NO^＋离子解离复合反应的激波管研究

在激波管上用反射激波加热气体使之变化,绾炎以强稀疏波快速冷却,造成电离非平衡状态,构成一种新的电离复合动力学实验研究方法。测定了温度在３１００－３７００Ｋ范围内ＮＯ＾＋离子与电子的解离复合速度常数：ｋ＾＋ｒ＝５．５×１０＾１７Ｔ＾－．５２ｃｍ＾３ｍｏｌ＾－１ｓ＾－１。     

火焰电子温度的测量

本文探索了用朗谬尔探针测量火焰电子温度的方法。由于探针可以采取冷却措施,因而可以测量很高的温度。 以液化气-空气在本生灯上的锥形火焰为对象,在常压下对这种测温方法的可行性进行了大量的研究和探索。发现在常压下得不到饱和的电子电流,因而很难根据稀薄气体理论测得火焰电子温度。在此基础上提出了采用校正的方法来测量火焰的电子温度。     

激波对超音速平板发汗冷却的影响

本文分析了激波影响下,不同激波强度,冷却气体和注入率对发汗冷却效果的影响。马赫数3的超音速主流遇到流道内的楔形激波发生器产生斜激波入射到多孔平板表面。楔块楔角φ分别为0°、4°、8°、12°模拟不同的入射激波强度,冷却介质分别为空气、甲烷与氢气。计算结果表明,激波使多孔区域出口表面静压上升,冷却流体流出受阻而破坏冷却效果,且冷却效率随激波强度增强而下降,随冷却气体分子量增大,冷却效率下降幅度减小;但在激波强度较强时,激波在多孔表面形成逆压梯度,迫使冷却流体流向入射点上游区域而使该区域冷却效果得到恢复。提高冷却剂注入率可以减弱激波对冷却效率的破坏作用,但使壁面温度不均匀性增加。     

用磁探针测定慢电子平均散射截面

将林绍基磁探针原理推广到用于拉莫频率不能忽略的情形。用了两个不同磁强的探针同时使用于激波管中,测量了离子化气体中的电子碰撞频率。对实验结果的分析得出,在5000K时电子碰撞截面为Q_(N2)=1.9×10~(-15)cm~2,Q_O=4×10~(-16)cm~2,Q_N=4×10~(-16)cm~2。本实验定出的氮原子对慢电子的散射截面数据与(艹勾)清泉等人的理论计算结果比较一致。     

凝聚介质中斜激波的反射

结合数值模拟和理论分析,研究凝聚介质中斜激波反射.采用龙格-库塔控制体积间断有限元方法,数值求解"刚性气体"状态方程形式下的欧拉方程组;理论分析凝聚介质中斜激波反射模式;运用激波极曲线理论,给出典型激波强度下正规反射向非正规反射过渡的临界角及波后状态.比较数值模拟结果和激波极曲线理论分析结果,得到典型弱、强斜激波的反射图像.     

CF4气体ICP等离子体中的双温电子特性

使用朗谬尔探针方法研究了低压CF4气体感应耦合等离子体（ICP）的放电特性.结果表明 ，CF4等离子体的电子呈现双温分布：一类是密度低、能量高的快电子，另一类是密度高 、能量低的慢电子.快电子温度The、慢电子温度Tce以及它们的平均 电子温度Te随射频输入功率的增加而下降；而它们的密度nhe，nce和ne随功率的增加而上升.从电子与气体粒子碰撞能量平衡的角度解释了双温电子特性与射频输入功率之间的关系. 关键词： 感应耦合等离子体 CF4气体 朗谬尔探针 电子温度     

激波聚焦反射的实验和数值研究

 采用高速摄影技术和数值模拟方法，对入射激波在两种不同形状的抛物形反射器表面聚焦和反射的过程进行了研究，得到了激波聚焦反射过程的波系结构的实验阴影照片和数值计算结果，两者符合得很好。对激波聚焦形成的气体动力学焦点的特性进行了分析，结果表明，入射激波在两种反射器反射后聚焦所形成的气体动力学焦点均是由三波点在轴心处的会聚所导致的，气体动力学焦点位于相应的反射器壁面的几何焦点附近。不同的反射器中，激波聚焦前后的波系结构也不同，对较浅的反射器，入射激波反射前在反射器壁面形成了弓形激波，反射之后需要相对较长的时间完成聚焦，形成聚焦反射激波之后弓形激波仍未相交；对较深的反射器，入射激波反射后在更短的时间内聚焦，聚焦时弓形激波已经相交，聚焦反射激波之后的流场波系结构更加复杂。     

紫外预电离的参量研究

用静电探针及Boxcar测量了TEA CO_2激光器气体混合物及Ar、Ar-N_2气体紫外预电离电子密度n_e及电子温度T_e,研究了n_e,T_e的时间关系特性,实验表明,T_e衰减比n_e衰减缓慢。本文也描述了CO_2激光器气体混合物中的预电离机构.     

