Microscopic 3-D displacement field measurements using digital speckle photography

A technique to measure object shape and 3-D displacement fields in micro-scale is offered by microscopic stereo digital speckle photography. The displacement of the random features that are often present on many engineering surfaces when viewed in a microscope is measured with the system, using image correlation. In this paper the equipment, physical model and calibration routines are described. The technique can be applied for sub-mm sized objects of arbitrary shape for small deformation fields. As a verifying experiment, an in-plane rotation of a flat calibration plate is presented. The expected in-plane errors are shown to be less than 0.1 μm and the corresponding out-of-plane errors about three times larger. As a pilot experiment, micro-structural paper expansion is studied, when exposed to humidity. The scaling properties of the microscope as well as the sampling criteria and reliability of the system are discussed in detail.     

双散斑场相移数字干涉计量

本文介绍了一种检测散射表面变形的自动测量系统。将相移和数字图像处理技术应用于数字散斑干涉计量中,毋须中间记录过程,在计算机控制下采集数据和计算相位,产生相位条纹而非相关条纹。用图像处理技术消除散斑随机性引起的噪声。文中给出了面内、离面变形的测量结果。     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

数字散斑相关方法实现鼠标定位原理

在激光鼠标工作原理的基础上,利用数字散斑相关方法对激光鼠标的定位原理进行了研究。设计实验得到散斑场并用数码相机拍摄。用图像采集卡采集CCD扫描数散斑图像得到的图像,将图像数字化,分析数据得到了图像最优采样的像素单元和图像位移两个参量。基于两个参量,实验采集散斑图像在一定的轨迹运动下的散斑场,用Matlab软件模拟,并比较分析了实验和模拟结果。结果表明,用数字散斑相关方法可以实现激光鼠标的定位功能,并且分辨力可达到1μm,远高于市场上激光鼠标30μm的分辨力。     

Calibration and correction of lens distortion for two-dimensional digital speckle correlation measurement

Lens distortion practically presents in optical imaging system using in two-dimensional digital speckle correlation measurement (2D-DSCM) system, and gives rise to additional errors in the displacement and strain measurement. Camera calibration procedure is performed to obtain the coefficients of radial distortion and tangential distortion. The corrected displacement fields can be calculated using the distortion coefficient. The influence of distortion on displacement and strain measurement errors in experiment is further discussed. The three-point bending test result shows that the camera lens calibration method can effectively eliminate the effect of lens distortion and improve displacement and strain measurement accuracy.     

Application of iteration and finite element smoothing technique for displacement and strain measurement of digital speckle correlation

In this paper, an improved method for measuring displacement in digital speckle correlation technology, which is based on an iterative and spatial-gradient algorithm, is developed. After obtaining full-field displacement, both finite element method and 2D generalized cross-validation (GCV) algorithm are adopted for smoothing the displacement field, and then the strain field can be obtained from the smoothed displacement field. The method is estimated by simulated speckle patterns and three-point bending experiment. All the results show the improved method can obtain a reasonable estimation of displacement and strain fields in digital speckle correlation method.     

Use of a joint transform correlator architecture for study of speckle displacements

The optical speckle–displacement correlation technique (OSDCT) is proposed for study of in-plane speckle displacements. The joint transform correlator architecture is used to evaluate the displacements of speckle subimages of strained surfaces. The procedure of the correlation response producing as a result of cross-correlation of strainless and strained surfaces in a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC) is considered. The convenient techniques for a joint power spectrum transformation are selected. The systematic and random errors of a mean speckle pattern displacement of a rigid body motion calculated by using the OSDCT and the digital speckle–displacement measurement technique are compared. The robustness of some JTC versions (a conventional JTC, a JTC with median thresholding, a JTC with subset median thresholding, and a fringe adjusted filter JTC) to input noise of speckle patterns and output noise of a correlation response is studied.     

Digital speckle correlation method with compensation technique for strain field measurements

In the strain field measurements, especially in large strain field measurements, the correlation coefficient values obtained by the digital speckle correlation method are usually very low due to the relative pixel movement of the subset. The measuring error, therefore, is increased. A primary method, that is called compensation algorithm, is introduced for improving the correlation coefficient. A flow scheme with the compensation algorithm of our software is developed and some improved techniques for reducing the calculation time and error are discussed in the paper. After obtaining a set of displacement data with high correlation coefficient, a de-noise wavelet processing is adopted. It is obvious that the measuring accuracy of the strain field is better then before. A strain field of testing experiment is performed with this compensation technique. The correlation coefficients can increase from 0.70 to 0.99, which will be of much benefit for the improvements of the measuring accuracy.     

数字散斑相关方法及应用进展

数字散斑相关方法（DSCM）是一种可以测量变形和应变的光学非接触测量方法,其通过对变形前后物体表面的图像进行灰度信息相关计算来获取被测物的力学性能。本文叙述了数字散斑相关方法近年来在国内外的发展动态和应用现状,详细论述了基于自适应遗传算法、智能神经网络方法、小波变换法的一系列新型相关搜索方法。文章指出,近年来,数字散斑相关技术已发展到相对成熟,目前的研究重点是提高测试精度和图像处理速度,而提高散斑图像质量和研究高效的算法是需要努力的方向。     

Real-time visualisation of deformation fields using speckle interferometry and temporal phase unwrapping

A real-time system for analysing data from speckle interferometers, and speckle shearing interferometers, has been developed. Interferograms are continuously recorded by a digital camera at a rate of 60 frames s⁻¹ with temporal phase shifting carried out at the same rate. The images are analysed using a pipeline image processor. With a standard 4-frame phase-shifting algorithm (phase steps of π/2), wrapped phase maps are calculated and displayed at 15 frames s⁻¹. These are unwrapped using a temporal phase unwrapping algorithm to provide a real-time colour-coded display of the relevant displacement component. Each camera pixel (or cluster of pixels) behaves in effect as an independent displacement sensor. The reference speckle interferogram is updated automatically at regular user-defined intervals, allowing arbitrarily large deformations to be measured and errors due to speckle decorrelation to be minimised. The system has been applied to the problem of detecting sub-surface delamination cracks in carbon fibre composite panels.