二阶偏振模色散矢量致脉冲展宽的理论分析

我们首次提出了消偏矢量的概念，并用它来描述二阶偏振模色散中偏振模色散矢量方向的变化。本文导出了由于二阶偏振模色散所引起的脉冲展宽的解析表达式，结论指出，偏振相关的本征色散总是使脉冲展宽加剧；而偏振模色散矢量方向的变化（消偏矢量），却是使脉冲展宽减弱。二阶偏振模色散对脉冲的展宽，不仅与偏振相关的本征色散和消偏矢量有关，而且还与信号的传输速率以及初始一阶偏振模色散的大小有关。信号速率的提高，将明显的使二阶偏振模色散的影响增强。在偏振相关的本征色散不为零的情况下，通过调整初始偏振态矢量、初始一阶偏振模色散矢量以及消偏矢量三者的方向，使它们互相平行，可以获得最佳的色散补偿。但是却不能获得完全的色散补偿。在最佳色散补偿时的最小脉冲展宽为σ= (2^1/2/4)( DCF/T₀).     

基于偏振模色散矢量的偏振模色散补偿方案的研究

在研究局部偏振模色散矢量与整体偏振模色散矢量关系的基础上，从理论上得到完全补偿偏振模色散的关系，结论是至少利用两段保偏光纤才能完全补偿。提出了基于偏振模色散矢量的偏振模色散补偿方案和调节控制的算法原理及改进的方向。这些结果对正确进行偏振模色散补偿是很有帮助的。     

能够补偿二阶偏振模色散的三阶段偏振模色散补偿器

简要分析了偏振相关色散对光通信系统性能的影响,提出了一种三阶段高阶偏振模色散补偿方案,从理论上分析了它同时补偿偏振相关色散和偏振主态旋转的可能性,并提出了其可能存在的两种工作方式.通过数值模拟与两阶段补偿方案进行了性能比较,其偏振模色散容限比两阶段补偿提高约17%个比特周期 关键词： 光通信 光偏振 光纤色散     

偏振模色散补偿中的偏振主态与分束器主轴的对准

光纤通信系统的比特率超过10Gb/s或更高时,偏振模色散引起的脉冲信号展宽成为主要障碍.分离光纤线路中的两个偏振模式对于提高偏振模色散补偿的精度和速度有重要意义.讨论了光纤线路中两偏振主态与补偿器中偏振分束器主轴的对准问题,给出了偏振分束器任何一个主轴上光强的表示并推导出相应的电功率信号表示式,建立了电功率与光信号两个模式之间的延迟时间以及偏振主态与分束器主轴相对角度的变化关系.初步实验表明,可以通过偏振控制器或可转动的光纤连接器实现偏振主态与偏振分束器的对准.     

基于偏振度椭球的PMD补偿的前馈信息提取方法

通过建立一个简单的模型推导了偏振模色散与偏振度椭球的关系式,可以直接从偏振度椭球的长轴和短轴得到偏振模色散的大小.将得到的一阶偏振模色散大小与理论上从琼斯矩阵中计算的结果进行比较,发现在差分群时延小于20 ps时,模拟结果与理论计算值较好相符.分析了如何从偏振度椭球的长轴判断偏振模色散矢量的方向.因此,从得到的偏振模色散矢量的大小和方向信息可以为一阶偏振模色散补偿提供前馈信息.     

高速光纤通信系统中高阶PMD的优化建模

为了评估随机变化的偏振模色散(PMD)(包括一阶和二阶PMD)使系统信号裂化的程度,降低其对高速光纤通信系统传输速率和传输容量的不利影响,在斯托克斯空间中推导了偏振模色散(PMD)矢量的数学表达式。对PMD效应所导致的脉冲展宽进行了数学分析,给出了差分群时延(DGD)的变化、一阶PMD矢量和二阶PMD矢量方向的变化对脉冲展宽的影响。通过数学推导得出,在大多数情况下,二阶PMD无法完全补偿,需通过控制单元的调整使其对系统的影响达到极小值。通过实验分析,得到了和数学推导中同样的结果,从而证明了模型的正确性。     

20Gb/s系统中偏振模色散的偏振度反馈控制分析

基于主偏振态理论和一阶偏振模色散近似,推导出光信号偏振度的一个简洁解析表达式。并利用该解析表达式和快速傅里叶变换,对20Gb／s系统的偏振模色散补偿中,偏振度监测法的灵敏度和跟踪范围受多种因素(如脉冲啁啾、占空比、消光比、放大自发辐射噪声、自相位调制等)的影响程度进行了数值模拟分析。发现利用偏振度监测法反馈控制偏振模色散补偿时,监测灵敏度和跟踪范围是折中的,较小的占空比有利于提高偏振度监测法的灵敏度,而且总可以对高达1．5个位周期(75ps)的差分群延时进行跟踪,但当占空比低于0．5时,跟踪范围迅速缩小,消光比和放大自发辐射噪声不会明显改变偏振度监测法的跟踪范围,自相位调制效应显著地影响偏振度监测法的性能。     

用庞加莱球法测量二阶偏振模色散

用庞加莱球法测量单模光纤中的二阶偏振模色散，并对二阶偏振模色散的各个分量的统计特性及其影响进行了分析。对75km的G．652普通单模光纤的二阶偏振模色散进行了测量，并对二阶偏振模色散的平行分量、垂直分量、偏振相关色散和消偏振项进行了详细的分析．得到了二阶偏振模色散随波长的分布情况、统计特性以及偏振主态随波长的变化情况。从统计结果可以得到．与偏振相关色散项相比，消偏振项在二阶偏振模色散中起主要作用。该研究对二阶偏振模色散的补偿有一定的指导意义。     

单模光纤二阶偏振模色散的Jones矩阵

利用单模光纤PMD矢量与Jones矩阵之间的关系,推导了由该矢量表示的光纤二阶PMD的Jones矩阵解析表达式,利用该矩阵可以确定输出端时域脉冲在二阶PMD近似下的表达式,并由此仿真二阶PMD对信号传输质量的影响.通过比较输入与输出信号脉冲波形和眼图发现,随着传输速率和传输距离的增加输出信号劣化.最后结果表明,当主偏振态的旋转速率为零时,二阶PMD的影响可以忽略;但当其值增大时,输出信号劣化严重.在光纤通信系统设计时,需要考虑偏振模色散影响分析结果,可提供参考依据.     

