螺旋型波带片成像特性研究

研究了螺旋型波带片的成像特性。螺旋型波带片是一种新型成像元件,能够实现光学希尔伯特变换,获取边缘增强图像。采用快速傅里叶变换算法对螺旋型波带片的成像进行了数值模拟,分析了其成像特性并实验进行验证。通常螺旋型波带片作为空间滤波器要求物距满足夫琅禾费(Fraunhofer)衍射条件,理论计算表明在某些菲涅耳(Fresnel)衍射区域内螺旋型波带片仍可获得良好的成像效果,因此螺旋型波带片的实际视场比根据夫琅禾费衍射条件限定的视场要大。实验结果与数值模拟的吻合很好。因此利用快速傅里叶变换算法对螺旋型波带片成像质量模拟可以有效评估成像质量,对螺旋波带片显微镜的设计有重要的指导意义。     

螺旋型波带片聚焦特性研究

提出了一种计算螺旋型波带片聚焦特性的方法。从衍射积分理论出发对螺旋型波带片的聚集特性进行了理论计算,推导出了级数形式的解析解,获得了螺旋型波带片"空心"焦点的场强分布。利用螺旋型波带片的聚焦特性,对其成像进行了数值模拟和理论分析。理论分析表明螺旋型波带片的空间分辨率与其"空心"焦点的环宽有关。通过验证实验证明理论分析与实验测试一致,为螺旋型波带片成像理论和模拟计算提供了一种有效手段。     

螺旋光子筛用于相衬成像的模拟研究

为了提高螺旋波带片用于相衬成像的分辨率和成像对比度,因此本文将螺旋波带片的透光环带替换为透光微孔,以类-贝塞尔函数作为螺旋光子筛透过率的振幅调制窗函数设计了一种螺旋光子筛.在相同的特征尺寸下,螺旋光子筛比螺旋波带片具有更大的数值孔径,因此分辨率更高.同时基于光瞳切趾原理,经过类-贝塞尔振幅调制窗函数对螺旋光子筛透光微孔的分布进行调制,螺旋光子筛的成像对比度将高于螺旋波带片.通过数值计算和仿真分析表明:螺旋光子筛的点扩展函数主瓣宽度相对于螺旋波带片更窄,旁瓣幅值也相对更低.在相衬成像中,螺旋光子筛不仅能够消除螺旋波带片对圆盘状位相物体成像时图像的"浮雕"效应而且能够更为清晰地分辨出位相跳变更为密集的周期矩形条状物体.因此,螺旋光子筛用于相衬成像中将具有更高的成像分辨率和成像对比度,其在医学领域将具有广阔的运用前景.     

X光Gabor波带片编码成像技术实验研究

 基于星光II实验装置进行了Gabor波带片编码成像探索性实验研究。采用束匀滑光斑三倍频激光打靶，辐照专门设计的ＣＨ埋金属条靶（共两种），产生了有明确形状、边缘清晰的等离子体。研制了专门的Gabor波带片编码相机，并利用该相机采用单张胶片对不同的靶目标在不同的深度层次上曝光的技术，获得了具有深度层次信息的三维激光等离子体编码像。利用数值重建技术对实验所获得的图像解码，最终获得了在不同深度层次上的激光等离子体信息。     

螺旋锥束计算机断层成像倾斜扇束反投影滤波局部重建算法

螺旋锥束计算机断层成像(CT)作为常用的临床诊断工具,如何尽可能地减少其辐射剂量是热点研究领域之一.局部成像利用准直器减小射线直照区域,能够有效降低CT辐射剂量.然而,局部成像会造成投影数据横向截断,产生局部重建问题.现有螺旋反投影滤波(BPF)算法只能实现局部曲面重建,难以实现局部体区域重建.在圆轨迹扇束BPF算法的基础上,通过加权修正和坐标扩展,提出了螺旋锥束CT倾斜扇束反投影滤波(TFB-BPF)重建算法.该算法把重建区域按层划分,对各层构建倾斜的扇形束几何,并使用经过加权修正的TFB-BPF算法逐层进行重建.该算法最大的优势是滤波线(与原始螺旋锥束BPF算法中PI线等价)在二维平面内选择,算法更加简洁高效,并且能够应用于局部体区域的重建.实验结果表明,算法能够有效重建物体局部体区域,并且重建图像质量较好,没有明显的截断伪影.     

