Numerical modeling of lithium ion battery for predicting thermal behavior in a cylindrical cell

The thermal behavior of lithium ion battery during charge and discharge is investigated by a numerical simulation. The commercially available cylindrical 18650 battery is modeled in this study. Two different models are used. The porous electrode model is simulated to obtain the Li content inside the particles. The transient thermo-electric model is used to predict the temperature distribution inside the cell. The results suggest that the increase in temperature during discharge is higher than that during charge. The temperature difference between charge and discharge is decreased with increasing C-rates. At a rate of 1C, the discharge temperature increases with a waving region at the beginning, whereas the charge temperature increases until certain point and then decreases. The thermal behavior is closely related to the change in entropy and applied current.     

Hole Injection Enhancement of MoO_3/NPB/Al Composite Anode

An ultra-thin molybdenum(VI) oxide(MoO_3) modification layer can significantly improve hole injection from an electrode even though the MoO_3 layer does not contact the electrode. We find that as the thickness of the organic layer between MoO_3 and the electrode increases, the hole injection first increases and it then decreases.The optimum thickness of 5 nm corresponds to the best current improvement 70%, higher than that in the device where MoO_3 directly contacts the Al electrode. According to the 4,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl(NPB)/MoO_3 interface charge transfer mechanism and the present experimental results, we propose a mechanism that mobile carriers generated at the interface and accumulated inside the device change the distribution of electric field inside the device, resulting in an increase of the probability of hole tunneling through the injection barrier from the electrode, which also explains the phenomenon of hole injection enhanced by MoO_3/NPB/Al composite anode. Based on this mechanism, different organic materials other than NPB were applied to form the composite electrode with MoO_3. Similar current enhancement effects are also observed.     

Ein Nachweis der Raumladung bei raumladungsbeschränkten Defektelektronenströmen in Anthrazen

A method is described with which the space charge of the excess hole current in anthracene, flowing under space-charge limitation, can be detected in spite of the short persistance of this charge in the crystal. One injecting (ohmic) and one non-injecting (blocking) electrode is used. After space-charge-limited current flow is established, a reverse voltage is suddenly applied which causes the excess space charge in the crystal to flow out through the ohmic electrode without additional carriers entering through the blocking electrode. The magnitude of the space charge so measured agrees with that expected from the capacitance of the crystal.     

恒流电晕充电对聚四氟乙烯多孔薄膜驻极体驻极态的影响

利用常温下恒流和恒压电晕充电、充电后的等温表面电位衰减、热刺激放电和扫描电镜等实 验手段研究了恒流和恒压电晕充电技术对聚四氟乙烯多孔薄膜驻极体驻极态的影响.与恒压电晕充电相比较，恒流电晕充电时由于流过薄膜的电流恒定，增加了注入电荷在多孔结构厚度方向界面处的俘获概率，使沉积电荷密度上升，改善了驻极体的储电能力.然而，这些位于不同层深多孔界面处的俘获电荷在这类功能膜储存或使用过程中，经外激发从脱阱位置 以跳动（hopping）模式输运至背电极的路径相对缩短将导致脱阱电荷衰减较快. 关键词： 恒流电晕充电 聚四氟乙烯多孔膜 驻极体 电荷稳定性     

The characteristics of pulsed hollow cathode discharges used forpseudospark switch triggering

The complex interaction between the trigger discharge and the main switch discharge in high-power gas discharge switches influences both the switching characteristics, and the switch and trigger lifetime. Any attempts to improve either of these parameters has to take into account the pressure and geometry dependence of a particular trigger geometry. Yet, although not very intensely investigated in detail for this particular purpose, pulsed hollow cathode discharges are commonly used for low-pressure gas discharge triggering as in pseudospark switches. Measurements of the electron current flowing to the cathode backplane of a pseudospark switch from the pulsed hollow cathode trigger discharge show that maximum current densities are peaked around the symmetry axis of the trigger electrode, an effect which is more pronounced at low pressures. Delayed (and slowed-down) increase of the current density at larger radii leads to increasing delay and jitter, provided the trigger coupling holes in the cathode backplane are located off-axis. The electron current density increases with decreasing diameter of the trigger electrode, and with increasing pressure of the working gas. In addition, it is shown that a preionization (keep-alive) current in the trigger electrode region shows a distinct influence on the trigger current distribution, proving that there exists an optimum keep-alive current depending on the geometry and gas pressure     

