基于氧负离子PIG源的原子氧产生装置

近地轨道能量为5eV的原子氧对航天器表面影响的地面等效模拟,是世界各航天国家竟相研究的重要领域.本文介绍一种基于氧负离子PIG源的原子氧产生装置,本装置由永磁PIG离子源、两电极引出系统、电子过滤器、单透镜、减速电极和样品架组成.目前,这一装置已安装在中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心小碎片加速器上,并开展了初步实验.当离子源放电电流50mA,在2kV和3kV的引出电压下,引出的氧负离子分别为200μA和3001μA.并开展了减速实验和kapton膜的溅蚀研究.由于原子氧装置和小碎片加速器供用同一个靶室.因此,这一安排还可以同时开展小碎片和原子氧对空间材料的撞击和侵蚀的研究.     

基于氧负离子PIG源的原子氧产生装置

近地轨道能量为5eV的原子氧对航天器表面影响的地面等效模拟, 是世界各航天国家竟相研究的重要领域. 本文介绍一种基于氧负离子PIG源的原子氧产生装置, 本装置由永磁PIG离子源、两电极引出系统、电子过滤器、单透镜、减速电极和样品架组成. 目前, 这一装置已安装在中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心小碎片加速器上, 并开展了初步实验. 当离子源放电电流50mA, 在2kV和3kV的引出电压下, 引出的氧负离子分别为200μA和300μA. 并开展了减速实验和kapton膜的溅蚀研究. 由于原子氧装置和小碎片加速器供用同一个靶室. 因此, 这一安排还可以同时开展小碎片和原子氧对空间材料的撞击和侵蚀的研究.     

强流离子源光腔衰荡光谱应用研究

强流离子源是托卡马克中性束注入器的核心部件，为了满足未来对高能量离子束中性化效率的要求，负离子源成为中性束注入系统的首选。光腔衰荡光谱(cavity ring-down spectroscopy，CRDS)是一种超高灵敏探测吸收光谱技术。在强流负离子源中，利用氢负离子的光致剥离过程，CRDS可以用来测量氢负离子的绝对积分密度。与激光光致剥离法与光学发射光谱法相比，CRDS具有不受电磁干扰、不依赖等离子体参数、测量精度高等优点。强流离子源负离子密度测量所用CRDS系统由激光器、光学谐振腔、光电探测器和数据采集系统四部分组成。本文根据CRDS测量氢负离子密度的原理，详细推导了氢负离子密度的计算方法，给出了氢负离子密度测算表达式；然后，结合强流离子源实验室应用的具体情况，分析了各部分装置的选择原则与注意事项；最后，介绍了CRDS技术在德国马克斯-普朗克等离子体物理研究所、日本国立聚变科学研究所、意大利Consorzio RFX研究所强流负离子源研究中的应用情况。实验结果表明，源腔气压、源功率等源参数会影响氢负离子密度；铯的注入可以将氢负离子密度从1016 m-3量级提高到1017 m-3量级；同时，日本NIFS的实验结果证明氢负离子密度与引出电流呈线性关系。     

一种新型密封中子管的实验分析

带有伴随a粒子探测器的密封中子管是一种具有特殊性能的新型中子管．它不仅由一般中子管所必备的离子源、加速系统、气压调节系统、靶和绝缘瓷壳组成，而且还具有能探测伴随产生的a粒子的装置．因此对它在结构上的设计，桌面的综合实验研究就极为重要；而离子源和引出加速系统是中子管的核心，加上对这两部分的特殊要求，本文就这两部分典型的桌面实验分析作以介绍．1实验分析实验在中子管桌面实验台上进行，装置如图豆所示．图11．高压电极2．玻璃钟罩3．橡胶密封圈4．离子源电源引线5．真空泵组6．引出电极7．离子源图中通人H。的针间还…     

负离子源引出系统束光学的数值模拟

根据在表面-等离子体型负离子源中,负离子主要由转换电极表面产生这一特点,参考正离子源引出系统数值计算程序,建立了负离子源引出系统的数值计算模型和计算程序;对表面-等离子体型桶式负离子源引出系统束光学的性质进行了数值模拟。对计算结果的检验和分析表明,这个计算模型和程序反映了负离子源引出系统束光学的基本特性。     

电子回旋加速器共振离子源(ECRIS)

前言近二十年来,常规的潘宁离子源(PIG)一直是产生多电荷态重离子的有力工具,并在重离子加速器中占重要的地位。然而,PIG 源作为重离子源存在严重的缺点:其一,阴极受重离子轰击被腐蚀,不仅寿命短(一般几小时到十几小时),而且产额不稳定........     

