昆明小鼠常见体液与组织代谢组NMR分析

昆明小鼠是我国特有且广泛使用的模式动物. 利用核磁共振(NMR)技术对昆明小鼠血液、尿液和肝脏等组织中的代谢物进行了较为系统的研究. 通过对昆明小鼠体液和组织中代表性的¹H NMR谱图,并结合COSY(Correlation Spectroscopy),TOCSY(Total Correlation Spectroscopy),J-Res(J-Resolved Spectroscopy),HSQC(Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence),HMBC(Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Coherence)等2D NMR谱图进行分析,共解析出82种小分子代谢物,其中尿液中约有46种,血样中约有32种,肝脏提取物中约有43种,肾脏皮质提取物中约有39种,部分代谢物在不同样品均存在. 这为进一步利用昆明小鼠为动物模型的研究提供了基础信息.     

热纤梭菌中心代谢产物的归属及初步代谢组分析

热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)是一种能够高效利用木质纤维素的嗜热厌氧革兰氏阳性菌,是目前利用整合生物加工技术生产纤维素乙醇的最重要的候选菌株之一.代谢物组可以反映细胞和环境因子相互作用,是系统生物学的重要组成部分.目前,尚无使用核磁共振(NMR)方法对热纤梭菌的代谢组进行研究的报道,而对热纤梭菌代谢物的归属是进行代谢组研究的基础.该文通过1H NMR和2D NMR技术,对热纤梭菌的中心代谢产物进行了归属.在归属过程中,发现了若干特殊的重要代谢产物,包括纤维糊精、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、赤藓糖-4-磷酸等.这些代谢物对热纤梭菌的胞内代谢具有特殊的意义.利用已归属的代谢物,对热纤梭菌的野生型和乙醇耐受菌株进行初步的代谢组分析表明,热纤梭菌乙醇耐受性的获得,可能与纤维二糖主动合成纤维糊精途径、非氧化磷酸戊糖途径的增强及糖酵解路径的抑制密切相关.     

NMR分析胶质瘤细胞系CHG5和U87的代谢轮廓

胶质瘤是中枢神经系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病原因和恶性进展机制均不明确,给胶质瘤的临床诊疗带来很大困难.胶质瘤恶性进展伴随着癌细胞代谢改变,但可以反映胶质瘤恶性进展的代谢物信息和分子机制目前仍不清楚.该研究以两种不同恶性程度的胶质瘤细胞系CHG5和U87为研究对象,用基于NMR的代谢组学方法分析这两种胶质瘤细胞系的代谢轮廓,寻找差异性代谢物.结果表明CHG5和U87的代谢轮廓存在明显差异.在高恶性程度的U87细胞中,柠檬酸盐(citrate)等15种代谢物有上升趋势;而乳酸盐(lactate)、牛磺酸(taurine)等6种代谢物有下降趋势.以上结果表明这些差异性代谢物可能与胶质瘤细胞的恶性特性密切相关.这些从胶质瘤细胞系获取的代谢信息将成为临床标本代谢组学研究的重要前提和有益补充.     

代谢组学方法分析鸡胚胎发育过程中脑代谢物

本文应用高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振（HR-MAS NMR）方法对发育过程中（孵化12天至出壳后1天）鸡胚胎大脑、小脑和视叶3种脑组织中的代谢物含量进行了测定,并利用模式识别方法对整体代谢特征进行了归类分析. 结果表明：胚胎发育过程中不同脑区的代谢物组成存在差异,可能与这些脑区的功能及发育特征等的不同有关. 在NMR方法检测到的多种小分子代谢物中,γ-氨基丁酸、N-乙酰天冬氨酸、牛磺酸、肌醇以及胆碱等在鸡胚胎脑组织中的分布有区域性差异,这些差异也是区分大脑、小脑和视叶组织的特征性代谢物.     

鸡胚羊水的核磁共振波谱分析

羊水是胚胎的正常发育必不可少的物质，因此，分析鸡胚羊膜内羊水的组成及含量，对于研究鸡胚的发育及发育过程中卵内发生的生物化学变化有着极为重要的意义. 本文 应用高分辨核磁共振波谱技术对鸡胚发育过程初期羊水中的主要代谢物进行了分析，检测到了氨基酸、脂类、葡萄糖、乳酸等29种代谢物，并对它们的¹H NMR谱进行了归属.     

