自然对流下含纳米SiO2涂层表面抑霜研究

本文用含有纳米SiO2的涂层作为亲水表面,并在其上进行结霜实验研究.用接触角测量仪测出涂层表面和紫铜板表面的接触角,在不同实验条件下测量了涂层表面霜层的厚度,并与紫铜表面的霜厚进行了对比.结果表明在环境相对湿度较小、冷壁温度不太低的条件下,这种涂层能够较好地抑制霜层的生长.通过使用红外成像仪对不同时刻霜层表面温度测量,结果表明,这种亲水涂层具有较小的传热热阻,与具有较大传热热阻的霜层相比几乎可以忽略.     

冷表面温度对动态结霜过程霜层特性影响的实验研究

本文利用直流风洞型冷表面结霜实验台,对冷表面温度变化条件下,动态结霜过程的霜层特性进行了实验研究。分析了结霜条件为:空气温度10.5℃、相对湿度80%、风速3m/s、冷表面温度-3.5～-19.7℃范围内,结霜过程的结霜速率、除霜频率、霜层高度、结霜量、霜层密度及霜层导热系数等霜层物性参数的变化规律。     

分形理论结合相变动力学的冷表面结霜过程模拟

运用分形理论并结合相变动力学模拟冷表面上结霜过程.在相变动力学基础上成功模拟了结霜初始阶段水蒸气在冷表面上凝结、液滴生长及冻结过程,随后运用分形理论的有限制的扩散凝聚(diffusion limited aggregation,DLA) 模型模拟了霜晶在冻结液滴表面上的形成生长过程.模拟结果与实验结果取得良好的一致,模拟过程中凝结液滴出现及冻结的时间与实验结果几乎完全符合;液滴冻结之前其表面接触半径随时间变化的模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,同时模拟霜层厚度与实验测得霜层厚度也非常接近.研究结果对于探讨分形理 关键词： 分形 相变动力学 结霜 模拟     

疏水表面的融霜排液特性研究

本文利用化学刻蚀和硅氟烷修饰的方法制备了具有微纳二级结构的铝基疏水表面,实验研究了自然对流条件下疏水表面的融霜排液特性,观察了疏水表面上融霜过程,并分析了表面特性和结霜时间对融霜排液的影响。结果表明:水平放置的疏水表面融霜过程可分为霜晶融化、液膜形成与合并、液膜运动与收缩三个阶段;结霜工况与结霜时间相同时,竖直放置的裸铝表面、114°和145°疏水表面中,145°疏水表面融霜后的残留液量最少;结霜工况与表面特性相同时,结霜时间越长,融霜排液后的残留液量越小。     

自然对流条件下仿生超疏水表面的抑霜研究

仿生超疏水表面具有多重纳米和微米级的超微结构,其与水滴的接触角一般在150度以上,本文将这种仿生超疏水表面应用到制冷抑霜实验中,观察其表面上水珠的生成、冻结、初始霜晶的出现以及最终霜晶的特殊形态,与普通金属表面上霜的形成过程相比,这种表面具有很强的抑霜性,在-10℃的冷表面上它能延迟初始霜晶的形成55 min以上,其最终形成的霜晶结构松散,较易去除.在实验中首次发现了在该表面上形成的霜晶形态特异,类似一朵朵菊花.最后本文从理论上分析了这种表面的抑霜机理.     

不同温度冷表面结霜特性研究综述

结霜现象广泛存在于自然界和低温、制冷、航空航天等工程领域。近几十年来,国内外学者通过大量实验和数值模拟研究结霜机理,因为结霜条件不同导致其结论也不尽相同。对普冷、低温及深冷等不同冷表面工况下的霜层生长特性进行了研究,介绍了在不同工况下所观察的霜生长现象,总结了空气温度、湿度、速度及冷表面温度等因素在不同工况下对结霜的影响规律,综述了霜层内传热传质现象的研究现状,并指出在深冷工况下对霜生长的研究是未来研究的重点方向。     

磁场对冷表面上结霜过程影响的实验研究

本文对磁性表面上结霜现象进行了初步的实验研究.实验观察发现,磁性表面上水滴的凝结、霜晶的形成过程和霜晶的形态与非磁性表面上的情况是完全不同的,在磁性表面上凝结形成的液滴较非磁性表面上形成的液滴粒径更小、分布更加均匀,霜层结构更松散,更容易被去除.文章最后从理论上分析了这种现象产生的原因.     

