ZA27合金晶界处铁、稀土元素的有序化与交互作用

为从理论上揭示铁、稀土元素在锌铝合金晶界处的行为本质，建立了ZA27合金中α相大角度重位点阵晶界模型，利用递归法(Recursion)计算了晶界的电子结构(状态密度、费米能级、结构能).用晶界结构能定义合金的团簇能(有序能)，并计算了偏聚铁及稀土晶界的团簇能.计算结果表明：铁、稀土元素在锌铝合金晶界处团簇能为正值，不能形成团簇，具有有序化倾向，趋于形成稳定的金属间化合物.铁与稀土元素在晶界形成负电中心，降低晶界的费米能级. 关键词： 稀土 晶界 电子结构 有序化     

铸造锌铝合金稀土变质机理的电子理论研究

根据分子动力学理论建立了液态锌铝合金ZA27的模型，结合计算机编程构造出了ZA27合金α 相与液相共存时的原子结构模型，利用递归方法计算了稀土固溶于晶粒内和富集于结晶前沿 时的电子结构.由此得出：稀土处于相界区比在晶内更稳定，从而解释了稀土在α相内溶解 度很小，结晶时富集于结晶前沿液体中的事实；稀土处于液态和晶态的结构能差相对于铝较 大解释了稀土在相界前的富集使α晶枝产生熔断、游离、增殖的观点.原子间的键级积分计 算也表明，稀土处于结晶前沿液体中与铝相比不容易结晶到晶体表面，起到阻碍晶粒长大， 细化晶粒的作用，这就从电子层次解释了稀土的变质机理. 关键词： 电子结构 液固相界原子结构模型 稀土变质机理     

镁合金稀土阻燃机理电子理论研究

通过计算机软件建立镁合金的晶体，液态及其固/液界面模型.采用递归法计算了稀土元素在α-Mg、固/液界面、镁液态等原子环境中的环境敏感镶嵌能，定义并计算了Mg，La及Y与氧的原子亲和能.计算结果表明：La，Y在镁晶体中的环境敏感镶嵌能较高，不能稳定固溶于晶体中，因此在固体中的溶解度较小.合金凝固时稀土元素扩散到环境能较低的液体中，向液面聚集.由于稀土与氧的原子亲和能低于镁与氧的亲和能(镁、稀土与氧的亲和能分别为Mg-O：-14.9338 eV，La-O：-19.0608 eV，Y-O：-19.5050 eV 关键词： 电子结构 阻燃 Mg合金     

镁合金稀土阻燃机理电子理论研究

通过计算机软件建立镁合金的晶体，液态及其固/液界面模型.采用递归法计算了稀土元素在α-Mg、固/液界面、镁液态等原子环境中的环境敏感镶嵌能，定义并计算了Mg，La及Y与氧的原子亲和能.计算结果表明：La，Y在镁晶体中的环境敏感镶嵌能较高，不能稳定固溶于晶体中，因此在固体中的溶解度较小.合金凝固时稀土元素扩散到环境能较低的液体中，向液面聚集.由于稀土与氧的原子亲和能低于镁与氧的亲和能(镁、稀土与氧的亲和能分别为Mg-O：-14.9338 eV，La-O：-19.0608 eV，Y-O：-19.5050 eV     

稀土及杂质元素对ZA27合金晶间腐蚀的影响

为了从本质上了解杂质与稀土元素对锌铝合金晶间腐蚀的影响 ,探索抑制合金晶间腐蚀的有效途径 ,依据晶界的大角度重位点阵理论编制出相应计算机软件 ,建立含稀土、杂质及 η相颗粒的α相大角度晶界原子集团模型 ,采用递归法计算了α相晶界间的电荷转移 ,由此讨论了杂质 (Pb、Sn、Cd)及稀土元素 (La、Y)对Zn、Al电极电位的影响 .结果表明 ,杂质Pb、Sn、Cd增大原子间的电荷转移量 ,提高Zn、Al电极电位差 ,加速合金的腐蚀 ,稀土元素减小原子间的电荷转移量 ,降低Zn、Al电极电位差 ,具有抑制晶间腐蚀的作用 .     

