长骨中振动声激发超声导波的方法

为了实现一定频段内任意低频下在长骨中激励导波信号,本文提出一种采用聚焦高频(5 MHz)超声换能器在长骨皮质骨中激发低频(150 kHz)超声导波的振动声方法.首先介绍了板状超声导波理论和双声束共聚焦法与单声束调幅法激发振动声的基本原理;进而采用三维有限元仿真方法分析振动声激发低频超声导波的基本现象,然后结合牛胫骨板离体实验,验证振动声激发低频超声导波的可行性.结果均表明,双声束共焦与单声束振动超声均可在骨板中激发低频超声导波.相关研究方法有助于提高空间域长骨中超声导波测量精度,以及在一定频段内实现任意频率激励等,对发展低频超声导波在体测量长骨皮质骨的新技术具有一定的指导意义.     

基于探测超声的新型生物组织光声层析成像

利用一束单频探测超声穿过由脉冲激光照射产生的光声激发区域，使之与光致声场产生相互作用，光声信号将耦合到探测束上，再解调探测超声来重建光吸收区域的图像，可以得到丰富的组织信息.该信息不仅反映了组织中光吸收的特性，也反映了组织的声学特性.实验中，通过旋转超声探测器进行数据采集，并利用滤波反投影算法重建图像，可得到高信噪比的光声层析图像.由于激光的窄光谱线宽，其吸收是特征分子选择性的，所以此方法既是一种无损伤的结构层析成像方法，也可用于组织的功能成像.     

超声激发声信号幅值实时监测HIFU焦域组织损伤*

聚焦超声消融肿瘤过程中的损伤实时监测是临床治疗面临的一个关键难题,双频聚焦超声不仅能提高治疗效率,且能在共焦区域激发出声信号,该声信号的幅值、频率等信息与焦域组织的机械和声学特性紧密相关。本文构建了一种双频聚焦超声治疗及组织损伤实时监测系统。该系统在聚焦超声辐照离体组织过程中,通过外部水听器接收双频激发的组织声发射信号,并通过上位机进行高速数据采集、数字滤波、时频处理等,分析声发射信号幅值与离体组织损伤之间的变化规律。实验研究结果表明：随着焦域组织损伤的形成,其弹性等声学特征发生改变,导致声发射信号幅值逐渐降低,表明声发射信号幅值的变化可较好地反映靶组织声学特征和结构的变化,从而实现聚焦超声治疗中靶组织损伤的实时监测。本文提出的监测方案相比传统超声影像监控更灵敏,有望为聚焦超声临床治疗中的组织损伤监控提供一种新的实时监测方案和手段。     

声发射技术在铁路系统检测中的研究和应用

高速铁路的快速发展,给我国经济和社会发展带来了巨大的推动作用,同时对铁路系统的安全性提出了更高的要求。针对声发射技术在铁路系统安全检测中的研究和应用,介绍了声发射技术及其在检测应用中的优点,综述了目前国内外声发射技术在铁路系统检测研究中的情况,包括钢轨伤损检测、车轮伤损检测、轮轴轴承伤损检测、铁路结构安全监测以及车体材料安全监测等,特别针对钢轨裂纹伤损引起的钢轨断裂这一铁路安全中的主要事故,着重分析了声发射技术在钢轨裂纹伤损检测研究中的情况,并介绍了在高速铁路方面的应用探索。最后在上述分析总结的基础上,指出了声发射技术在铁路系统特别是高速铁路检测研究中的前景及研究难点。     

声发射技术在全尺寸飞机疲劳试验中的应用

过去九年,,在对两类三代机的全尺寸疲劳试验中实施了全程声发射监测。采用了以声发射为中心的裂纹综合监、检测方法,对一些关键构件的疲劳裂纹实施早期预报,并用其它无损检测方法加以验证,为试验的顺利进行奠定了重要基础,为确定和延长这两类飞机的机群寿命发挥了重要作用。在对第一类三代机的试验中,发展了过去所用的声发射信号处理技术,在大量获取试验中的声发射信号时,有意识地将信号分成一系列有序的信号子集,分别反映一定的飞机受力(载荷)状态,在此基础上再采用空间滤波等技术获得感兴趣结构位置处的信号子集。对子集再采取基于统计分析原理的趋势分析和相关分析技术,获取监测位置的状态,以及试验机的“健康状态”。这一方法在另一类三代机的试验中再次发挥作用,显示了生命力。最终结果是两类三代机的机群寿命均有50%以上的提高,说明声发射技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

高分辨率扇形阵列超声激发振动声成像研究

对扇阵换能器的振动声成像进行了研究.在相关振动声成像和扇阵换能器的理论基础上,经过推导修正并得到了精确的速度势函数.进一步计算并仿真了系统点扩散函数（point spread function, PSF）,构造了组织模型,进行了成像仿真.最后分析了影响扇阵换能器系统分辨率的因素.研究结果表明：用扇阵换能器进行振动声成像可以获得很高的图像分辨率及对比度,在高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗的热损伤检测等方面有重要的应用价值.分析指出通过提高换能器工作频率,减小几何焦距,增大口径可以提高系统的分辨率. 关键词： 振动声成像 扇形阵 点扩散函数     