快速来流条件下低温平板常物性霜层一维干模态结霜模拟研究

在快速来流条件下低温平板结霜实验观测的基础上,提出了该种结霜条件下的一维结霜模型。在准稳态的假设前提下,构建了动态结霜的能量方程和质量方程,进行了常物性霜层一维模拟,模拟结果与结霜实验结果吻合较好。进行了单因素变化的一维干模态结霜模拟分析,研究了冷板温度、来流速度、来流湿度、来流温度、霜层密度和霜层热导率等因素变化对结霜的影响规律。在所模拟的参数范围内,来流温度、霜层密度对结霜厚度的影响较小,来流速度、来流湿度、冷板温度和霜层热导率对结霜厚度的影响较大。     

结霜工况下R410A热泵空调器动态特性的数值模拟

将选用R410A工质的热泵室外换热器表面的结霜视为准稳态过程,建立了热泵系统的分布参数模型,用有限差分法对其在结霜工况下的动态特性进行了数值计算。换热器采用分相流模型,并考虑了室外换热器表面结霜引起风量下降及换热器管排布置的影响,毛细管模型中考虑了"闪点延迟"和"壅塞流"现象。计算结果表明,在霜开始形成阶段,室外换热器表面结霜有助于改善空气源热泵性能,而在结霜循环的后期,霜层厚度快速增长,热泵的制热量、性能系数等迅速下降。     

壁面温度对疏水表面上水滴冻结的影响

本文研究了冷壁面温度对疏水表面(θ=108.8°)上单个水滴冻结过程的影响,比较了水滴的冻结时间及冻结前后的形态变化。结果表明,水滴冻结所需要的时间随冷表面温度的降低而减小,冷表面温度越低,水滴冻结后其顶端越容易出现树枝状霜晶生长。最后,根据能量守恒原理建立了冷表面上水滴冻结的数学模型,给出了相应的表达式,进而分析了壁面温度对水滴冻结时长的影响,计算结果与实验结果一致。     

抑霜涂层耐水性能的实验研究

本文利用自行研发的一种强吸水性涂料制成厚度为0.05 mm的抑霜涂层,对涂层的持续亲水性和重复抑霜性能进行了测试.结果表明,该涂层经过20次的干湿循环之后仍然具有较强的吸水能力;在相对环境湿度为53%、壁温-10.5℃条件下的实验表明,该涂层的重复性抑霜效果良好.     

Effect of plasticizer on surface of free films prepared from aqueous solutions of salts of cationic polymers with different plasticizers

Acquisition of a more detailed understanding of all technological processes is currently a relevant tendency in pharmaceutical technology and hence in industry. A knowledge of film formation from dispersion of polymers is very important during the coating of solid dosage forms. This process and the structure of the film can be influenced by different additives. In the present study, taste-masking films were prepared from aqueous citric acid solutions of a cationic polymer (Eudragit^® E PO) with various hydrophilic plasticizers (glycerol, propylene glycol and different poly(ethylene glycols)). The mechanical properties, film thickness, wetting properties and surface free energy of the free films were studied. The aim was to evaluate the properties of surface of free films to predict the arrangement of macromolecules in films formed from aqueous solutions of salts of cationic polymers. A high molecular weight of the plasticizer decreased the work of deformation. The surface free energy and the polarity were highest for the film without plasticizer; the hydrophilic additives decreased these parameters. The direction of the change in polarity (a hydrophilic component caused a decrease in the polarity) was unexpected. It can be explained by the change in orientation of the macromolecules, a hydrophobic surface being formed. Examination of the mechanical properties and film thickness can furnish additional results towards a knowledge of film formation by this not frequently applied type of polymer from aqueous solution.     

Analysis of frost visualization over a fin and tube heat exchanger by natural convection

In this article, studies are made on frost formation and flow over a fin and tube heat exchanger due to natural convection for various conditions of relative humidity, air ambient temperature, and mean refrigerant temperature. The results include frost deposition, steps of frost formation, and its effect on heat transfer rate for different conditions. The results show that frost is formed only on the tip of the fins with higher thickness from top to bottom due to small distance between the fins. Frost causes to trap the air which increases the thermal resistance and reduces heat transfer in the system.     

空温式翅片管气化器结霜模型及数值模拟

以分形理论的DLA模型为基础,建立了空温式翅片管气化器深冷表面上霜晶生长的二维模型,模拟了深冷表面上的霜晶生长过程.采用计盒维数法对模拟出的霜晶生长图像进行了分形维数的计算,结果表明深冷表面上霜晶的分形维数较一般冷表面上的分形维数大,从而说明深冷表面上的霜晶具有更加复杂的结构,充满空间的能力更大.这对进一步理解空温式深...     

Study of leading factors in formation of surface wavy structures on a rubber material

Wavy structures are often observed on the surface of a rubber material (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) covered with a thin metallic film. In this study we demonstrate that the orientation, periodicity, location of formation, and range of periodicity of the wavy structures can be regulated by three leading factors including the surface pattern, substrate hardness and the thickness of the metallic film. Results show the orientation of the wavy structures can be adjusted by the location, shape and size of the surface patterns. Enhancement of the substrate hardness can prevent forming random wavy structures. The thickness of surface metallic film significantly influenced the periodicity of the structures. Experimental results revealed an increase of the thickness of surface Au film by 50 nm, the periodicity was increased roughly by 1 μm. A compound structure, combining longitudinally preset patterns and transversely induced wavy structures, and a parallel wavy structure fabricated, respectively, by suitable arrangement of pattern configurations and adjustment of substrate hardness were demonstrated. The relatively simple approaches proposed here show the potential application in fabrication of designated complicate structures.     