稀土对镁合金应力腐蚀影响电子理论研究

建立了镁合金纯净晶界及其析出Mg₁₇Al₁₂相的晶界原子集团，应用实空间的递归方法计算了铝、稀土元素在晶界的偏聚能，晶界处铝、稀土原子间相互作用能和不同体系的费米能级.讨论了铝、稀土在晶界的偏聚行为，铝、稀土原子间的相互作用与有序化的关系及稀土对镁合金晶间应力腐蚀影响的物理本质.研究发现：铝、稀土原子偏聚于晶界；铝原子间相互排斥，在晶界区形成有序相Mg₁₇Al₁₂，稀土原子间互相吸引，形成原子团簇；稀土原子团吸引铝原子，使铝原子渗入稀土团簇中，形成稀土化合物.因此，稀土具有抑制铝在晶界形成导致应力腐蚀的阴极相Mg₁₇Al₁₂的作用，提高镁合金的晶间应力腐蚀抗力. 关键词： 电子理论 镁合金 应力腐蚀 稀土     

ZA27/CNT界面特性电子理论研究

依据原子结合能定义了界面结合能. 采用递归法计算了纳米管增强锌铝基复合材料中ZA27/CNT界面电子结构，揭示了纳米管在ZA27合金晶界分布的微观物理本质，及其ZA27/CNT弱界面结合的电子层面的原因. 研究发现：金属基体对纳米管增强相上的碳原子态密度影响很大，而纳米管对基体金属中的铝、锌原子影响很小. 碳原子态密度与基体金属原子趋于同化，使纳米管与基体金属结合，但因同化程度不高导致界面结合较弱，影响强化效果. 如果在纳米管装饰或镀上与基体金属性质相近的原子层，会极大改善复合材料的界面结合强度，提高复合材料性能. 关键词： 复合材料 纳米管 电子结构 界面     

Bi，Sb合金化对AZ91镁合金组织、性能影响机理研究

利用大角重位点阵模型建立了AZ91镁合金α相［0001］对称倾斜晶界原子结构模型，应用实空间的连分数方法计算了Mg合金的总结构能，合金元素引起的环境敏感镶嵌能及原子间相互作用能，讨论了主要合金元素Al及Bi，Sb在AZ91中的合金化行为.计算结果表明，Al，Bi，Sb固溶于α相内或晶界区使总结构能都降低，起到固溶强化作用；合金元素在AZ91α相内趋于均匀分布，在晶界区易占位于三角椎上部.AZ91镁合金中加入Bi或Sb时，Bi或Sb比Al容易偏聚于晶界，从而抑制了Al在晶界的偏聚，促进基体中连续的Mg₁₇Al₁₂相的析出，提高AZ91合金室温性能； AZ91合金中(α相内和晶界区)主要合金元素Al和微加元素Bi，Sb都能够形成有序相Mg₁₇Al₁₂，Mg₃Bi₂或Mg₃Sb₂，且在晶界区形成的量大.Bi，Sb加入AZ91合金中，由于Bi，Sb抑制Al在晶界的偏聚，晶界区主要析出相为Mg₃Bi₂或Mg₃Sb₂，提高镁合金高温性能. 关键词： 电子理论 合金化 晶界偏聚 镁合组织与性能     

Nb-Al合金高温氧化机理

通过自编软件建立了铝氧化膜与基体铌界面的原子集团模型,用递归法计算了合金的原子埋置能、原子结合能等电子参数,从电子层面分析铌合金高温氧化机理.研究表明:铝通过晶界扩散偏聚在合金表面,并与氧结合生成致密的Al2O3氧化膜,阻挡氧向铌基体扩散.晶界和稀土元素能提高氧化膜与基体间的原子结合能,增加其界面的结合强度,加强氧化膜与基体铌间的黏附性.因此,通过在合金中添加稀土元素或细化合金晶粒均能提高铌合金的抗高温氧化性能.     

Bi，Sb及稀土元素对AZ91镁合金高温性能影响机理研究

利用大角重位点阵概念建立了AZ91镁合金基体(α相)和镁［0001］对称倾斜晶界原子结构模型,应用实空间的连分数方法计算了体系的结构能,环境敏感镶嵌能以及相互作用能.结果发现,在镁合金基体中,Al和稀土形成团簇时比较稳定,Al,Bi或Sb与稀土形成团簇时不稳定.Bi或Sb和稀土元素同时存在于AZ91镁合金中时,一方面Bi或Sb将可与RE结合形成RE₂Bi(RE₂Sb)或RE-Bi(RE-Sb)化合物弥散分布于晶界,另一方面镁合金基体中会形成Al_{11关键词： 电子理论 晶界偏聚 合金元素 高温性能}     

The dissolution kinetics of free iron in Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet alloys