ECR离子源中的微波功率在线测量

 在中子发生器中采用ECR离子源是一种新技术。由于受结构的限制，ECR离子源不能像高频源离子源那样通过观察气体放电的颜色判断其工作状态，所以在运行中调节状态非常困难。解决这个问题的方法是：用定向耦合器加微波小功率计的方法在线测量ECR离子源的微波入射功率，通过微波入射功率可以直接得到ECR离子源引出离子束流的大小，从而推断微波信号源的放电过程是否正常,然后调整ECR离子源，最终使中子发生器工作在最佳状态。从ECR离子源后面的引出电极测得的最大束流为20 mA，且工作长时间稳定，当微波功率在160 W~500 W之间时，放电效果较好，离子束流随微波功率的增加而增加。     

HL-2M 装置 NBI 加热系统规划及束线研究进展

为满足 HL-2M 装置高约束模式及高参数实验需求,HL-2M 装置规划 3 条中性束注入(NBI)加热束线, NBI 加热功率为 15MW。第 1 和第 2 条束线是基于正离子源的 NBI 加热束线,根据中后期高参数实验状态确定第 3 条束线采用正离子源或者负离子源。本文简要介绍了 HL-2M 装置的加热束线布局和系统设计概念,综述了基于 4 套 80kV/45A/5s 离子源的 5MW-NBI 中性束加热束线的设计参数及研制进展。在物理和工程可行性简要分析基 础上,给出了采用 2 套 200kV/12.5A/10s 热阴极负离子源的 2.5MW-NBI 束线的概念设计、工程设计及技术研究进 展。      

直接引出负离子的永磁PIG离子源

介绍了两种引出负离子的永磁ＰＩＧ离子源，它们可用于直接引出电子亲合势较大元素的负离子。如Ｈ，Ｃ、Ｏ、Ｆ等负离子，当两者均采用ＬａＢ６阴极，在饱和引出电压下，永磁边引出ＰＩＧ源可获得Ｏ＾－离子１３０μＡ，Ｆ＾－离子７５μＡ，功率消耗分别为１１０Ｗ和２８０Ｗ，永磁端引出ＰＩＧ源可引出Ｈ＾－离子５０μＡ，Ｏ＾－和Ｆ＾－离子１～２ｍＡ，而功耗仅分别约为４０、５０和１００Ｗ。     

大面积负离子束源磁过滤器的设计及实验研究

中性束注入是磁约束核聚变能研究中重要的辅助加热手段。大面积负离子源是中性束注入系统的核心部件。在负离子源工作过程中,负离子的电子结合能非常小(约0.75e V),极易被高能电子破坏。为此需要设计过滤磁场降低电子温度,减少负离子的损失,同时也可以减少伴随引出的电子。根据大面积负离子束源的机械结构,分别设计了永磁体产生过滤磁场和利用等离子体电极(PG)电流产生磁场两种磁过滤器结构;通过有限元算法对产生的过滤磁场进行模拟分析和优化,完成了大面积负离子束源过滤磁场的研制。在负离子束源测试平台开展实验测试,引出区电子温度从5eV降至1eV。这个结果初步验证了大面积负离子束源的过滤磁场的性能,为大面积负离子束源的研制提供了支持。     

Study of surface ionization and LASER ionization processes using the SOMEIL ion source: application to the Spiral 2 laser ion source development

SPIRAL2 is the new project under construction at GANIL to provide radioactive ion beams to the Nuclear Physics Community and in particular neutron rich ion beams. For the production of condensable radioactive elements, a resonant ionization laser ion source is under development at GANIL. In order to generate the ions of interest with a good selectivity and purity, our group is studying the way to minimize surface ionization process by using refractory materials with low work function as ionizer tube. To do those investigations a dedicated ion source, called SOMEIL (Source Optimisée pour les Mesures d‘Efficacité d‘Ionisation Laser) is used. Numerous types of ionizer tubes made in various materials and geometry are tested. Surface ionization and laser ionization efficiencies can be measured for each of them.     