时间分辨光学涡旋日冕仪及其在空气等离子体诊断中的应用

将泵浦—探测技术的时间分辨能力引入到光学涡旋日冕仪成像系统中,从而在实现微弱相位型物体无背景成像的同时对其做时间分辨诊断。将该技术应用于飞秒激光激发的空气等离子体的诊断。实验结果表明,利用该技术可以清晰地观察到空气等离子体的生成过程,且实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好。另外,还观测到空气等离子体的两个衰减过程,并对其进行了双指数拟合分析。其中,具有较快时间尺度(～65 ps)的过程主要由电子与正离子复合导致,具有较慢时间尺度(～810 ps)的衰减过程主要由自由电子在氧气分子上的附着所致。     

HL-2A托卡马克送气成像研究

送气成像(gas puff imaging，GPI)是一种重要的研究边缘辐射诊断手段.分析了送气(gas puffing，GP)的原子分子过程，指出气体辐射的主要成分是Hα线，出现在边缘区域，并给出其强度和位置的表达式.介绍HL-2A托卡马克上GPI成像系统的改进和实验布置.从成像的角度获得了GP实验中氢气在等离子体空间的辐射图形，观察结果证实上述分析.在放电开始阶段，氢原子可以穿越待建立的完全等离子体区并形成长条形的辐射亮区.一般的GP加料中，CCD图片与控制信号，以及其他诊断结果相符合.在等离子体边缘区域强场侧(HFS)和弱场侧(LFS)都观察到很强的Hα线辐射. 关键词： 送气 CCD成像 Hα线     

基于双金属元件的物体内部温度X光测量研究

针对密封结构体的温度测量,提出一种基于对螺旋形双金属感温元件X光成像的物体内部温度测量方法;首先,利用X射线成像设备获取物体内部双金属元件图像,再对其采用区域生长法进行图像分割以及边缘检测,得到双金属元件的图像特征;基于Hu不变矩在图像旋转平移的稳定性,通过构造温度测量模型和实验研究,第一个Hu不变矩与温度值之间呈现良好的线性关系;实验结果表明,所给出的方法准确可靠,为物体内部温度测量提供了一条新途径。     

一种实现共焦显微镜空间微分成像的新方法

提出了一种实现共焦显微镜空间微分成像的新方法。为了获得空间微分图像,首先利用时间分辨技术结合互补调制技术,获得两束相位相反的调制光,然后利用这两束相位相反的调制光结合共焦扫描技术,实现共焦显微镜的空间微分成像。实验表明:这种空间微分技术可以准确实现共焦显微镜的空间微分成像,从而获得成像物体的边缘轮廓和实现边缘增强。     

X射线相衬成像应用于惯性约束核聚变多层球壳靶丸检测

随着惯性约束核聚变(ICF)研究的逐步深入,尤其是氘氚(DT)燃料层球壳梯度掺杂的广泛应用,对轻物质界面的诊断需求日益增长.在北京同步辐射形貌成像站的微米CT机上利用类同轴相衬成像方法获取了三层球壳靶丸的相衬图像,最佳空间分辨率达到了2μupm,衬度达到12%;通过分析边缘增强函数和衬度传递函数之间的关系,总结出一套完整的类同轴相衬成像方法,同时将相衬成像结果与吸收成像结果对比.实验结果表明,X射线相衬成像在轻物质界面的分辨中具有明显的优势,能够广泛应用于ICF研究、医学断层扫描CT装置和生物结构等前沿科学领域.     

