米散射激光雷达重叠因子及全程回波信号标定技术研究

由于激光雷达光轴夹角的存在和光束质量分布的非均匀性, 导致理论回波信号与实际回波信号有较大差别, 需要对其进行校正. 基于数学推导和软件仿真, 给出了激光雷达重叠因子的数学表达式, 分析了光轴夹角导致的系统重叠因子在全程探测空间的变化情况; 分析了光束分布为高斯分布和均匀分布时的重叠因子变化情况; 对激光雷达的距离校正信号和Klett算法公式进行了重叠因子修正, 最后在对激光雷达系统参数标定的基础上, 在重叠区域利用修正的Klett公式对其所测得到的回波信号进行了修正, 在探测盲区利用斜率法修正距离校正信号, 进而得到了符合理论与实际情况的激光雷达在全程上校正的消光系数曲线. 关键词： 激光雷达 标定 重叠因子 消光系数     

三维形貌测量激光雷达光学系统设计

利用差频干涉原理设计了基于迈克尔逊干涉仪的激光雷达测距系统,该系统配合轴角编码器,可实现三维形貌测量。介绍了激光雷达发射系统和接收系统的设计,发射系统根据高斯光束准直理论,确定光学系统的相关参数,设计了可用于2 m~18 m范围内的激光测距系统,同时利用Zemax的宏语言编程,绘制出变倍曲线。接收系统根据激光雷达测距方程,确定目标的相关参数,以获取最大的回波能量,并通过光学系统将回波光束耦合进光纤。该系统实现了发射、接收共光路,可用于轨道客车的子弹头面型的非接触测量及其他复杂的三维面型,具有测量速度快、精度高的特点,有着很广阔的发展前景。     

高功率980nm垂直腔面发射激光器的亮度特性

在循环水冷却(工作环境温度控制在15℃)和连续注入电流条件下,从垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)亮度基本定义出发,实验测量了不同注入电流时口径为400μm的高功率980nm InGaAs/GaAs应变量子阱垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的亮度特性。结果表明:在注入电流4 A时,随着注入电流的增加,亮度也跟着增加;当注入电流4A时,尽管输出功率在增加,但是器件的光束质量变差,M2因子升高,表明此时影响器件亮度的主导因素是M2因子,所以亮度减小;在注入电流为4A,输出功率为1.2W时,亮度达到最大值2.43kW/cm2.sr,此时的光束质量最好,M2因子为207。最后,分析了影响高功率VCSEL器件亮度特性的主要因素,提出了提高器件亮度特性的解决方法。     

用于激光雷达的相干合成光束研究

提高激光雷达对空间小目标探测能力的重要手段是增大发射到目标上的光强,激光相干合成是在目标上获得较大光强的有效途径.为了评价相干光束在目标上的合成效果,引入了适合空间小目标探测的相干合成效果评价参数(合成效果因子),在此基础上讨论了光束相干合成效果的影响因素.研究表明: 合成效果因子随合成光束束腰间距的增大呈周期振荡变化,振荡幅度逐渐减小;达到理想合成效果需要的光束传输距离随光束间距的增大而增加,这对设计相干合成系统光束束腰间距具有参考意义.同时,还研究了光束的相位控制精度与合成效果之间的关系. 结果表明:当相位控制精度达到π/4时,合成效果可以达到理想效果的80%;当相位控制精度为π/2时,合成效果降为理想效果的50%.研究还表明,激光偏振方向不平行对合成效果的影响不明显. 关键词： 相干合成 激光雷达 合成效果     

有机气溶胶的微脉冲荧光激光雷达水平近场探测研究

微脉冲激光雷达技术是大气气溶胶观测的重要手段,当使用紫外激光光源时,可利用激光诱导荧光信号探测环境中的有机气溶胶。建立了微脉冲荧光激光雷达水平探测有机气溶胶的仿真模型,并对回波光子数及信噪比进行了数值仿真计算。根据仿真结果设计并搭建了一台微脉冲荧光激光雷达,通过对系统进行几何重叠因子标定,减小了近场荧光回波信号的强度误差。以营养肉汤溶液为气溶胶样本对该激光雷达系统开展了测试实验,实验表明该MPFL系统空间分辨率为7.5m,实验最大探测距离达到200m。同时与另一台低重频高脉冲能量的荧光激光雷达进行了对比实验,对比结果显示,两型激光雷达接收的荧光信号强度变化趋势具有很好的一致性,相关系数达82%以上。在相同的累加时间下,MPFL荧光信号变化率矩阵标准误差小于0.02%,具有更好的抗干扰性能,能够实现对有机气溶胶准确探测,验证了系统有效性和实用性。     