多峰场负氢离子源磁体布局对等离子体特性影响的数值模拟研究

负氢离子源的研究对于响应国家散裂中子源建设和国际热核聚变实验堆计划的开展都具有十分重要的意义. 由于离子源本身的物理特性导致数值模拟成为不可或缺的研究手段, 基于此, 首先对自主研发的全三维粒子模拟/蒙特卡罗碰撞算法进行阐述, 然后对负氢离子体积过程进行描述, 并在此基础上对中国原子能研究中心的多峰质子源进行了系统仿真, 在引出磁体极性相同和相反两种情形下, 分别对多峰质子源放电特性进行了讨论和分析. 结果显示: 在相反极性下, 两引出磁体附近的磁漂移方向相同且数值较大, 即磁漂移剧烈, 导致电子总数较大且高能电子在特定区域活跃, 进而负氢离子体积产率较高, 即负氢离子在空间呈现Y漂移; 反之, 在相同极性下, 电子约束效果相对较差且负氢离子体积产率较低, 但其空间分布均匀.     

Dispersion in the results of measuring the lifetime of negative ions due to their adsorption on ionization-chamber walls

The time of extraction of negative ions from the ionization chamber of a static mass spectrometer has been measured as a value that significantly exceeds the time of their free exit from the chamber. It has been established that anomalously long ion extraction time is due to their adsorption on the ionization-chamber walls; as a result, their arrival at the analyzer tube is delayed. It has been shown that negative ions, which were initially generated as noninfinitely long-lived ones with respect to auto splitting off of an additional electron, are stabilized to everlasting ions due to adsorption, and the subsequent contribution from infinitely long-lived ions to the total ion flux reaching the recording system distorts the results of measuring the ion lifetime. It has been shown that some of the adsorbed ions are annihilated because of neutralization due to the additional electron tunneling to the surface. The probability of tunneling increases with an increase in temperature; thus, the temperature dependence of the ion lifetime is also distorted.     

Simulation of electron behavior in PIG ion source for 9 MeV cyclotron

In this paper, we focus on a PIG source for producing intense H-ions inside a 9 MeV cyclotron. The properties of the PIG ion source were simulated for a variety of electric field distributions and magnetic field strengths using a CST particle studio. After analyzing the secondary electron emission (SEE) as a function of both magnetic and electric field strengths, we found that for the modeled PIG geometry, a magnetic field strength of 0.2 T provided the best results in terms of the number of secondary electrons. Furthermore, at 0.2 T, the number of secondary electrons proved to be greatest regardless of the cathode potential. Also, the modified PIG ion source with quartz insulation tubes was tested in a KIRAMS-13 cyclotron by varying the gas flow rate and arc current, respectively. The capacity of the designed ion source was also demonstrated by producing plasma inside the constructed 9 MeV cyclotron. As a result, the ion source is verified as being capable of producing an intense H^- beam and high ion beam current for the desired 9 MeV cyclotron. The simulation results provide experimental constraints for optimizing the strength of the plasma and final ion beam current at a target inside a cyclotron.     

磁场引起的潘宁离子源阻抗变化研究

以11 MV回旋加速器潘宁离子源作为研究对象,通过调节磁场强度研究了磁场对工作在弧放电模式下的潘宁离子源的影响规律,深入分析了该放电模式下的放电自持机制、磁场引起的阻抗变化规律、异常发光现象。实验在6 mL/min氢气流量下,保持离子源弧流不变,调节磁场强度,记录磁场强度对弧压的影响。实验结果表明:二次电子发射机制与热电子发射机制在潘宁源自持放电过程中发挥了同样重要的作用;在强磁场情况下离子源阻抗受到磁场变化影响不大,在磁场小于0.15 T时磁场的作用才变得明显;当磁场减弱至等离子体进入阻抗增长区后,存在一段等离子体剧烈放电、光强突然增加的区域。在实验的基础上,得到了设计潘宁源的启发,并分析了磁场对等离子体电导率影响的微观物理机制,这些有助于研制或使用工作在弧放电模式下的潘宁离子源。     

一台2.45GHz强流中子源

A 2.45GHz microwave-driven ion source is being used to provide 40mA of deuterium ion beam (peak current) for an RFQ accelerator as part of a neutron source system.We have also designed a 60kV electrostatic LEBT using computer simulations.In our experiment,we measured the hydrogen and deuterium ion beam currents as functions of discharge power,gas flow,and magnetic field strength.The required beam current was obtained using leas than 700W of net microwave power with a gas flow of less than 1.5sccm.From the rise time data,it was determined that in order to obtain a high percentage of atomic ions in the beam, the beam extraction should start after 1ms of switching on the microwave power.At steady state,the proton fraction was above 90%.     

