-function) is not just a Lyapunov function but also tells us the maximum work that may be gained from a nonequilibrium initial state. The generalized second law also gives a fundamental relation between work and information. It is valid even for a small Hamiltonian system not in contact with a heat reservoir but with an effective temperature determined by the isentropic condition. Our relation can be tested in the Szilard engine, which will be realized in the laboratory.  相似文献   

5.
利用热力学的普遍理论推导了范德瓦尔斯气体热力学函数的表达式,再求出绝热过程和3种等值过程中功和热量的表达式.在此基础上,研究了斯特林循环、奥拓循环和狄塞尔循环的功和效率,并计算和分析了3种循环效率随各种参量变化的关系.  相似文献   

6.
程雪涛  梁新刚 《物理学报》2014,63(19):190501-190501
分析和讨论了(火积)理论在热功转换过程的应用及其局限性.对Carnot循环的分析表明,Carnot循环中系统的(火积)是平衡的,但(火积)和熵之间不存在dG=T2dS这样的联系.对于一般热力学过程,分析表明,在热量传递到内可逆循环中间接对外做功时,现有的(火积)理论可用于系统的分析.讨论了热功转换过程分析中(火积)理论与熵理论的不同.分析表明,两个理论的分析角度及优化输出功的前提条件是不同的.熵产从可用能损失的角度分析热功转换过程,而(火积)理论则从热量势能消耗的角度.当输入系统的可用能给定或者输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的热力学力给定时,熵产最小化对应于输出功最大;对于(火积)理论,则当输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的温度给定时,最大(火积)损失对应于最大输出功.同时,它们各自均有局限性.当相应的前提条件不满足时,最大(火积)损失或最小熵产可能不与最大输出功相对应.  相似文献   

7.
如何简便地判断一个热力学过程的吸放热情况,对于了解此热力学过程是至关重要的.传统的方法是借助热力学第一定律,通过计算该热力学过程中的热学三量(功、热量和内能)来确定.文章通过分析简单热力学过程中的热容,得出:从绝热线上一点出发的微过程,过程曲线在绝热线下方,为放热过程;反之,为吸热过程.进一步,文章指出对于一些复杂的热力学过程,除使用传统的比较功大小的方法外,还可以利用热力学过程的末态相对等温线的位置而简单得出其吸放热情况。  相似文献   

8.
B. Z. Ginzburg  I. Aharon 《Physica A》1994,210(3-4):489-495
The fundamental equation of thermodynamics expresses the internal energy of a system as a function of all the extensive parameters of the system. The differential form of this equation is referred to as the Gibbs equation. We have integrated this equation and have used it to derive an expression characterising the efficiency of a system for any kind of cyclical process by which work is produced. This system has access to two reservoirs at low and high thermodynamics potential respectively. It is claimed that all thermodynamic potentials (temprature, chemical potential, hydrostatic pressure, electric potential, etc) can have an absolute value of zero which we defined as the value of the potential in the lower reservoir when the efficiency of the cycle is 1. It is also shown that the classical Carnot machine, in which heat is converted into mechanical work, is an example of the general expression.  相似文献   

9.
We study a Brownian Carnot cycle introduced by Schmiedl and Seifert [Europhys. Lett. 81, 20003 (2008)] from a viewpoint of the linear irreversible thermodynamics. By considering the entropy production rate of this cycle, we can determine thermodynamic forces and fluxes of the cycle and calculate the Onsager coefficients for general protocols, that is, arbitrary schedules to change the potential confining the Brownian particle. We show that these Onsager coefficients contain the information of the protocol shape and they satisfy the tight-coupling condition irrespective of whatever protocol shape we choose. These properties may give an explanation why the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency often appears in the finite-time heat engines.  相似文献   

10.
依据热力学第二定律,在分析热管运行过程的基础上,建立了热管工质循环过程的T-S熵分析模型,对热管稳态运行时的几何参数和工质流体热物性参数进行分析,推导得出了热管设计和成功运行的基本条件,热管的结构参数组必须大于工质的热物性参数和封装材料组,二者相容才能建立热管的热力循环。用试验结果验证了此结论。所推导的方程对于一定结构的热管提供了一个设计和运行的指导准则,并且与传热率无关,不管热流多大热管结构参数必须和材料相容。  相似文献   

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