原位低温拉曼光谱技术在储层流体包裹体分析中的应用

准确获取流体包裹体中盐的类型一直是包裹体研究的重要问题。采用原位低温拉曼光谱技术对民丰洼陷深部天然气储层流体包裹体进行了分析。常温拉曼光谱综合分析表明,包裹体中流体为含甲烷的盐水溶液。在—180℃下对包裹体进行了原位低温拉曼光谱分析,结果显示包裹体中含有NaCl,CaCl_2,MgCl_2等盐类,其中以NaCl为主,CaCl_2含量很少,MgCl_2含量极少。根据沉积成岩过程分析了包裹体中流体的成因,解释了储层成岩作用的机理。研究结果表明,原位低温拉曼光谱是获取储层包裹体中流体性质的一种有效方法。在包裹体原位低温拉曼光谱分析技术基础上,结合沉积成岩过程,可以给储层的成岩作用类型和成岩反应机理给出重要证据。     

NaCl-CaCl_2盐水低温拉曼光谱特征及在包裹体分析中的应用

准确判断流体包裹体的含盐类型及盐度的定量计算一直是流体包裹体研究的重要内容。传统测试包裹体盐度的方法主要是冷冻法,为了克服冷冻相变不易观测等缺点,作者利用激光拉曼光谱在低温(-180℃)下测试了NaCl-H2O,CaCl2-H2O及NaCl-CaCl2-H2O体系溶液图谱,发现在低温(-180℃)下NaCl.2H2O和CaCl2.6H2O两水合物在3 420和3 432 cm-1处峰值与冰晶的3 092 cm-1峰值比和盐度之间有很好的线性关系,建立了流体包裹体盐度的工作曲线。该方法用人工合成碳酸盐岩含烃盐水包裹体进行了验证,并在东营凹陷丰深6井石英盐水包裹体进行了实例分析。结果表明,低温拉曼光谱技术不仅可识别盐的类型,也可确定盐度,应用效果良好。     

甲烷水合物拉曼光谱法研究进展

介绍了甲烷在气相、水合相中的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物生成热力学、生成动力学、分解动力学和分解机理几方面对甲烷水合物实验窜拉曼光谱分析和深海拉曼光谱检测的最新进展进行了综述.生成热力学方面重点介绍了基于拉曼光谱技术的水合物生成条件的原位观测、水合物结构的鉴定及水合物孔穴占有率和水合数的求算,生成动力学方面主要介绍了水合物生成过程中孔穴形成随时间的变化关系及水合物形成后流体中甲烷浓度的变化规律等内容.水合物分解方面着重介绍了水合物分解的微观机理、孔穴占有率的变化规律及多孔介质中水合物分解速率表达式.针对目前拉曼光谱法研究水合物存在的问题,对未来的发展方向和重点提出了建议.     

以合成包裹体作压腔进行高温下NaCl-CO2-H2O混合流体的拉曼光谱原位分析

用合成包裹体作为压腔，用显微激光拉曼探外原位分析了温度达550℃的NaCl-CO2-H2O体系的流体中的水结构，由流体中水的伸缩振动峰的变化可以揭示氢键作用随温度和相态变化。     

NaCl-MgCl_2-H_2O体系低温拉曼光谱研究

通过在低温下进行大量的最优生成条件的实验探索,得到了NaCl-H2O体系和MgCl2-H2O体系水合物生成的最优实验条件——迅速降温至-180℃然后缓慢升温至观察到水合物生成过程结束(即视野突然变暗),最后快速降温至-180℃。对NaCl-MgCl2-H2O体系进行了定性和半定量尝试,并得到结论:3 537cm-1可以指示NaCl的存在,3 514 cm-1可以指示MgCl2的存在;3 537和3 514 cm-1峰的相对高低可以大致判断出NaCl和MgCl2的相对多少。这一发现为天然包裹体液相成分拉曼光谱原位定性、定量分析奠定了良好的基础。对于历史上亚稳低共熔混合物形成过程的模式的争议,实验结果初步赞同了Samson等的观点,即冰在最初的冷却中形成,在冰之间的空隙中剩余过饱和的盐溶液,再次升温时,盐的水合物从这个液体中结晶出来。     