以MCS—8098单片机为核心的声发射实验系统的研制

一、引言声发射是指材料或结构受外力或内力的作用发生变形或断裂，以弹性波的形式释放出应变能的现象”‘．声发射是一种常见的物理现象，大多数金属和非金属材料在一定条件下都有声发射发生，如在温度诱发的马氏体相变中就伴有声发射现象”‘．声发射检测是声学无损检测中的重要方法，它是使构件或材料的内部结构、缺陷或潜在缺陷处于运动变化的过程中进行无损检测，即动态无损检测”‘．所以，声发射检测系统在材料研究中具有重要作用．已有的声发射检测系统体积庞大，造价又高．本系统小巧轻便，造价低廉，为高校中的实验室或其他小单位…     

球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤

球形集声器可在亚波长焦域内形成高强度声压,在高强度聚焦超声治疗中具有潜在应用前景.本文结合非线性声传播理论及生物传热学理论,研究球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤.实验中采用430 kHz,内径为240 mm的球形集声器对肝组织作用,结果表明:集声器表面声压为53 kPa时作用2 s,可以形成小于波长尺度的组织损伤.理论计算结果与实验结果符合得较好,并且理论模型可优化球形集声器的开口孔径.研究结果表明,球形集声器可应用于肿瘤的精细超声治疗.     

油罐声发射检测信号数据库研究及应用

分析了油罐声发射检测技术特点和弱点,基于对检测影响因素的分析研究提出了油罐声发射信号特征数据库系统。采用盐水腐蚀真实罐底板,模拟油罐腐蚀。以Matlab软件为基础,提取全波形文件中被识别为腐蚀类别的特定帧信号,选取合适的自适应阈值电压得到信号特征参数,将全波形信号和信号特征参数入库。根据数据库特征参数训练支持向量机分类器,应用到实际油罐检测中并与开罐检测结果作对比,达到预期油罐分类效果。     

The use of ultrasound-stimulated acoustic emission in the monitoring of modulus changes with temperature

It has been previously shown that the amplitude of the ultrasound-stimulated acoustic emission (USAE) signal is sensitive to tissue temperature and, therefore, can help detect it. Its amplitude, however, is sensitive to both acoustical and mechanical parameters, that at most frequencies have opposite effects due to temperature. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using a frequency shift of the resonant peaks of the USAE signal for monitoring the tissue stiffness variation with temperature. In a numerical simulation, the variation of the frequency shift at different temperatures is shown. Then, in a series of experiments involving a gel phantom and porcine muscle tissue, the frequency shift variation is shown to follow the known stiffness changes due to temperature. It is also shown that this shift indicates reversible changes as well as the onset of thermal coagulative necrosis. The necrosis is marked by a monotonically increasing positive frequency shift. It was thus shown that the USAE spectrum peaks undergo a negative shift (or, downshift) when the stiffness decreases and a positive shift (or, upshift) when the stiffness increases. The experimental frequency shifted around a peak at 22.1-22.5 kHz within a range of -250 to 80 Hz and -200 to 250 Hz for the gel and muscle tissue for the temperatures of 25-70 and 30-70 degrees C, respectively. Simulation and ex vivo experimental results indicate that the USAE frequency shift method can help decouple the mechanical from the acoustical parameter dependence as well as detect the onset of thermal coagulative necrosis.     

Characterization of cylindrical particles from their acoustic emission

A method for determining the size and size distribution of cylindrical particles is described It is based on the fact that rigid particles, when they impinge on each other, emit acoustic waves whose frequencies are related to the particle size and the size distribution. The emitted frequencies are related to the ratio of the diameter to the squared length of the particles.     

Characteristics of noise attenuators for use in acoustic emission studies

The background noise generated by servo-hydraulic machines commonly used in laboratory tests of materials prevents the extraction of the maximum amount of acoustic emission data during fatigue experiments. Some of the solutions for removing background noise during monotonic tests are not applicable, and modern acoustic emission (ae) monitoring systems cannot detect all ae generated in the presence of continuous background noise. The best technique for reducing the background noise appears to be the insertion of a noise attenuating barrier between the noise source and the test specimen.Multilayer sound transmission theory is outlined to show that noise attenuators must be designed for the particular frequency at which the ae system is to operate. The theoretical basis for obtaining (for a given application) the optimum attenuation from attenuators constructed on an acoustic impedance mismatch basis is provided. Finally, physical properties of materials suitable for use in attenuator construction are tabulated.     