激光散斑效应对激光雷达探测性能的影响

分析了激光散斑效应对激光雷达探测性能的影响. 给出了远场情况下接收物镜所采集激光散斑数的表达式. 在物镜所采集的散斑和光电子数均较大情况下，提出了光电子所遵守的分布. 分别导出了机载和星载激光雷达的探测概率. 分析表明激光雷达探测性能与所采集的散斑数密切相关，接收的散斑数仅与激光束腰和物镜的口径有关，随着接收散斑数的增加，散斑噪声的影响将减弱. 关键词： 激光雷达 激光散斑 探测概率     

基于激光器输出模式的离轴激光雷达重叠因子计算及近场信号校正

基于几何分析,将离轴激光雷达在近距离范围内望远镜视场与发射激光分布的交叠区分为三种形状,并给出了计算离轴激光雷达重叠因子的解析计算公式.基于该公式和发射激光的高斯分布得到了本实验室Mie散射激光雷达重叠因子随高度的变化曲线.利用该曲线对成都地区在不同天气状况下的雷达回波信号进行了校正.在此基础上,利用Klett算法对校正后的回波信号进行了反演,得到了532 nm波长大气消光系数随高度的变化曲线.结果表明,基于文中校正方法得到的大气消光系数能反映实际的天气情况. 关键词： 离轴雷达 重叠因子 高斯模式     

相干激光雷达中望远镜的优化及探测性能分析EI北大核心CSCD

利用脉冲能量为110μJ、重复频率为20 k Hz及脉冲宽度为300 ns的光纤激光器设计了一套工作波长为1.55μm的相干测风激光雷达,给出了系统的性能参数。根据后向传播本振的原理计算出当望远镜对发射高斯光束的截断比为最优值0.823时,激光雷达的天线效率达到最大值0.422。在最优截断比条件下分析了望远镜口径对相干激光雷达载噪比的影响,优化了望远镜设计。从理论上计算出激光雷达的探测性能指标:探测距离大于3 km,风速测量范围为±62 m/s,距离分辨率为84 m,风速测量精度优于0.1 m/s,时间分辨率为0.5 s。     

全光纤激光雷达发射和接收光学系统设计与优化

根据全光纤激光雷达特性设计与优化发射和接收光学系统。针对全光纤激光雷达光学系统中的激光高斯传输特性、扩展目标特性和光纤收发特性,修正激光雷达方程中的发射天线增益和目标反射截面,引入光纤接收效率参数。修正后的发射天线增益与目标处光斑大小的平方成反比,漫反射目标的雷达反射截面取决于目标反射率和激光入射角。实验探究了回波功率与接收光纤芯径的关系,得到了最佳光纤芯径。修正后的激光雷达方程可准确计算光纤收发条件下激光的回波功率,为后续的信号处理提供精确的理论支持。     

非共轴激光雷达系统参数对几何因子的影响

介绍了非共轴激光雷达几何因子的物理意义,通过数值模拟分析了激光雷达各系统参数包括：激光发散角、接收视场角、光轴间距、光轴失调夹角对几何因子的影响。结果表明：光轴离轴失调对激光雷达影响最大,在系统设计时应极力避免。结合自行研制的CSY2型能见度激光雷达,将理论计算与实验测量值进行对比,实验结果表明两种计算结果基本一致。     

Application of Geometrical Form Factor in Differential Absorption Lidar Measurement

The peak position for a lidar return signal is calculated and measured for the horizontal path with variation of the laser beam divergence angle (θ), and the inclination angle (δ) between the telescope and laser axes. This work shows that θ and δ are very important parameters to use in the design or alignment of a lidar system receiving a good lidar signal. This paper describes an experimental determination of geometrical form factors in the lidar equation. We receive the signals and determine the geometrical form factors by slope method in a homogeneous atmosphere. The differential absorption lidar equation is evaluated for the dual-pulse lidar system. A method using a geometrical form factor determined by the experiment is introduced to correct the error in C₂H₄ measurement. This method shows good correction of measurement error in lidar dual-pulse operation, especially in the short range.     

基于非球面透镜的空间光场光纤耦合系统研究

针对全光纤激光雷达中空间光场与单模光纤的耦合问题,设计了基于非球面透镜的望远镜光纤耦合系统.利用ZEMAX软件以单模光纤耦合效率为优化目标对其结构参量进行优化设计,然后分别用LED和激光器作为光源进行初步实验,比较直接耦合和非球面透镜耦合效果.实验结果表明,采用非球面透镜耦合可使多模光源的耦合效率比直接耦合增加约47％,与仿真结果45％非常接近,且不同芯径耦合光功率之比大略等于芯径比平方;而该耦合方式可使单模光源的耦合效率增加约20％,且耦合进不同小芯径光纤的耦合效率之比约为其芯径比平方的2.4倍,这对构建全光纤转动喇曼激光雷达系统具有重要意义.     

