An Electromagnetic Trinity from “Negative Permittivity” and “Negative Permeability”

An electromagnetic trinity comprising vacuum, anti-vacuum, and nihility is postulated — after making use of materials with negative permittivity and negative permeability — to illuminate the structure of electromagnetic theory, at least insofar as the relationship of phase velocity with Poynting vector is concerned.     

ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕРМ ОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙ СТВА АНТИМОНИДА ИНДИЯ

Qj , i 4 ISb, - N , –180° +400°C. , ISb zi, - ; -m _n =3,6. 10^–, n . menem , , - .eue . - - .     

Охлаждение накалива емой проволоки в подз вуковом потоке

.     

On the probability of double beta decay

Double beta decay is discussed in relation to parity non-conservation. Two possible ways of neutrino-less double beta decay (allowed and forbidden) are investigated and the half-life of decay is calculated. For allowed transitions we obtain for Ca⁴⁸ an estimatedT1/2=2×10¹⁹ years. The negative results of the experiments by Lukjanov et al., who give the valueT1/2=0.7×10¹⁹ years for the lower limit of the half-life of double beta decay of Ca⁴⁸, cannot therefore be regarded as a definitive solution of the question, whether the neutrino is a Dirac or Majorana particle. Further study of double beta decay, aimed at finding higher values of the lower limit of half-life, are of considerable importance for theory.

---

-

- . - ( ) . ⁴⁸ T1/2210¹⁹ . - . [1] ( - ⁴⁸ T1/2 0,710¹⁹ ), , . - .

---

---

In conclusion the author thanks Prof. I. S. apiro for suggesting this work and help in elaborating it.     

The positron beam at the stuttgart pelletron accelerator and its applications toβ +γ positron lifetime measurements

A slow-positron source has been installed in the therminal of an electrostatic 6.5 MeV accelerator and provides a monoenergetic positron beam in the few-MeV range. It will be used to operate a fast positron lifetime spectrometer based on ⁺ coincidences. The properties of the beam, the expected performance of the spectrometer, its advantages over conventional lifetime measurements, a number of intended applications, as well as recent positron-electron scattering experiments and plans for positron channelling and channelling-radiation studies are outlined.This paper is based on a talk given by W.B. at the Int. Symp. Production of Low-Energy Positrons with Accelerators and Applications, held at Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, FRG, September 25–27, 1986     

Is the electron a composite particle? An experiment

The crucial problem of physics was first formulated by Democritus in the 5th century BC: to find the or smallest uncuttable bits of matter. That has not changed ever since. Among the current candidates are electron and positron, the least expensive of today's bona fide . Experimental tests of their non-compositeness by precisely measuring the gyromagnetic ratios of the individual trapped particles are reviewed.You know, it would be sufficient to really understand the electron.Albert Einstein     

Новый тип филътра С дв ойным лучепреломлен ием

, , , . .     

A study of the influence of the asymmetry of the Kα1 X-ray emission line of cobalt and copper on accurate measurements of lattice parameters

By accurate measurements of the lattice parameter of aluminium, silver and gold by K ₁ radiation of copper and cobalt it is proved that the values determined by the radiation of cobalt are systematically lower than those determined by the radiation of copper. A semiquantitative analysis of the influence of spectral asymmetry on the determination of the parameter from X-ray diffraction lines is carried out and it is proved that this influence is defined not only by the index of asymmetry of the emission line but also by the broadening of the corresponding diffraction line. From this analysis it follows that the differences in the parameter measured when using radiation of cobalt and copper, can be explained by the influence of the spectral asymmetry of the emission lines K ₁ of these radiations.

---

₁

, K ₁ , , , . , , , . , , , K ₁.

---

---

In conclusion the author thanks J. Bedná for careful measurement of the thermal expansion of the photographic film and advice when keeping the samples at constant temperature, J. ermák and J. Kratochvíl for numerous helpful remarks and J. Laek for preparing the samples of powdered gold.     

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИМЕСЕ Й НА С ВОЙСТВА АНТИМОНИДА И НДИЯ

. — , Ib, IIb, IIIb - , -.     

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОСВЕЩЕНИЯ НА ПРОВОДИМОСТЬ И ФОТОПРОВОДИМОСТЬ З АКИСИ МЕДИ

, Cu₂O - 130–200 °C - . . - . , , , , - , - . - . - .     

ВЛИЯНИЕ ДАВЛЕНИЯ НА Ч УВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ ЭМУ ЛЬСИИ

- gr, -, . - , - . , , .     

Steady temperature in a composite rectangle

The present paper solves the steady temperature problem in a rectangle consisting of any number of homogeneous isotropic parts. As usual with such questions, the results are very complicated and cannot be found in the literature.

---

, . , - .

     

On surface layers on BaTiO3 single crystals

The possibility of explaining the existence of a surface layer on BaTiO₃ crystals by the presence of Schottky defects in the crystal is investigated. The magnitude of the potential difference between the surface and the interior of the crystal and the thickness of the surface layer, which at temperatures of over 400°C agrees with the measured values, are calculated for the cubic phase from a simplified ionic model.

