F型液-液旋流管分离特性实验研究

在所研制的液－液旋流分离专用实验装置上，采用168通道的库尔特粒径分析仪，通过液滴粒径检测并基于粒级效率的概念，较为系统地研究了国外F型旋流管的分离特性，得出其临界分离粒径约为60μm，这一结论同国外有关研究结果相吻合。此外，本文还研究了含油浓度、溢流比和流量等工况参数变化，对F型旋流管分离特性的影响。有关研究成果为建立新型低阻高效旋流管的结构优化模型提供了较好的参照比较依据。     

丝网表面液滴撞击行为及气液分离器设计优化

本文通过高速摄影研究锡青铜网表面水滴撞击行为,探讨碰撞速度、角度及丝网浸润性对气液分离的影响。水滴撞击普通锡青铜网后阻尼振荡,最终沉积。撞击速度、丝网倾角越大,沉积液滴与丝网接触角越小,浸润面积越大。沉积液膜撕裂产生二次液滴携带,将严重影响气液分离效果。丝网经超疏水纳米修饰后,液滴撞击发生弹跳,丝网倾斜放置,法向撞击速度相对减小,可缓解弹跳液滴分裂产生子液滴及二次液滴携带,提高丝网气液分离器效率。     

负压强机制的格子玻尔兹曼方法研究

采用格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)研究了气液相变动态演化过程,并揭示气液混合体系中负压强的产生机理.本文采用多相流模拟中的单-陈模型(Shan-Chen模型)研究相变问题,该模型通过一个伪势来表示不同相之间的相互作用,从而控制不同相的分离,结合粒子间的相互作用力可得到一个能够描述非理想气体的状态方程,通过研究此状态方程,确定了发生相变和产生负压强的临界条件.再结合LBM,对相变和负压强现象进行数值模拟,并在气液混合体系中对拉普拉斯定律进行了验证.从模拟结果中发现,当液滴与周围气体处于力平衡和热平衡时,液滴内外压强差与其半径之间的关系满足拉普拉斯定律;另外,在气液交界面处会产生负压强,为使得理论解释与数值模拟结果相符,对于此处负压强的起源问题,我们采用同样能够描述非理想气体的范德瓦尔斯方程结合分子动力学的方法,导出内压强的变化会导致负压强的出现,并通过解释内压强的产生原因,从而进一步了解了负压强产生的微观机制.     

喷射型单重态氧发生器性能研究

单重态氧发生器作为氧碘化学激光的核心部件,为化学激光器提供化学能。通过对工业喷射器及旋风分离器的研究,结合产生单重态氧的化学反应环境,进行了大量模拟及设计改进工作,研制了一种新型喷射型单重态氧发生器,并进行了相关实验研究。喷射型单重态氧发生器利用喷嘴能够产生比传统发生器类型更多的气液表面,获得足够的反应效率,可以大幅度降低发生器液体使用量,从而减小发生器辅助系统,提高体积效率。为满足O2（1）停留时间短及分离效率高的要求,利用气液两相喷射的高初速度以旋风分离器完成气液分离。新型发生器氯气利用率可达97%~99%,其O2（1）产率为40%~50%。     

超音速分离器分离效率与液膜特性研究

通过数值模拟研究了超音速分离器内的流场特性与颗粒运动轨迹及液膜流动特性,分析了旋流强度和液滴直径对分离效率与液膜流量的影响。结果表明,增加旋流强度或液滴直径均可以提高分离效率与液膜流量。旋流强度为0.51时,0.1μm以下的液滴分离效率不超过30%。对于直径不大于0.1μm的液滴,最大分离效率仅为60.90%。     

液滴振荡模型及与数值模拟的对比

由于碰撞壁面后液滴内部流动的复杂性, 以及气-液-固三相间的相互作用, 对液滴碰撞壁面形态变化的数学理论研究有较大的难度, 因此所见者多为实验和数值模拟. 本文通过对液滴受力状态的分析, 得到了惯性力、黏性力和表面张力带经验系数的表达式, 并进一步建立了液滴碰撞壁面振荡模型, 得到了液滴铺展半径的振荡表达式, 以及表面张力、黏性系数等参数对液滴铺展的影响. 最后通过与液滴衰减振荡数值模拟结果的对比, 确定了液滴振荡模型中的修正系数, 验证了模型的可行性. 关键词： 液滴碰撞 振荡 铺展半径/高度 数值模拟     