Application of fiber interferometer in coherent Doppler lidar

A novel coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) system based on single-mode fiber (SMF) components and instruments is presented to measure the speed of target. A fiber interferometer used in CDL system is reported.This fiber mixer is employed as a coherent receiver to resolve the shifts of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mixing efficiency induced by backscattered field's wavefront error. For a certain wavelength, the maximum coupling efficiency between signal and SMF is determined by the ratio of pupil diameter to focal length of the coupling lens. The legible interference patterns and spectrum signals show that fiber interferometer is suitable to compensate for amplitude and phase vibrations. This robust coherent receiver can achieve improved CDL system performance with less transmitter power.     

非共轴激光雷达几何因子分析与测量

介绍了非共轴激光雷达几何因子的物理意义,分别通过理论分析和试验测量给出了求解几何因子的方法。结合自行研制的CSY-1便携式能见度激光雷达,将两种方法得到的几何因子进行对比,讨论了系统参数对几何因子的影响,从而实现了对激光雷达系统优化设计的可能性。     

Analysis of measurement error of wind lidar caused by propagation properties of Gaussian beam

The Fabry–Perot Etalon (FPE) is widely used in Doppler wind lidar as frequency discriminator and its performance is certainly affected by the propagation properties of Gaussian beam. The divergence angle of lidar returns affected by the quality factor M² and magnification of beam expander (MBE) of outgoing laser is firstly discussed. Also, the corresponding sensitivity of system on wind velocity is analyzed. The numerical results show that the divergence angle of lidar returns and FPE transmission varied with height, the resulting sensitivity of system is decreased and the wind velocity error is relatively steady in the far field. Consequently, for the wind lidar using FPE as frequency discriminator, it is supposed that the outgoing laser with both lower beam quality factor M² and higher MBE are requested, in particularly, the system calibration due to FPE instability must be considered in the near field.     

非扫描测风激光雷达光学系统设计

光学系统是测风激光雷达小型化的关键,光学设计的质量直接影响系统的整机性能。提出了一种全光纤多路收发非扫描多普勒测风激光雷达系统方案,对其工作原理作了简要介绍;在对激光雷达系统信噪比开展理论分析的基础上,提出了光学天线的视场、孔径、焦距等设计参数,并利用光学设计软件对光学天线进行了设计和仿真实验。该系统工作波长为1064nm,设计结果表明,光学天线相对口径为1∶4.28,全视场角为20°×22.5°,总长为277mm,后截距127.28 mm,有效焦距300 mm,口径70 mm,各视场光纤耦合效率均在65%以上,满足设计指标要求。     

Long-range propagation of annular beam for lidar application

Long-range propagation characteristics of an annular beam were examined from the viewpoint of lidar application. The annular beam permits to use a reflecting telescope for transmission and improves the transmission efficiency because it can pass through the telescope without the obstruction of the telescope’s secondary mirror. As the annular beam can enlarge up to the telescope diameter, it can be eye-safe and its divergence is also reduced.The annular beam generated by a couple of Axicon prisms; conical prisms, transforms its beam shape into the central peak narrow beam; nearly non-diffractive beam, through the far-field propagation. We evaluated how the central peak intensity and its width of the transformed beam change in long-range of 3-100 km. The difficulty of the optical arraignment and the requirement of the beam quality to obtain the enough performance of the beam shape transformation were also examined theoretically and experimentally for the lidar application. The stability of the transformed beam was also confirmed in the atmospheric fluctuation.     

A fiber coupling system based on the GRIN lens for use in all-fiber lidars

The all-fiber lidar shows exciting prospects in space-borne applications, but the coupling efficiency between the telescope and a single-mode fiber is an important problem in the lidar design. We employ the mode-matching theory to analyze theoretically the coupling efficiency. In practical coupling system design, three position deviations, which are the off-axis deviation, defocus deviation, and angle deviation, exert a substantial influence on the coupling efficiency and must be considered and discussed. Generally it is very difficult for a fiber coupling system based on a single lens to adjust the fiber position deviations and obtain the maximum coupling efficiency. Therefore, a coupling system, based on the GRIN lens combined with the lenses, is designed and employed to decrease the influence of these position deviations. We perform some numerical simulations to verify the feasibility of a coupling system based on the GRIN lens. Our results show that a coupling system based on the GRIN lens can overcome the off-axis deviation and defocus deviation and decrease the adjustment difficulty.