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以碰撞为能量交换机制,按局部热力学平衡近似处理低气压等离子体,并考虑辉光放电二极之间的电位分布,得到了电子密度与气体压力的关系和电子温度与电场强度的关系。提出了一种利用压强、电压和电流就获得电子温度和密度的诊断方法。用Langmuir探针方法验证了获得的结果。     

一种简单的辉光放电等离子体诊断方法

以碰撞为能量交换机制,按局部热力学平衡近似处理低气压等离子体,并考虑辉光放电二极之间的电位分布,得到了电子密度与气体压力的关系和电子温度与电场强度的关系。提出了一种利用压强、电压和电流就获得电子温度和密度的诊断方法。用Langmuir探针方法验证了获得的结果。     

Numerical modeling of laser matter interaction in the presence of an ambient gas

A one dimensional numerical model to simulate the laser matter interaction in the presence of an ambient gas is presented. The model is developed by making appropriate modifications in MEDUSA, a one dimensional Lagrangian computer code, which simulates laser plasma interaction in vacuum. Various parameters of the plasma such as velocity, electron temperature, ion temperature, density, pressure, shock wave intensity of the plasma as it expands into a background gas are simulated. The results are compared with the experimental observations.     

二维三温辐射(磁)流体力学拉氏计算中的人工粘性分裂技术

针对使用边粘性和张量粘性进行二维三温辐射(磁)流体力学拉氏计算时激波处离子温度出现非物理尖峰的问题,提出一种人工粘性分裂技术,将人工粘性耗散能量按照电子压和离子压的比分成两部分,并分别加在电子内能和离子内能上.在二维三温辐射磁流体力学程序MARED上实现该技术,并对Z-pinch的内爆动力学过程进行数值模拟.消除了模拟结果中激波处离子温度的尖峰.     

非对称磁镜场电子回旋共振氧等离子体刻蚀化学气相沉积金刚石膜

分别应用郎缪尔双探针和离子灵敏探针对非对称磁镜场电子回旋共振氧等离子体的电子参数、空间分布和离子参数进行了测量,分析了气压对等离子体参数及空间分布的影响。利用该等离子体在优化的气压条件下对化学气相沉积金刚石膜进行了刻蚀,并研究了刻蚀机理。结果表明:电子温度为5~10 eV,离子温度为1 eV左右,而等离子体数密度在1010cm-3数量级。随气压的升高,电子和离子温度降低,而电子数密度先增大后减小。在低气压下等离子体数密度空间分布更均匀,优化的刻蚀气压为0.1 Pa。刻蚀过程中,离子的回旋运动特性得到了加强,有利于平行于金刚石膜表面的刻蚀,有效地保护了金刚石膜的晶界和缺陷。     

Comparative measurements on thermal plasma jet characteristics inatmospheric and low pressure plasma sprayings

The ion and electron temperatures and plasma flow velocities are measured and compared between atmospheric and low pressure plasma spraying systems. The measurements of ion temperature for two systems are carried out by an optical emission spectroscopy which uses the relative emissivities of isolated Ar I emission lines. The electron density and temperature are measured by a Langmuir probe rotating across the plasma jets. The ion saturation currents collected by a Mach probe at two orientations, perpendicular and parallel to the plasma jet, determine the flow velocity. The spatial distributions of electron density, plasma flow velocity, and the associated shock activity in thermal plasma jets are discussed in conjunction with their direct dependency upon the ambient pressures as well as the torch powers. Measurements on temperatures and velocity profiles of thermal plasma jets reveal the general features of the LPPS jet characteristics, i.e., higher velocity flow with lower temperature, longer heating zone of expanded flame, and more extended accelerating zone compared with those of the APS jets. The shock activity clearly exists in the form of standing shock waves in the plasma jet of LPPS in view of flow compression and abrupt velocity drop which are appeared in the results of measurements on the variations of electron density and flow velocity along the plasma jet. In the center of the plasma jet of APS, the electron density is high enough to reach the LTE criterion, and the difference between ion and electron temperatures becomes insignificant as the torch input power increases     

Lower order three-dimensional Burgers equation having non-Maxwellian ions in dusty plasmas

The dust acoustic(DA) shock wave with dust charge fluctuations, non-Maxwellian ions, and non-isothermal electrons is studied theoretically. The perturbation technique is employed to derive the lower order three-dimensional(3D) Burgers equation, and shock wave solution is explored by the tan-hyperbolic method. The effects of flat trapped and trapped electron distributions in the presence of Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian ions on characteristics shock waves are observed. The temperature ratio of non-Maxwellian ion temperature and non-isothermal electron temperature is found to play an important role in forming the shock-like structure.     