高库仑量大电流两电极气体火花开关研究

 设计了一个两电极气体火花开关，开关的主体部分仅包括阴极、阳极两个主电极，以及金属外壳和绝缘支撑外壳，两电极结构取消了触发极，消除了由于触发极烧蚀影响开关寿命的问题。开关设计工作电压23 kV，单脉冲能量1.2 MJ，峰值电流300 kA，单次脉冲电荷转移量110 C。初步试验阶段开关工作电压达到15 kV，开关的通流180 kA，电荷转移量为47.85 C。开关触发性能可靠，电极烧蚀均匀。     

Electrostatic force acting on conductive ball between electrodes

To advance electrostatic applications such as novel printing technologies and solder ball control for LSI bumping, the electrostatic force acting on a conductive ball between two electrodes is calculated. The electrostatic force increases as the ratio of the ball diameter to the electrode separation increases. The electrostatic force is also calculated for the case when a charge pattern is formed on the insulating layer on the upper electrode. In this case, the electrostatic force initially varies as the square of the charge pattern area but eventually plateaus to a constant value as the area increases. Experiments investigating the force acting on the ball are performed. The force estimated from these experiments agrees with the value obtained by electric field analysis.     

Effect of ground electrode on charge injection and surface potential of corona charged polyethylene film

The surface potential decay measurement is a simple and low cost tool to assess electrical properties of insulation materials; therefore, understanding the physical mechanisms of the surface potential decay becomes necessary. With our recent space charge measurement results on corona charged samples, bipolar charge injection on corona charged samples had been observed. Based on this new fact, it is anticipated that the ground electrode should have significant effect during corona charging and subsequently decay processes. In the paper, low density polyethylene (LDPE) film with gold ground electrode was compared with LDPE film with aluminium ground to study effect of ground electrode on charge injection and surface potential decay processes. Charging current during the corona charging, surface potential decay and space charge dynamics after corona charging in the samples with either gold coated or aluminium ground electrode were measured. Differences have been observed for gold ground electrode when compared with aluminium ground electrode. Higher work function of gold electrode is responsible for the observed differences. A preliminary simulation has also attempted to show that the bipolar injection may take place in corona charged LDPE films.     

Open circuit thermally stimulated discharge current measurement on PMMA:PEMA:PVDF ternary blends

Ternary blends of Poly (methylmethacrylate), Poly (ethlymathacrylate) and poly (vinlylidenefluoride) were prepared using solution cast technique. The open circuit thermally stimulated discharge current (OC-TSDC) technique was used to study the hetero charges, homo-charges and interfacial charge formation in ternary system. The present investigation was carried out on bilaterally metallized electret. The thermograms were characterized with multiple peaks in the temperature ranges from 40, 60, 80 and 100oC and the current direction was, in general, found to correspond to homo- charge, i.e., the same as that during charging with a few exceptions. The resultant current polarity corresponds to the dominant charging process. To distinguish between homo-charge decay by ohmic conduction and space charge limited drift in an open circuit, homocharge magnitude is changed by varying the polarizing voltage. Decay of ohmic conduction is independent of the initial charge; however, space-charge-limited (SCL) drift dependence on the injection level. A high initial charge will enhance the drift because it increases the field that drives the charges to adhering back electrode. This proves unequivocally that the, ρ peak is caused by the motion of excess charges and not by dipole relaxations, hence, the useful for microelectronics and many special purpose insulation.     