光纤偏振效应导致脉冲展宽的解析模型

在10Gb／s,尤其是40Gb／s以上高速光纤通信系统中,光纤的偏振特性已成为限制系统传输距离的主要因素之一。光纤的偏振效应主要包括偏振模色散和偏振依赖损耗。而脉冲均方根展宽是判断信号传输性能的一个主要物理量。本文讨论了光纤线路偏振模色散与偏振相关损耗的相互作用及对信号脉宽的影响。给出了线路偏振模色散矢量和偏振相关损耗矢量之间的关系式,并基于严格的数学方法,导出了在光纤偏振模色散和偏振相关损耗共同作用下的信号均方根脉宽变化的解析形式,同时考虑了光纤色散,啁啾等。该模型可用于分析高阶偏振模色散和偏振相关损耗,任意线性光纤通信系统脉冲展宽分析。     

The PMD of sinusoidally spun fibers in the presence of random birefringence perturbations

Although fiber spinning is known to reduce polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effects in optical fibers, relatively few studies have been performed of the dependence of the reduction factor on the strength of random birefringence fluctuations. In this paper, we apply a general mathematical model of random fiber birefringence to sinusoidally spun fibers. We find that while even in the presence of random birefringence perturbations the maximum reduction of PMD is still obtained when the phase matching condition is satisfied, the degree of PMD reduction and the probability distribution function of the DGD both vary with the random birefringence profiles.     

Effects of residual stress on polarization mode dispersion of fibers made with different types of spinning

We analyze the effects of residual stress on the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of fibers made with different types of spinning. A theoretical scheme is developed from a previous model by the incorporation of a circular birefringence term contributed by residual torsional stress. It is found that the residual stress can significantly affect the PMD of unidirectionally spun fibers when the fiber birefringence is low, but it has little effect on the PMD of bidirectionally spun fibers.     

Soliton Propagation in Birefringent Fibers

In this article, the propagation of solitons in a single mode fiber with polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is analyzed. In optical fibers, the randomly varying birefringence degrades soliton transmission system in two aspects. First, the dispersive waves cause pulse broadening. Second, the dispersive waves interact with other soliton pulses. Here we studied the effects of PMD on a single pulse and the variation of pulse broadening, energy decay, and degree of polarization on a single soliton pulse propagating over a very long distance.     

Measurements of Key Parameters for Birefringent Single-Mode Optical Fibers by Optical Frequency-Domain Interferometry

This Letter describes measurements of modal birefringence (MB) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of a birefringent single-mode optical fiber for use at 1.5 #x03BC;m in optical wavelength. Optical frequency-domain interferometry based on a fixed analyzer method is applied to the measurement of orthogonal polarization components of light guided in the fiber. An amplified spontaneous emission source having an optical wavelength range between 1520 and 1560 nm is used. A channeled interference spectrum is obtained to measure MB and PMD in turn. These two parameters are not frequency-dependent in the above optical wavelength range and MB = 4.0 #x00D7; 10^#x2212;4 and PMD = 1.33 ps/m are obtained.     

Modelling of polarization mode dispersion in optical communications systems

With the rapid increase in the data rates transmitted over optical systems, as well as with the recent extension of terrestrial systems to ultra-long haul reach, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) has become one of the most important and interesting limitations to system performance. This phenomenon originates from mechanical and geometrical distortions that break the cylindrical symmetry of optical fibers and create birefringence. It is the random variations of the local birefringence along the propagation axis of the optical fiber that create the rich and complicated bulk of phenomena that is attributed to PMD. The detailed statistical properties of the local birefringence and its dependence on position are only important as long as the overall system length is comparable with the correlation length of the birefringence in the fiber. In typical systems, however, the latter is smaller by more than three orders of magnitude so that the specific properties of the local birefringence become irrelevant. Instead, the fiber can be viewed as a concatenation of a large number of statistically independent birefringent sections characterized only by the mean square value of their birefringence. This model has been used extensively in the study of PMD and its predictions have been demonstrated to be in excellent agreement with experimental results. This approach opens the door to the world of stochastic calculus, which offers many convenient tools for studying the PMD problem. In this article we review the modelling of PMD and discuss the properties of this phenomenon as a stochastic process. We explain the use of stochastic calculus for the analysis of PMD and describe the derivation of the frequency autocorrelation functions of the PMD vector, its modulus and the principal states. Those quantities are then related to commonly used parameters such as the bandwidth of the first order PMD approximation, the bandwidth of the principal states and to the accuracy of PMD measurements.     

PMD effect on pulse shapes and power penalty in optical communication systems

We present an analytical expression relating the output state of polarization and the first-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector in terms of the angle of precession of the output state of polarization around the PMD vector. We derive, incorporating for the first time this angle of precession, a general relation to study the effect of first-order PMD on pulses of arbitrary shapes, and expressions for pulse shape, pulse broadening and power penalty taking into account both PMD and chromatic dispersion. Measured experiment results are presented for NRZ, RZ, NRZ-DPSK, and RZ-DPSK modulation formats.