掺杂型聚合物的电晕极化特性及其机理研究

实验研究了聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA)掺杂生色团分散红DR19的电光聚合物的电晕极化特性.结合吸收光谱法和显微镜形貌分析了极化电压、极化温度以及极化时间对极化效果的影响.理论和实验分析得出极化电压增大可以增大聚合物内部极化电场,但电压过大会引起薄膜击穿而降低极化效果;而极化温度升高可以增大分子取向力,但在聚合物玻璃化温度以上会导致相分离;极化时生色团分子的取向随时间增大并逐渐达到动态平衡.实验结果表明:表征极化效果的序参数随极化电压的增大而先增大后减小,随极化温度的升高而先增大后减小,随极化时间的增长先增大后趋于稳定.     

2.0 GPa、室温至1 200 ℃条件下斜长角闪岩的纵波速度及其衰减

 利用YJ-3000 t 压力机，在2.0 GPa、室温至1 200 ℃条件下，测量了新疆库地地区斜长角闪岩的纵波速度（v_p）和力学品质因子（Q值）。实验结果表明：斜长角闪岩的v_p和Q值随温度的升高而降低，在升温的初始阶段，v_p和Q值随温度下降的幅度较小，随着温度的升高其下降的幅度逐渐增大；由于斜长角闪岩的各向异性，导致了在3个方向上v_p随温度而下降的幅度显著增大时的温度不同，其中x和y方向为812 ℃，z方向为673 ℃。而在各方向上的Q值随温度下降的幅度显著增大时的温度相差不大，约为812 ℃。观察回收的实验产物表明：当温度大于647 ℃时，产物中开始出现熔体，v_p在x和y方向上的下降幅度没有明显的变化，而在z方向上的下降幅度增大；此时熔体对Q值的影响不大。当温度大于812 ℃时，产物中的熔体含量明显增多，v_p和Q值下降的幅度都显著增大。据此认为，部分熔融是弹性波速度减小和衰减增大的主要原因。     

弗兰克-赫兹实验中电流信号强度随温度变化的现象

弗兰克-赫兹实验中,IP-VG2K信号的强度会随温度和灯丝电压而变化.本文发现在温度低于160℃时,IP-VG2K信号强度随温度的升高而减小;当温度超过170℃后,信号随温度的升高而增大.本文提出了电场中Hg蒸气被热电离的模型,利用热力学平衡定律和Le Chteler原理,对此现象提出了合理的解释并通过了实验的验证.     

钛膜的电解抛光技术研究

 分析了硫酸、硝酸、氢氟酸；硫酸、乙酸、氢氟酸；乙醇、正丁醇、氯化锌、氯化铝；高氯酸、乙酸；硫酸、甲醇这５种不同电解液组成对钛薄膜表面粗糙度、表面形貌的影响，得出硫酸、甲醇混合溶液是一种较理想的电解液体系。设置合适的抛光电压、温度、时间、泵速等工艺参数，制备出了表面平整光滑，平均粗糙度小于30 nm的钛膜。分析了硫酸、甲醇电解液阳极电压与试样表面减薄速率的关系：试样的减薄速率开始随电压的升高而增大；当电压达到28～34 V时，减薄速率随电压变化很慢，当电压继续增大时，减薄速率又会迅速增大，金属膜继续溶解。     

磁性流体的非线性声参量B/A的研究

报导了水基和酯基磁性流体的非线性声参量B／A值随浓度和温度的变化关系。实验研究表明，磁性流体的B／A值随磁性颗粒浓度的增大而线性增大；磁性流体的B／A值随温度的升高而线性增大。还对超声波在磁性流体中传播的声速进行了精确测量。     

天然气水合物快速合成可视化实验研究

水合物法储运天然气技术在安全、高效储运天然气方面极具应用潜力，其中甲烷水合物合成动力学又对该技术的发展至关重要。为此，实验研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度以及初始压力、初始温度对四氢呋喃(THF)+SDS组合溶液中甲烷水合物合成动力学的影响规律。研究表明，SDS的加入显著地改善了水合物合成速率和最终气体吸收量，但随着SDS浓度增加动力学促进效果逐渐减弱，即存在动力学效果最佳的SDS浓度。此外，SDS不但加速了水合物的生长，而且随SDS浓度增加水合物的生长模式也由优先气相转变为优先液相。最后发现，甲烷水合物最终气体吸收量随初始压力和初始温度升高而增加，合成速率随初始压力升高而增加随初始温度升高而减小。     