---

BaTiO₃

iO₃ . , 400° .

---

---

In conclusion the author would like to thank Dr. M. Trlifaj and V. Janovec, candidates of physics and mathematics, for valuable remarks.     

ИЗОТОПЫ ФТОРА F19 И F21 В МОДЕЛИ НИЛЬССОНА

Energy levels and electromagnetic properties of fluorin isotopes in the Nilsson's model with Coriolis mixing are investigated. Position of the F¹⁹ levels is satisfactorily explained up to the energy of 4·5 MeV. Concerning the F²¹ it seems that the shell model will better correspond to the F²¹ nucleus.

---

---

. , .     

On the equivalence of boundary conditions

We show that ifb andb are two boundary conditions (b.c.) for general spin systems on ^d such that the difference in the energies of a spin configuration in ^d is uniformly bounded, |H _,b ()–H _,b()|C < , then any infinite-volume Gibbs states and obtained with these b.c. have the same measure-zero sets. This implies that the decompositions of and into extremal Gibbs states are equivalent (mutually absolutely continuous). In particular, if is extremal,=. Application of this observation yields in an easy way (among other things) (a) the uniqueness of the Gibbs states for one-dimensional systems with forces that are not too long-range; (b) the fact that various b.c. that are natural candidates for producing non-translation-invariant Gibbs states cannot lead to such an extremal Gibbs state in two dimensions.Supported in part by NSF Grant PHY 78–15920 and by the Swiss National Foundation For Scientific Research.     

Polarizer–analyzer optics

The principles behind the design and operation of polarizationbased optics for nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation are discussed. With perfect single crystals and collimated Xrays emitted from undulatorbased thirdgeneration synchrotron radiation sources, polarizationselective optics with a sensitivity of parts per billion can be obtained. A general approach to optical activity is introduced, and the polarization dependence of the index of refraction is calculated for nuclear forward scattering for a medium with unidirectional symmetry. Some recent experimental results are reviewed and future applications are discussed.     

Chaotic dynamics,Markov partitions,and Zipf's law

A chaotic dynamics model creating Markovian strings of symbols as well as sequences of words is presented, and its possible relevance to Zipf's law is discussed.     

Embedding of posets into lattices in quantum logic

It has been proposed that some posets of quantum logic could be embedded into lattices in order to recover the lattice structure avoiding the introduction of ad hoc axioms. We consider here the embedding _s of any posetS into the complete lattice _s of its closed ideals (normal embedding ofS) and show that _s can be characterized (up to a lattice isomorphism) either by means of a density property or by means of a minimality property. Both of these suggest that the normal embedding satisfies some intuitive conditions which make it preferable with respect to other possible embeddings ofS. We consider the poset of all the effects associated to yes-no experiments and briefly comment on the application of the normal embedding in this case. The possibility of giving a physical interpretation to the elements of is also discussed.Research sponsored by CNR and INFN (Italy).     

A new geometrical gravitational theory

A geometrical gravitational theory based on the connection ={ } + ln + ln –g ln is developed. The field equations for the new theory are uniquely determined apart from one unknown dimensionless parameter ₂. The geometry on which our theory is based is an extension of the Weyl geometry, and by the extension the gravitational coupling constant and the gravitational mass are made to be dynamical and geometrical. The fundamental geometrical objects in the theory are a metricg and two gauge scalars and. Physically the gravitational potential corresponds tog in the same way as in general relativity, the gravitational coupling constant to ^–2, and the gravitational mass tou(, ), which is a coscalar of power –1 algebraically made of and. The theory satisfies the weak equivalence principle, but breaks the strong one generally. We shall find outu(, )= on the assumption that the strong one keeps holding good at least for bosons of low spins. Thus we have the simple correspondence between the geometrical objects and the gravitational objects. Since the theory satisfies the weak one, the inertial mass is also dynamical and geometrical in the same way as is the gravitational mass. Moreover, the cosmological term in the theory is a coscalar of power –4 algebraically made of andu(, ), so it is dynamical, too. Finally we give spherically symmetric exact solutions. The permissible range of the unknown parameter ₂ is experimentally determined by applying the solutions to the solar system.     

Configuration of normal vibrations in an unbounded medium containing dislocations with allowance for energy dissipation

On the basis of the calibration model of plastically incompressible medium with dissipation we consider the structure of vibrations in an unbounded medium with dislocations. Inclusion of dissipation of weakly damped low-frequency vibrations of volume contraction and high-frequency longitudinal sound vibrations is shown to cause a considerable change in the structure of normal vibrations. For a certain dissipation weakly damped low-frequency vibrations of volume contraction and high-frequency longitudinal sound vibrations are described by one branch of the dispersion relation. The structure of the vibrations changes from liquid-like vibrations to longitudinal sound vibrations in the neighborhood of , which together with the boundary frequency ₀ of optical vibrations is characteristic. The calibration model including energy dissipation does not describe the Cosser liquid.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 40–44, March, 1995.