HDP-HSMM的磨削声发射砂轮钝化状态识别*

在高精度金属材料磨削加工中,刀具即砂轮的状态对加工效率和加工质量具有重要的影响。钝化程度较高的砂轮不适于加工精密工件,需提前预警并修整更换砂轮。该文提出一种通过磨削声发射信号来检测砂轮钝化状态的方法。首先,对于采集到的信号进行小波软阈值降噪。然后,将其分割成多个有重叠的帧,并提取每帧信号的8个特征组成声发射数据集。最后,通过分层Dirichlet过程-隐半马尔可夫模型来建立声发射数据集和不同的砂轮钝化状态之间的非线性关系,旨在识别砂轮钝化状态。结果表明,上述检测方法能有效识别砂轮的不同钝化状态并能对整个加工过程中的砂轮钝化程度进行自动划分,其在测试数据集上的准确率达到93.7%,可以为实际工业应用提供理论指导。     

声发射特性与材料断裂韧性相关性研究

以高强度铝合金的断裂过程为研究对象，利用先进的声发射试验系统，考察了拉伸试样和带有预制疲劳裂纹的DCB试样在断裂时的声发射事件特性，揭示了材料断裂韧性和声发射特性 间的关系.试验结果表明，材料稳态裂纹扩展起始于K_1C并发射出许多幅值超过 阈值35 dB的信号，材料裂纹失稳扩展时爆发出强烈的声发射信号，材料断裂的累积声发射能与宏 观断裂能呈线性关系. 关键词： 声发射 断裂韧性 铝合金     

Relationship between acoustic emission energy and the kinetics of martensite formation in plain carbon steels

The kinetics of the martensitic transformation in Fe-0.80C determined on the basis of dilatometry data is compared to the acoustic emission (AE) energy accompanying the transformation in the same steel reported in a previous study. The discrepancy between the AE energy and the volume fraction of martensite indicates that the mechanism for the generation of AE during the martensitic transformation is not solely dependent on the kinetics and the associated moving interfaces as suggested in previous studies. During the growth of martensite, slip takes place in order to relieve internal stresses, and dislocations are thought to be mainly introduced in the relatively soft austenite matrix. The quantitative analysis in this study demonstrates that the AE energy generated per unit time is a function of both the transformation kinetics and the volume fraction of remaining austenite. This strongly indicates that the moving dislocations associated with the plastic deformation of the austenite surrounding the as-formed martensite are the dominant sources of the generated acoustic waves. This improved AE source model is consistent with the well-accepted mechanism of AE during conventional plastic deformation due to an external load.     

扫描透射电子显微镜及电子能量损失谱的原理及应用

扫描透射电子显微镜是透射电子显微镜的一种,近几年随着球差校正器的问世,扫描透射电子显微镜的分辨率达到亚埃级,结合能量分辨率为亚电子伏特的电子能量损失谱,可以对材料进行高空间分辨率及高能量分辨率的微结构和成分分析。文章简述了扫描透射电子显微镜的发展历程和工作原理,重点讲述了高角环形暗场像的成像机理以及基于高角环形暗场像对材料结构和成分进行分析的原理和应用;电子能量损失谱的成谱过程、谱的特征及其在材料化学和电子结构分析方面的优势和主要应用。     

Application of signal processing to acoustic emission signals emitted by steel specimens during tensile tests

We show that time and spectral properties of ae signals emitted by steel specimens during a tensile test depend, in a large part, on the characteristics of the acquisition set-up. Then we apply signal processing techniques (FFT, normalized energy, etc) to ae signals and we make here a comparative study between the acoustic emissions of different types of steel used in nuclear reactor technology.     

混凝土声发射信号源定位精度的细观模型计算分析

混凝土内部在断裂时会产生相应的声发射信号,通过这一信号,混凝土内部损伤断裂区域可以被定位。然而,混凝土是一种多相非均匀材料,而声发射定位算法是基于均匀介质假设进行计算的,因此采用该算法对其定位会产生一定的误差,有必要从细观的角度研究混凝土非均匀性对定位精度的影响。该文基于随机骨料模型以及时差定位算法(基于遗传算法),建立了一种用于估计混凝土声发射定位误差的定量估算模型。采用该模型定量估算分析了混凝土细观组分对其声速的影响,并在该分析结构的基础上继续分析了骨料含量以及声速取值偏差对定位精度的影响。结果表明,在正常骨料含量变化范围内,骨料含量对定位精度影响不大,而声速取值偏差对定位精度的影响远大于骨料含量对其的影响。     

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering for acoustic emission source localization in anisotropic panels

Nonlinear Kalman Filtering is an established field in applied probability and control systems, which plays an important role in many practical applications from target tracking to weather and climate prediction. However, its application for acoustic emission (AE) source localization has been very limited. In this paper, two well-known nonlinear Kalman Filtering algorithms are presented to estimate the location of AE sources in anisotropic panels: the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). These algorithms are applied to two cases: velocity profile known (CASE I) and velocity profile unknown (CASE II). The algorithms are compared with a more traditional nonlinear least squares method. Experimental tests are carried out on a carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite panel instrumented with a sparse array of piezoelectric transducers to validate the proposed approaches. AE sources are simulated using an instrumented miniature impulse hammer. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, two metrics are used: (1) accuracy of the AE source localization and (2) computational cost. Furthermore, it is shown that both EKF and UKF can provide a confidence interval of the estimated AE source location and can account for uncertainty in time of flight measurements.