气体浓度激光光谱检测温度影响修正研究

基于激光吸收光谱技术的气体检测手段具有非接触，分辨率高，灵敏度高等优势，然而激光在线检测气体过程易受温度变化导致其浓度测量偏差增大。以氨气为研究对象，探究了温度对氨气吸收谱线线强的影响规律及影响机制，搭建了非常温条件（298 K至323 K）氨气激光检测实验平台，提出了气体吸光度-温度关联式法对浓度反演结果进行修正处理。结果表明:浓度一定时，总配分函数比值rQ是氨气分析吸收线强随温度升高过程中的主导控制因素，总配分函数比值与温度的负相关关系造成氨气光谱吸光度随温度升高而降低；修正前浓度反演值随着温度升高而降低，温度达到323 K时，浓度反演值为3.13%，与标准浓度值相比其误差高达37.4%，经过修正后的浓度反演值与标准浓度值的相对误差在0.2%～1.4%范围内。     

大肠杆菌悬浮液强化扩散传质的实验研究

实验测量罗丹明B在大肠杆菌悬浮液中的扩散系数,考察大肠杆菌悬浮液温度、浓度和细菌活性对罗丹明B扩散传质的影响。实验结果表明,罗丹明B在悬浮液中的有效扩散系数比其在磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)中的扩散系数大1个数量级,且有效扩散系数随悬浮液温度升高和细菌浓度增大而增大;细菌自驱动行为是强化悬浮液中小分子扩散传质的重要因素,罗丹明B的活性扩散系数随细菌悬浮液浓度增加和温度升高而增大,活性扩散系数因细菌的集群运动会随悬浮液浓度变化发生阶跃增大;均方位移和扩散时间的对应关系表明罗丹明B的扩散在短时间内为标准菲克扩散,一段时间后转变为超扩散,且转变时间随悬浮液温度升高而延迟,随着悬浮液浓度增加而提前。     

针-水结构纳秒脉冲气液放电降解四环素

过度使用抗生素导致的水污染,对自然环境和人类健康造成了重大威胁。低温等离子体作为一种绿色环保的高级氧化技术,被认为是一种最具前景的抗生素降解方法之一,然而在降解效率和能量效率方面还有待进一步提高。利用纳秒脉冲放电激励针-水结构气液放电,获得了一种能产生高活性等离子体的瞬态火花模式放电,并应用于水中四环素降解,研究了脉冲电压、频率、初始浓度、初始pH值等参数对四环素降解的影响,结果表明初始浓度50 mg/L,脉冲电压9 kV、频率2 kHz,初始pH值为中性的条件下四环素的降解率最高,处理时间10 min时降解率达到了91.6%,能量效率和每阶电能分别为0.165 g·kW^-1·h^-1和0.78 kW·h·m^-3。自由基淬灭实验表明羟基自由基(·OH)在四环素降解过程中起主要作用,而H₂O₂和O₃的作用稍弱。细胞毒性实验也表明气液放电处理10 min后的溶液毒性显著下降。     

非简谐振动对石墨烯量子电容和热稳定性的影响

采用固体物理理论和方法,研究了单层石墨烯的量子电容和它的温度稳定性随温度和电压的变化规律,探讨原子非简谐振动对它的影响.结果表明:(1)当电压一定时,单层石墨烯的量子电容和温度稳定性系数均随温度升高发生非线性变化,电压小于2.3 V时,量子电容随温度升高而增大,温度稳定性系数随温度升高由缓慢变化到很快增大,电压高于2.3 V时,量子电容随温度升高先增大后减小,而其温度稳定性系数随温度升高由缓慢变化到很快减小.温度一定时,量子电容只在电压值为0.4～2.8 V范围内才变化较小,而电压值大于2.8 V时,量子电容迅速减小并趋于0;(2)与简谐近似相比,非简谐项会使石墨烯量子电容有所增大,且温度愈高,两者的差愈大,非简谐效应愈显著,温度为300 K时,非简谐的量子电容要比简谐近似的值大0.33%,而温度为1 000 K时,差值增大到1.47%;(3)电压在1.5～1.8 V之间,而温度低于800 K时,石墨烯量子电容的温度稳定性系数最小且不随温度而变,储能性能的温度稳定性最好;(4)非简谐项会使它的量子电容热稳定性系数比简谐近似的值增大,且增大的情况与温度有关,当温度为400 K时量子电容热...     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.