The significance of passivation treatments on AISI 314 foam pieces to be used as substrates for catalytic applications

Several properties of metallic foams such as their low density, high mechanical strength and good coefficients of heat and mass transfer make them attractive for applications in catalysis. Important modifications in the composition and morphology of the metallic foam surfaces can take place when they are submitted to treatments at high temperatures. These surface changes are due to the migration of some elements from the metallic core to the pore surface, thus inducing a passivation via an oxide layer formation. This new layer avoids further metallic segregation and generates a surface roughness, both effects having a significant impact on the catalytic coating quality. This work analyzes the effects of calcination temperature and time on the chemistry and morphology of the metallic surface corresponding to the AISI 314 stainless steel foams of 50 and 60 ppi. The chemical and morphological surface changes were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS). The application of high temperature treatments on AISI 314 foams promotes the formation of a surface layer containing chromium oxide and spinel-type compounds of chromium, iron and manganese. The optimum treatment temperature for this type of structures seems to be 900 °C because both the adhesion and thickness of the layer formed are adequate. For the sample with smaller pores (60 ppi) the optimal treatment time is close to 2 h and for that with larger pores (50 ppi) the recommended time is 20 h. Under these conditions, a compromise is found between adhesion, thickness and surface roughness, suitable for the subsequent deposition of catalytic material.     

惰性气体离子注入铝镁尖晶石合成金属纳米颗粒的探索

实验在表面蒸镀了金属(Cu,Au)薄膜的尖晶石(MgAl₂O₄)样品中注入惰性气体离子(Ar,He),随后对注入样品进行了退火处理.在紫外可见光谱上观察到了由于金属纳米颗粒存在引起的较强的表面等离子体共振吸收峰,提供了材料中金属纳米颗粒形成的证据.采用这种方法在材料中引入金属纳米颗粒,发现影响金属纳米颗粒形成的因素除了退火温度外,金属薄膜厚度的影响不可忽略. 关键词： 金属纳米颗粒 离子注入 惰性气体离子 紫外可见光谱     

太赫兹脉冲光谱法测量微米级多层油漆涂层厚度技术

在汽车工业、飞机、船舶等领域中,油漆的涂层厚度管理对产品防水、防锈功能和颜色效果有着重要影响,但是目前采用的商业化涂层测厚仪都是接触式,并且很难直接获得多层涂层中的各层厚度。利用反射式太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)系统探测样品的太赫兹脉冲光谱,基于脉冲回波的飞行时间建立简易的单点漆膜厚度提取模型。并通过最小二乘法拟合油漆样品的光学厚度与几何厚度之间的线性关系计算出12种涂覆在铝板上的油漆样品的测量折射率,发现金属油漆与非金属油漆在太赫兹波段的折射率存在较大的差异,闪光银色油漆样品的测量折射率为5.15,而白色油漆样品的测量折射率仅为2.64。在单层白色油漆样品厚度分布均匀的区域内测量50个点的膜厚,以磁/涡流感应涂层测厚仪的测量数据为参考标准,得到的厚度平均值为71.7 μm,测量误差为3.5 μm。对双层油漆样品进行二维扫描,测得白色油漆和底漆的厚度分布分别是(233±13)和(130±11) μm。同样,通过黑色三层油漆样品和银色三层油漆样品的二维分布图,分析了各层的漆膜厚度及其分布的均匀性。结果表明,太赫兹脉冲光谱法实现了1～3层漆膜的厚度测量及其分布均匀性评估,该方法对金属油漆的厚度分辨力较高,并且可通过非接触探测样品的太赫兹脉冲光谱,获得多层油漆的各层厚度及厚度的二维分布信息,易于实现喷涂质量的评估。     

基于改进格子Boltzmann焓法模型的霜层生长数值研究

采用介观尺度格子Boltzmann方法数值研究壁面的表面特性对霜层生长的影响.将成核概率模型和改进的焓法相变模型相耦合，建立基于成核概率理论的霜层生长过程格子Boltzmann模型.该模型能够在宏观尺度上模拟霜层生长的加密加厚过程，也可以从微观尺度上描述局部的冰枝生长导致的霜层结构的动态变化，应用该模型能够获得霜层平均厚度、平均密度、结霜量等内部非稳态物理量.开展冷壁面上霜层形成及生长过程的数值研究，获得霜层的拓扑结构时空演化特性，得到不同时刻下结霜量以及霜层的平均厚度、平均密度、平均固相体积分数，探讨冷壁面温度、相对湿度、冷表面浸润性能对结霜的影响.