Soft-X-ray microscopy using spiral zone plates

Phase sensitive soft-x-ray microscopy methods enable the study of specimens for which phase effects are a prevalent contrast mechanism. One way to detect these phase effects is to optically implement the radial Hilbert transform by using spiral zone plates (SZPs), which results in the isotropic measurement of the amplitude and phase gradient in a sample. Soft-x-ray microscopy using an SZP as a single element objective lens was demonstrated through the imaging of a 1 microm circular aperture at a wavelength of 2.73 nm(454 eV). A regular zone plate, a charge 1 SZP, and a charge 2 SZP were fabricated using electron beam lithography and were used as the imaging optic in the microscopy setup. The charge 1 and charge 2 SZP images exhibited isotropic edge enhancement as a result of radial Hilbert filtering.     

Characterization of focusing performance of spiral zone plates with fractal structure

We propose an efficient method of generating a vortex beam with multi-foci by using a fractal spiral zone plate(FSZP), which is designed by combining fractal structure with a spiral zone plate(SZP) in the squared radial coordinate.The theoretical analysis reveals that the number of foci that embed vortices is significantly increased as compared with that obtained by using a conventional SZP. Furthermore, the influence of topological charge on the intensity distribution in focal plane is also discussed in detail. For experimental investigation, an FSZP with topological charge p = 1 and 6.4 mm diameter is fabricated by using a photo-etching technique. The calibration indicates that the focusing performances of such a kind of zone plane(ZP) accord well with simulations, thereby providing its potential applications in multi-dimensional optical manipulation and optical imaging technology.     

Edge enhancement of phase objects through complex media by using transmission-matrix-based spiral phase contrast imaging

The wavefront shaping based technique has been introduced to detect the edges of amplitude objects through complex media, but the extraction of the boundary information of invisible phase objects through complex media has not been demonstrated yet. Here, we present a phase contrast imaging technique to overcome the scattering, aiming to achieve the edge detection of the phase object through the complex media. An operator based on the experimentally measured transmission matrix is obtained by numerically adding a spiral phase in the Fourier domain. With the inverse of the filtered transmission matrix, we can directly reconstruct the edge enhanced images for both amplitude object and phase object beyond scattering. Experimentally, both digital and real objects are imaged, and the results verify that isotropic edge detection can be achieved with our technique. Our work could benefit the detection of invisible phase objects through complex media.     

Generation of a hollow Gaussian beam and its anomalous behavior

I attempted to produce a laser beam with no light in the central line of the beam, by Fresnel diffraction of the Gaussian beam by a spiral zone plate (SZP). The study imparts an arbitrary-order phase singularity on the light field. The experimental results show that the optical vortex radius depends on the singularity’s integer order n (also termed topological charge, or order of the dislocation). Also, the radius of maximum intensity is shown to depend on the singularity number. Anomalous behavior of the spectra at phase singularity produced by various zone plates near the focus of a converging Gaussian beam is also studied using a simple experimental technique. It is found that the spectrum of the beam on the SZP (spiral zone plate) consisting of a single spectral profile shows almost vanishing intensity at all frequencies with a tendency of splitting into two peaks at the on-axis point and shows redshift and blueshift around the phase singularity. A comparative study of the anomalous behavior of the spectra at phase singularity produced by various SZPs, with varying phase singularity order n, near the focus of a converging Gaussian laser beam is studied.     

Selective edge enhancement in three-dimensional vortex imaging with incoherent light

We demonstrate a new imaging method enabling a selective edge contrast enhancement of three-dimensional amplitude objects with spatially incoherent light. The imaging process is achieved in a spiral modification of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography and uses a vortex impulse response function. The correlation recordings of the object are acquired in a one-way interferometer with the wavefront division carried out by a spatial light modulator. Two different methods based on applying a helical reference wave in the hologram recording and a digital spiral phase modulation in image reconstruction are proposed for edge enhancement of amplitude objects. Results of both isotropic and anisotropic spiral imaging are demonstrated in experiments using an LED as an incoherent source of light.     