拉曼光谱在油气地质应用中的研究进展

拉曼光谱具有简单、快速、原位、微区、无损、高分辨率和高灵敏度等优点,可以分析物质的成分与分子结构信息,是开展地质研究的有力工具。通过回顾近年来拉曼光谱的研究进展,结合实际的油气地质研究工作及分析测试经验,对拉曼光谱在油气地质研究中的应用进行总结,并讨论现阶段应用过程中存在问题及未来的发展方向。拉曼光谱在油气地质中的应用主要分为三个方面：（1）矿物与流体包裹体分析,可以确定成岩-成藏流体类型及组成、成岩-成藏作用过程,包括岩矿鉴定、流体包裹体中流体体系分析、水-岩相互作用过程研究、地质样品同位素研究等;（2）不同类型有机质成熟度分析,可以用于恢复热史、油气成藏期次约束;（3）流体包裹体压力恢复,可以研究油气藏的形成与演化过程。主要方式为利用流体包裹体中气体的拉曼特征峰位移变化量、气体溶解度恢复流体包裹体内压及捕获压力。在实际油气地质研究中,多种因素制约拉曼光谱的定量/半定量应用,主要包括：地质样品复杂性与特殊性、样品处理方式、拉曼测试参数与测试环境、拉曼光谱数据处理与分析方式。拉曼光谱分析测试流程标准化、挑选和制备校准标样;拉曼光谱与冷热台、水热金刚石压腔（HDAC）、高压可视反应腔（HPOC）、扫描电镜（SEM）、电子探针（EPMA）等仪器联用,开展复杂体系原位、实时、不同温压条件下测试,是进一步将拉曼光谱应用到油气地质中的研究方向。     

低温拉曼光谱分析流体包裹体盐度的条件约束

流体包裹体盐度及类型是分析地质流体作用的重要地球化学参数。NaCl-H2O体系是地质体中最常见的流体体系之一,其盐度通常由显微测温法获得,而盐水合物的低温拉曼光谱不仅可以用来计算流体包裹体盐度,还可以区分盐水类型。理论上讲,低温冷冻条件下的流体包裹体并非均匀体系,单一测点的拉曼光谱具有较强的局限性,由其计算的盐度并不能代表整个流体包裹体的盐度。为了更好地了解低温条件下流体包裹体的相变特征及其拉曼光谱对盐度的响应,本文通过配置五种不同浓度的NaCl溶液,研究了其在低温下的结晶过程及拉曼光谱特征。结果显示,在反复冷冻与升温过程中,冰晶首先形成,而水石盐的形成依赖于盐溶液的浓缩,多形成于冰晶间的缝隙中。水石盐的四个拉曼特征峰中,p1[(3 402±1)cm-1]和p2[(3 419±1)cm-1]相对强度稳定,p3[(3 432±2)cm-1]和p4[(3 535±4)cm-1]相对强度随盐度增加发生大幅度变化,从而导致相同盐度样品不同测点的拉曼特征比值随盐度增加而愈发离散。因此,传统的流体包裹体单一测点低温拉曼测盐误差较大,数据分析显示多点测试统计平均值才能更好的反映流体的真实盐度。相对于强度和半高宽,总峰面积与盐度相关性最好,是计算盐度的首选参数。该研究阐述了低温拉曼测盐的实验操作和数据处理方法,并阐明了其在流体包裹体分析中的应用条件。尽管操作过程较复杂,但其抗干扰强,应用盐度范围广,计算结果可靠,是重要的测盐方法。     

显微激光拉曼光谱原位观测甲烷水合物生成与分解的微观过程

采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术对高压透明毛细管中甲烷水合物的生成与分解的微观过程进行了原位观测,初步探讨了甲烷水合物笼型结构的变化规律.结果表明,甲烷水合物在生成过程中,甲烷分子的拉曼峰(2 917 cm-1)逐渐分裂为两个峰(2 905和2 915 cm-1),表明溶解态甲烷分子从单一的化学环境进入了两个有差异的化学环境中...     

天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究进展

介绍了常见的几种类型气体水合物的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物晶体结构、生成和分解动力学过程、自然界水合物的分析鉴定及激光拉曼光谱原位探测等几方面对天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究的最新进展进行了综述,探讨了激光拉曼光谱技术目前存在的问题与挑战,指出了其在天然气水合物研究方面的发展趋势与工作重点。     

CH4-TBAB二元水合物的分解热测定

利用可视化高压流体测试系统研究了甲烷-四丁基溴化氨(TBAB)水合物的分解条件,并根据物相平衡数据应用Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了该水合物的分解热.结果显示: CH4-TBAB共生水合物的相平衡压力的对数与温度的倒数为线性关系,其相平衡压力远低于甲烷水合物的相平衡压力,甲烷的存在提高了TBAB水合物的生成温度.CH4-TBAB共生水合物的分解热远大于纯TBAB水合物的分解热,而且分解热的数值与TBAB的浓度有关.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.