Polymer track membranes for atmospheric pressure field extraction of ions from liquid solutions

An approach to the generation of gas phase ions by field extraction from liquid solutions has been investigated. The method uses a polymer membrane with nano-size channels as an interface between the liquid and the atmospheric pressure gas. Ions are produced by dissociation in the polar solvent and secondary ion-molecular reactions in the solution, which fills the channels of the membrane. Field extraction of the ions from the channels is stimulated by pulses of the electric discharge between the membrane and an adjacent electrode in the gas. The gas-phase ions are removed from the extraction zone by air flow and are detected by mass spectrometry. Possibilities of the membrane interface for generation of gas phase ions have been demonstrated from mass spectral investigation curried out for angiotensin II, gramicidin S and cytochrome C solutions. The current kinetics of the membrane ion source has been investigated to elucidate the mechanism of the ion extraction.     

用于强流中子发生器的低能束流传输线的设计模拟

兰州大学设计研发的ZF-400强流中子发生器设计D-T中子产额6×1012 n/s，主要由ECR离子源、低能束流传输线（LEBT）、加速管、旋转靶等部分组成。LEBT负责将从离子源引出的束流进行分析聚焦并注入到加速管中。LEBT对束流的聚焦及分析的好坏程度决定了加速管中束流的损失程度、中子的产额以及靶的寿命。本工作就该强流中子发生器所需的低能传输线进行了设计。使用螺线管、分析磁铁和四极透镜组合的方案。利用TRACK软件对此方案进行模拟，得到符合要求的束流线及元件的参数。用TraceWin进行了验证模拟，验证结果符合要求。另外，通过软件模拟确定了杂质离子损失的位置，据此设计了束流管道冷却方案。通过模拟发现，这种透镜的组合方式可以让整个LEBT以较低的功率获得低损失、高纯度的打靶束流。The ZF-400 Intense Neutron Generator, which is designed by Lanzhou University with an expected neutron yield of 6×1012 n/s, is consist of ECR ion source, low energy beam transport (LEBT) line, accelerating tube and rotating target. The beam extracted from ECR source is analyzed and focused through LEBT, then, the beam is introduced into the accelerating tube. The focus and analysis ability of LEBT is very important for the beam loss, neutron yield and target's life. A LEBT line for intense neutron generator is designed in this paper, the project consisted of a solenoid, a bend magnet and three quadrupole lens. The qualified LEBT and its parameters have been got through the simulation with TRACK code. Then TraceWin program was employed to check this simulation and the result satisfied our requirement. Besides, the loss position of impurity ions was known through the simulation, and a project of beam line's cooling system was designed according to this result. Through the simulation, we find the optimal lens combination plan which can obtain lower beam loss and higher beam purity at low running power of LEBT.     

Discharge characteristics of the DUHOCAMIS with a high magnetic bottle-shaped field

For the purpose of producing high intensity, multiply charged metal ion beams, the dual hollow cathode ion source for metal ions (DUHOCAMIS) was derived from the hot cathode Penning ion source combined with the hollow cathode sputtering experiments in 2007. To investigate the behavior of this discharge geometry in a stronger magnetic bottle-shaped field, a new test bench for DUHOCAMIS with a high magnetic bottle-shaped field up to 0.6 T has been set up at the Peking University. The experiments with magnetic fields from 0.13 T to 0.52 T have indicated that the discharge behavior is very sensitive to the magnetic flux densities. The slope of discharge curves in a very wide range can be controlled by changing the magnetic field as well as regulated by adjusting the cathode heating power; the production of metallic ions would be much greater than gas ions with the increased magnetic flux density; and the magnetic field has a much higher influence on the DHCD mode than on the PIG mode.