Modified Fowler–Nordheim tunnelling for modelling charge injection into Si3N4 in an Al/Si3N4/Si structure

Charge injection behaviours in silicon nitride of an Al/Si₃N₄/n-Si metal?Cinsulator?Csemiconductor (MIS) device are systematically studied before and after applying different high constant DC bias conditions with the aim of controlling charge accumulation in the dielectric when a high actuation voltage is applied. We found that both polarity and magnitude of charge accumulation in silicon nitride depend on the biasing direction. Charge injection from the semiconductor to the silicon nitride always dominates over charge injection from the Al electrode to the silicon nitride. Negative charge accumulation happens in silicon nitride when the Al electrode is positively biased, and positive charge accumulation occurs in silicon nitride when the Al electrode is negatively biased. The positive charge accumulation is much bigger than the negative charge accumulation under the same magnitude of stress voltage. Furthermore, the experimental results also show that the charge injection level exponentially increases with the applied voltage across the silicon nitride. These observed experimental results can be well explained by a modified Fowler?CNordheim tunnelling charge injection model, which takes into account the roles of both electrons and holes in the process of charge injection.     

Influence of discharge conditions on the charge decay characteristics

A simplified analysis of the charge decay processes for samples equipped with different types of grounding electrodes is presented. It is shown that the electrical properties of the back electrode (injecting or blocking) can strongly influence the charge decay process for plane parallel dielectric samples. The theory is confirmed by experimental investigation. For the sample with blocking back electrode the 50% time decay parameter can be an order of magnitude higher compared to that obtained for injecting or side electrode. In practical situations charge decay with the plane parallel samples may be much slower than that predicted by measurements carried out according to current standards.     

不同电流下气体开关电极烧蚀特性实验研究

在不同短路电流条件下,进行了不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)电极气体火花开关连续多次自击穿放电实验,通过测量电极质量损失、表面粗糙度和自击穿电压的变化,研究电极烧蚀特性及其对自击穿性能的影响。实验结果表明:随着放电电流峰值和周期增大,电极材料烧损速率与电容电荷量呈线性增加,而电极表面烧蚀粗糙度与电流峰值呈线性增大,自击穿电压变化达到峰值和稳定区的放电次数减少,但稳定阶段的自击穿电压值及其相对标准偏差同时减少,五种放电电流情况下,自击穿电压概率密度分布均遵循高斯函数。     

Effect of injecting electrodes on TSD behaviour of vacuum deposited PVF films

Depolarization behaviour of vacuum deposited polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) films has been studied as a function of nature of the electrode materials used during polarization such as copper, silver, aluminium and indium using the thermally stimulated discharge current (TSD) technique. TSD spectra of these films show a single relaxation peak centered around 430 ± 1 K with activation energies of ∼ 0.65 eV. The peak current and the charge associated with the relaxation peak depend strongly on the electrode material used. This has been attributed to the electrode-polymer interface barrier controlling the injection of the charge carriers into PVF films that results into space charge effects by subsequent trapping of the injected charge carriers at macroscopic distances. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Ionic Devices, Anna University, Chennai, India, Nov. 28–30, 2003.     

Effect of palladium oxidation state on the kinetics and mechanism of the charge transfer reaction taking place at the Pd/YSZ interface

Electrode polarization and conductivity measurements were carried out at the Pd/YSZ interface and at conditions close to the Pd–PdO thermodynamic equilibrium. The steady-state current–overpotential characteristics were analyzed with a Butler–Volmer type of equation. Both, apparent exchange current density, I_o, and anodic/cathodic charge transfer coefficients (α_a/α_c), were calculated. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the charge transfer at the electrode is rate-determining in the case of PdO during anodic operation and Pd during cathodic operation, while in the other case mass transport of adsorbed oxygen species along the electrode/solid electrolyte interface is in competition with the charge transfer process.     

氧化锰三维微型超级电容器电极制备及电化学特性

为增强电容器的电荷贮存能力,用MEMS技术在玻璃上制备高深宽比三维微电极结构,以增大电极的表面积,用阳极恒电压沉积在微电极表面沉积氧化锰作为电极活性物质,用循环伏安和恒流充放电方法对所备的电极进行了电化学性能测试,并用无结构的二维电极进行对比实验. 结果表明,三维电极结构能有效增强电容器的电荷贮存能力,在1.0 mA/cm²的充放电密度下,三维电极的单位底面积比电容达17.88 mF/cm²,是相应二维电极的7倍.     