Spectroscopic investigation of a low current arc in pure fluorine

A pure fluorine 10-A DC arc has been operated in an Al₂O₃ tube of 18 mm diameter at atmospheric pressure. This arc was used to perform radially resolved spectroscopic end-on measurements in the visible and UV-spectral regions. An excitation temperature of 7800 K on the arc axis was determined from the intensity of atomic fluorine lines, and an ion density of 1.7×10 ²¹ m^-3 was determined from the half-width of the contamination line H_β. A Boltzmann plot of the affinity continuum in the UV-spectral region yields two groups of electrons. A group of hot electrons is characterized by a temperature that agrees with the excitation temperature, and a group of cold electrons has a temperature in accordance to the gas temperature of 4000 K. The absolute intensity of the affinity continuum gives and electron density of 1.3×10²⁰ m^-3 on the arc axis, which is lower than the density of both positive and negative ions in the discharge. From the difference between the electron and gas temperature, an elastic collision cross section between the electrons and F-atoms of 2×10^-20 m² is determined     

PIC/MCC Simulation of Electron and Ion Currents to Spherical Langmuir Probe

The Particle In Cell/Monte Carlo Collisions (PIC/MCC) simulation was used for the calculation of electron and ion currents to a spherical Langmuir (electrostatic) probe. This simulation took into account the collisions of collected charged particles with neutral gas particles around the probe and it can calculate the probe currents at higher neutral gas pressures. The improvements of usual simulation techniques enabled to speed up the simulation and to calculate the probe current even for neutral gas pressures above 1 kPa. The simulations were carried out for two cases: i) probe with radius of 0.5 mm in non‐thermal plasma with high electron temperature, ii) probe with radius of 10 µm in afterglow plasma with low electron temperature. The influence of probe radius on electron probe current was also studied. The simulations showed that thick sheath limit of OML theory provides incorrect values of probe current for probes with radii larger than 200 µm at plasma parameters considered even at very low neutral gas pressures. The probe characteristics were calculated for probe with 0.5 mm radius for pressures up to 500 Pa and for probe with 10 μm radius for pressures up to 3 kPa. The influence of collisions on electron and ion probe current was demonstrated and the procedure for determination of electron and ion densities from the probe measurement at higher pressures was developed. The results from PIC/MCC simulations were compared with results from continuum theory. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Shock wave velocity measurement in the Al2O3 under ultrahigh pressure

In indirect-drive experiment, the blank effect caused by X-rays from Hohlraum will show the dark area in time scale of optical streak camera (OSC). This blank effect, which was a serious problem in indirect-drive shock wave experiments, has been explained by the semiconductor model. The X-rays cause the band to band transition and the probe laser is absorbed by the intraband transition, which leads to a dark region in time scale of the OSC image. In the experiment, the reflectivity of shock wave front was measured to be about 50% at shock wave velocity 32 km/s and was compared to the theoretical calculations with the Drude free electron model. From the experimental data, it is found that the blank effect can be avoided at radiation temperature of 170 eV if the Al layer is thicker than 60 μm.     

Acoustic perturbations in a pulsedRF-plasma

The response of a stationary weakly ionized plasma to a density perturbation in the neutral gas component was studied in a neon plasma with the following typical properties: electron density ¯N _e≈8×10¹² cm^?3, electron temperature on the axis of the vesselT _e0≈3.0 eV; neutral gas densityN _n≈1×10¹⁷cm^?3 and neutral gas temperatureT _n0≈600 °K. A neutral density perturbation, generated 50 cm apart from the plasma, produces a fluctuation in the ion density and a sharp spike in the differential voltage of a floating double probe. The experimental observations demonstrate the propagation of an ion sheath and of an electric field perturbation together with the neutral density perturbation. An interpretation of the plasma response to acoustic wave pulses has been proposed by Ingard and Schulz in a theory on acoustic wave modes in a weakly ionized gas. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations.     

Growth of TiN films at low temperature

Thermodynamic analysis on growth of TiN films was given. The driving force for deposition of TiN is dependent on original Ti(g)/N(g) ratio and original partial pressure of N(g). TiN films were deposited by ion beam assisted electron beam evaporation system under suitable nitrogen gas flow rate at 523 K while the density of plasma varied with diverse discharge pressure had been investigated by the Langmuir probe. TiN films were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and observed by means of atom force microscopy (AFM). The results of these measurements indicated preferential TiN(1 1 1) films were deposited on substrate of Si(1 0 0) and glass by ion beam assisted electron beam evaporation system at low temperature, and it was possible for the deposition of TiN films with a preferential orientation or more orientations if the nitrogen gas flow rate increased enough. Sand Box was used to characterize the fractal dimension of surface of TiN films. The results showed the fractal dimension was a little more than 1.7, which accorded with the model of diffusion limited aggregation (DLA), and the fractal dimension of TiN films increased with increase of the temperature of deposition.