基于菲涅耳波带板扫描全息术的光学层析成像

基于光学扫描全息术原理和编码孔径层析成像技术,提出了一种三维物体层析成像技术——菲涅耳波带板扫描全息术。该技术通过将物体的光强分布函数与菲涅耳波带板的光强分布函数进行卷积运算来得到物体的扫描全息图,通过相关解卷积的方法来进行扫描全息图的数字重建。依据该技术原理设计了实验系统,系统结构简单紧凑,具有三维物体层析成像功能。提出用数字高通滤波器来减少重建图像的背景噪声。计算机仿真及对实物的扫描记录和重建实验结果表明,该技术原理正确,用于三维物体层析成像是可行的,用数字高通滤波的方法提高重建图像的对比度是有效的。     

基于螺旋相位调制的非相干全息点扩散函数研究

分析了菲涅耳非相干相关全息(Fresnel incoherent correlation holography,FINCH)系统中纯相位空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)加载螺旋相位掩模时的点扩散函数.以氙灯为照明光源搭建了FINCH系统,电荷耦合器记录的点源全息图与点扩散函数模拟结果一致.采用该系统分别在SLM上加载双透镜掩模和螺旋相位调制双透镜掩模两种情况下对分辨率板和非染色洋葱细胞成像,给出了成像对比结果.结果表明:采用螺旋相位调制的FINCH系统可以在几乎不牺牲分辨率的情况下提高图像的边缘对比度;同样,对相位物体也可以实现图像的边缘提取和识别.该方法在实时监测活细胞的分裂、形变等方面具有重要应用前景.     

Remarkable ability of spiral orthogonal zone plate in generating various focused optical vortices

We propose an amplitude spiral orthogonal zone plate (ASOZP) as a Cartesian-based spiral zone plate for generating variety of optical vortices. The presented model is made by overlapping closely a vertical spiral one-dimensional zone plate and a horizontal one. We demonstrate that the element produces diversity of focused vortices, in a way that the vorticity and number of the produced vortices could be easily manipulated. In addition, the generated vortices show rotation features in the vicinity of the focal plane. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that diffraction efficiency of the model is much more higher than the previously introduced Cartesian-based elements. We finally verify numerical results by experimental studies.     

Improved depiction of small anatomic structures in MR images using Gaussian-weighted spirals and zero-filled interpolation

Partial-volume artifacts reduce the contrast and continuity of small structures in magnetic resonance images. Zero-filled interpolation (ZFI) has been known for some time as a useful technique to reduce partial-volume artifacts and improve the appearance of small structures and edges. However, its use is limited by the fact that ZFI can exacerbate image artifacts. For example, it can exacerbate Gibbs ringing, also known as the truncation artifact, which manifests itself as spurious ringing around sharp edges. Currently, the most common technique to address this problem is post-acquisition filtering, which causes blurring in the image. Using ZFI in conjunction with a variable-density sampling method designed to reduce ringing is proposed as a possible solution to this problem. This approach is demonstrated with a Gaussian-weighted spiral and is compared to conventional spiral sampling both with and without the application of a filter used to reduce ringing. The two spiral sampling techniques are compared using simulations, phantom images, and in vivo brain images. The Gaussian-weighted spiral demonstrates reduced ringing without the loss of spatial resolution commonly associated with post-acquisition filtering. Additionally, this sampling technique is shown to work well in conjunction with ZFI to reduce partial-volume artifacts without the apparent increase in Gibbs ringing usually associated with zero-filled reconstruction. This approach will be most useful for imaging techniques such as MR angiography which are known to be sensitive to partial-volume effects, as well as when imaging anatomic regions associated with more severe Gibbs ringing.