Three kinds of NdFeB alloys, near the Nd₂Fe₁₄B ( φ phase ) composition of the Fe-(Nd₂B) pseudobinary phase diagram, were used to study the kinetics of free iron dissolution in the matrix, which is extremely important for the attainment of high coercivity. The dissolution equations together with the time exponent, n( , ) and activation energies of rate constants, Q(34–40.9 kcal/mol) were derived. These indicate that the quantity of Nd-rich liquid phase plays an important role in the dissolution kinetics. For the ‘hypo-φ’ composition (Fe-rich), grain boundary diffusion dominates. For φ and ‘hyper-φ’ (Nd-rich) composition, interface reaction dominates. The low activation energies of this system are attributed to the activated effect of φ phase formation and liquid phase assisted grain boundary diffusion, it is found that there will be no free iron left after powder pulverizing and sintering of the commercial Nd₁₅Fe₇₇B₈ alloy.     

晶体相场法研究预变形对熔点附近六角相/正方相相变的影响

应用双模晶体相场模型计算二维相图,并模拟了在熔点附近预变形和保温温度对六角相晶界演化以及六角相/正方相相变的影响.研究发现:在相变初期,当预变形为零、保温温度离熔点很近时在晶界发生缺陷诱发预熔;增大预变形,变形与缺陷的交互作用在熔点附近诱发预熔;随着预变形的进一步增大,变形在畸变处同时诱发液相和正方相,且预变形越大、保温温度越接近熔点,液相生长越明显,反之正方相生长明显.持续保温使得畸变能释放,晶粒最终完全转变为平衡正方相.模拟结果表明:预变形六角相在熔点附近保温时,由于晶界固有缺陷和预变形双重作用使得原子无序度增加,从而在晶界或其他缺陷处产生液相,待能量释放后晶粒再转变成平衡正方相,进而延缓了六角相/正方相相变时间.     

Atomic and electronic structures of a grain boundary in iron with impurity segregation

We present a short review on our current investigations of the atomic and electronic structures of a grain boundary in iron. Atomic structures of grain boundaries were simulated and the local electronic densities of states were calculated in the simulated structure. When phosphorus impurity atoms segregated at the grain boundaries in iron, trigonal prismatic FeP clusters were formed. Segregated boron atoms tended to stay at the central site of polyhedra constructed by host atoms in the grain boundaries. The non-bonding states of the iron atom at the grain boundary disappear by forming a strong bonding orbital with the orbital of the segregated impurity atom. This bonding orbital is formed in a Fe3d host band in the case of a boron impurity. On the other hand, the bonding orbital is formed at lower energies for the phosphorus impurity and is less-mixed with the Fe3d host band. Non-bonding states are formed around the Fe₉P clusters. These can give a qualitative explanation for the embrittlement of the impurity segregated grain boundary. Finally, we can explain from the viewpoint of the electronic structure why the interstitial impurity is the only cohesive enhancer.     

Solute segregation at 46.8°(111) twist grain boundary of a phosphorus doped Fe–2.3%V alloy

The Auger electron spectroscopy study on chemistry of the 46.8°(111) twist grain boundary of an Fe–2.3%V alloy showed an extended phosphorus enrichment at temperatures in range of 500 °C and 800 °C. Simultaneously, slight but nearly independent segregation of vanadium was also detected. The standard enthalpy and entropy of grain boundary segregation of phosphorus and vanadium were determined according to the Guttmann model of multicomponent interfacial segregation. Obtained data clearly show that this Σ = 19 coincidence boundary is special (i.e. low energy interface). The data also fit well with the predictive model of grain boundary segregation and confirm that phosphorus segregates interstitially at the grain boundary while vanadium substitutes iron atoms in the interface structure.     

Improved total conductivity of nanometric samaria-doped ceria powders sintered with molten LiNO3 additive

Nanometric 20% molar Sm-doped ceria (SDC20) powders were synthesized by co-precipitation in the presence of N, N, N′, N′ tetramethylethylendiamine (TMEDA). SDC20 powders were sintered using lithium nitrate salt in various concentrations (0.1, 1, 3, and 10 mol% with respect to the SDC20 total moles) as an additive to promote the liquid phase sintering and without additive for comparison. The addition of the Li salt allowed reducing significantly the sintering temperature of SDC. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to estimate the contribution of grain boundary and bulk to the electrical conductivity in different sintering conditions. Liquid phase sintering allowed to produce dense samples with enhanced ionic conductivity especially at the grain boundary when compared to the samples sintered without additive. The additive liquid phase was evaporated in large part at the high temperatures throughout the sintering process. Residual extra phases were segregated at the grain boundary, generated probably by reaction of the Li salt with impurities, which were removed by a chemical etching.