2-芳氧甲基苯并咪唑-1-乙酰肼的NMR谱的表征

利用酯3的肼解合成出了8个2-芳氧甲基苯并咪唑-1-乙酰肼(4). 其中4c、4d、4f和4g是新化合物. 利用元素分析、IR 和¹H NMR谱对目标化合物4进行了结构表征. 利用2D NMR谱(包括¹H-¹H COSY、HSQC、HMBC 和 NOESY) 对代表化合物4e进行了¹H 和¹³C NMR的归属及空间结构确定. 通过变温实验和溶剂实验(DMSO-d₆ 和CDCl₃)研究了化合物4e的互变异构. 实验结果表明,室温下,DMSO中,目标化合物4存在着酮式和亚胺醇式这两种异构体的互变,其中酮式占 88.2%~92.6%;而在CDCl₃中,仅以亚胺醇形式存在.     

二维核磁共振对羊栖菜褐藻糖胶DJL的结构研究

羊栖菜是我国的特色海藻,褐藻糖胶是其主要生物活性成分. 葡萄糖醛酸甘露聚糖（DJL）是羊栖菜褐藻糖胶经脱硫和部分酸水解后的产物,本文采用2D NMR和甲基化分析等方法,对DJL的结构进行了研究. 结果显示,DJL主要由甘露糖（46.4%）和葡萄糖醛酸（50.5%）组成, 另外还含有少量的半乳糖,相对分子质量为11 KDa,其可能具有的一种结构为：β-D-GlcA-1→ [2)-α-D-Man(1→4)-β-D-GlcA(1→]_n1→4)-β-D-Gal(1→[4)-β-D-GlcA(1→2)-α-D-Man(1→]_n2→4)-β-D-GlcA(1→2)-α-D-Man.     

莽草酸途径中26种代谢物的NMR谱归属

莽草酸代谢途径广泛存在于植物、微生物与某些寄生虫中,是芳香氨基酸、植物激素与多种重要活性次生代谢物的主要合成通路.这些代谢物的系统核磁共振（NMR）研究尚不完备,且5-羟基吲哚乙酸与吲哚乳酸等代谢物的NMR数据归属尚不完整.本文对莽草酸代谢途径介导的26种代谢物（包括2种非芳香羧酸、2种植物激素、3种芳香类氨基酸、19种植物次生代谢物）结构进行了较为系统的NMR分析,对这些代谢物的¹H和¹³C NMR信号进行了归属,为植物化学及代谢组学研究提供了基础数据.     

牡丹不同根部位的代谢物分布

该文应用核磁共振（ NMR）和高效液相色谱-质谱（ HPLC-MS）技术系统分析了牡丹不同根部位的代谢物组成,共鉴定了包括蔗糖、苯乙酰类（ 4 种）、酚酸类（ 6 种）、单萜苷类（ 2 种）、黄酮类（ 1 种）和不饱和脂肪酸（ 2 种）共 16 种代谢物．在牡丹根中,丹皮酚以及丹皮酚苷等苯乙酰类成分和蔗糖的含量较高,而酚酸、黄酮和单萜苷类成分的含量较低．基于 NMR 的代谢组分析表明,牡丹不同根部位的代谢物组成具有明显差异：在二级侧根、一级侧根和主根中,丹皮酚及丹皮酚苷类的含量依次较高而蔗糖含量依次降低,这可能与不同根部位的植物生理有关;和侧根相比,主根中具有活性的代谢物含量较高,推测主根的品质优于侧根,这为市场上牡丹根皮的等级划分提供了重要的科学依据．

     

肝肿瘤细胞HepG2代谢指纹及代谢足迹的NMR分析

细胞代谢特征的分析是认识细胞生物化学过程物质基础的一个关键点. 该文使用培养72 h的肝肿瘤细胞HepG2为模型,使用一维与二维核磁共振谱学分析方法, 分析了该细胞本身及其培养液中代谢物的组成,确定了50余种覆盖三羧酸循环、糖酵解、氨基酸合成、脂肪酸与胞膜代谢、嘌呤与嘧啶代谢等多个代谢途径的代谢物,发现细胞本身与培养基中代谢物组成能够分别提供“细胞代谢指纹”与“细胞代谢足迹”等互补性信息. 同时发现此方法可用于研究植物次生代谢物槲皮素对肝肿瘤细胞HepG2代谢的影响. 结果表明,核磁共振波谱技术是分析细胞代谢组特征和研究药物对细胞代谢影响规律的有效手段.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.