Positive discharge from a grounded electrode toward negatively charged particles cloud

In order to understand electrostatic discharges occurring between a grounded electrode and a space charge cloud, the positive discharges were experimentally caused by negatively charged particles cloud. The discharges were initiated by locating a grounded sphere electrode at the inside or outside of the charged powder particles blown by an air flow. The luminous aspect and the discharge current were observed for the grounded sphere electrode with various diameters. Positive streamer corona discharges extended from it. The luminous aspect, peak value of the discharge current and the interval of the discharge significantly depend on the diameter of the grounded sphere electrode as well as its position.     

Experimental observation of negative differential characteristic of corona discharge in ultraviolet spectrum

Corona discharge is a self-sustained discharge which appears at electrodes with a small radius curvature in gas insulation. An almost invisible glow occurs just above the inception voltage. Corona phenomenon is mainly used in electro-technological processes to obtain space charge for electrostatic precipitation, separation of different particles, electrostatic liquid or solid coating, neutralization of space charge, etc. All of these processes rely on a strong nonhomogeneous electric field generated by a point – plate electrode system. When the critical value of the applied voltage is reached, the ionization processes near the point electrode start and give rise to the current between two electrodes. If the pointed electrode is positive, it is possible to observe an anomaly of the current – voltage (I-U) characteristic for the point-plate space. It means that while the voltage is raising the current density decreases in a narrow voltage area (2–3 kV). The anomaly was technically named as negative differential conductivity (dI/dU < 0). Unstable current can have a negative influence on electro-technological processes. The anomaly was detected for different shapes and materials of the electrode as well as for various temperatures and distances between electrodes. An oxidation layer, which appears on the metal electrode, also influences the ionization processes near the pointed electrode and causes a decrease of a current. In this paper measuring of the discharge activity in a point – plate electrode system is presented. Ionization of gas atoms and molecules in a high electric field and the following recombination of electrons and positive ions in the corona region can give rise to high-energy photons which produce new electrons in the field of discharge. Corona discharges are detected by DayCor Corona camera which can register UV emission generated by corona in a day light. The experiment was conducted with various shapes of the pointed electrode and distances between the high voltage and the grounded electrode under applied direct voltage with positive and negative polarity.     

Transition region between a nonequilibrium plasma and a negative electrode

A model is developed that describes the transition region between a quasineutral plasma and a planar negative electrode and in which the electron velocity distribution is represented as the sum of two Maxwellian distributions with different temperatures or as the sum of a Maxwellian distribution and distribution corresponding to an electron beam directed toward the electrode. Criteria for the formation of a sheath of positive space charge and a secondary plasma in the transition region are derived. An analysis is made of the dependence of the structure of the transition region on the parameters of the electron distribution, the space charge density distribution in the sheath, and the density of the ion current to the electrode. The criteria obtained are compared with the Bohm criterion.     

Thermoelectric transport in the three terminal quantum dot

The thermoelectric transport in the system composed of a quantum dot in contact with superconducting, ferromagnetic and normal metal electrodes has been studied. Such a system can support pure spin current in the normal electrode. In the limit of a large superconducting gap and weak coupling between the dot and the electrodes we investigate the sub-gap charge and spin transport via Andreev mechanism using the standard master equation technique, which is known to be valid in the sequential tunnelling regime. The Zeeman splitting of the dot level induces pure spin current in the ferromagnetic electrode under an appropriate bias. This opens a novel possibility to switch the spin current between two electrodes by electric means. The calculated spin and charge thermopower coefficients attain very large values, of the order of a few hundreds μV K(-1), and show similar dependences on the position of the on-dot energy level and temperature.     

Measurement of the Current Distribution at the Anode in a Low-Current Vacuum Arc

The distribution of the current collected by a multiring anode is measured in a diffuse vacuum arc for several values of the arc current and the electrode separation. It is found that the distribution widens as the electrode separation increases. Comparison with previous measurements suggests an influence of the electrode geometry on the results.