微液滴在不同能量表面上润湿状态的分子动力学模拟

微小液滴在不同能量表面上的润湿状态对于准确预测非均相核化速率和揭示界面效应影响液滴增长微观机理具有重要意义. 通过分子动力学模拟, 研究了纳米级液滴在不同能量表面上的铺展过程和润湿形态. 结果表明, 固液界面自由能随固液作用强度增加而增加, 并呈现不同液滴铺展速率和润湿特性. 固液作用强度小于1.6的低能表面呈现疏水特征, 继续增强固液作用强度时表面变为亲水, 而固液作用强度大于3.5的高能表面上液体呈完全润湿特征. 受微尺度条件下非连续、非对称作用力影响, 微液滴气液界面存在明显波动, 呈现与宏观液滴不同的界面特征. 统计意义下, 微小液滴在不同能量表面上铺展后仍可以形成特定接触角, 该接触角随固液作用强度增加而线性减小, 模拟结果与经典润湿理论计算获得的结果呈现相似变化趋势. 模拟结果从分子尺度为核化理论中的毛细假设提供了理论支持, 揭示了液滴气液界面和接触角的波动现象, 为核化速率理论预测结果和实验测定结果之间的差异提供了定性解释.     

液滴合并动力学行为研究

本文采用格子Boltzmann方法和高速显微摄像装置对液液系统中的液滴合并过程进行了数值模拟和可视化实验观测,研究了液滴形貌变化及其液滴合并动力学行为,并重点分析了液滴合并过程中液桥半径随时间的变化。研究结果表明:当两液滴接触开始合并,液桥半径迅速增加至一极值,随后出现振荡波动直至稳定。在液滴合并初始阶段,存在由黏性主导向惯性主导转变的过渡区域。当液滴合并转为惯性主导阶段时,桥半径与时间的开方之间线性相关,实验与模拟得到的桥半径曲线前因数分别为0.92与1.023,两者基本一致,验证了本文所建立液滴合并数学模型正确可靠。     

R134a闪蒸喷雾液滴动力学特征实验研究

闪蒸喷雾是典型的气液两相流动,在能源、化工、航天、医疗生物和食品生产等领域中应用非常广泛,对闪蒸喷雾形成的气液两相流中液滴粒径与速度的分布规律进行研究具有重要意义。本文搭建了闪蒸喷雾实验台,以R134a制冷剂为闪蒸喷雾工质,通过特定喷嘴形成闪蒸喷雾气液两相流。应用PDPA对闪蒸喷雾液滴直径和速度沿喷雾轴向方向和径向方向进行系统测量,拟合出了液滴轴向和径向无量纲速度沿径向无量纲距离变化的经验关联式。     

基于不可压LBM的汽液两相流数值研究

本文利用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)研究汽液分离过程与相界面的表面张力,在不可压单相LBM模型与Kupershtokh伪势模型基础上,通过引入Carnahan-Starling状态方程构建了一种单组份汽液两相LBM模型并开发了相应程序。本文采用周期性边界条件,模拟了汽液两相在不同初始密度下的分离过程,得到了两相完全分离的结果。此外,本文模拟了单个液滴从非平衡态到平衡态的演化过程,通过Laplace定律计算平衡态液滴表面张力与液滴半径、温度的关系,结果表明,LBM能较好地计算汽液两相流中的界面动力学问题;利用单组份汽液两相LBM模型与Laplace定律进行计算,结果表明液滴表面张力随温度升高而下降,该结论与实际流体表面张力与温度的关系定性上一致。这进一步验证了本文提出的单组份汽液两相LBM模型的有效性。     

Impact mechanism of gas temperature in metal powder production via gas atomization

This paper aims at studying the influence mechanism of gas temperatures(300 K, 400 K, 500 K, and 600 K) on gas atomization by simulating the integral atomization process of the close-coupled nozzle in vacuum induction gas atomization(VIGA). The primary atomization is simulated by the volume of fluid(VOF) approach, and the second atomization is studied by the discrete phase model(DPM) combined with the instability breakage model. The results show that, at an increased gas temperature, the influences of gas–liquid contact angle and gas temperature in the recirculation zone on the primary atomization are virtually negligible. However, increasing the gas temperature will increase the gas–liquid relative velocity near the recirculation zone and decrease the melt film thickness, which are the main reasons for the reduced mass median diameter(MMD, d50) of primary atomized droplets. During the secondary atomization, increasing the gas temperature from 300 K to 600 K results in an increase in the droplet dispersion angle, which is beneficial to the formation of spherical metal powder. In addition, increasing the gas temperature, the positive effect of gas–liquid relative velocity increase on droplets refinement overweighs the negative influence of the GMR decrease, resulting in the reduced MMD and diameter distribution interval. From the analysis of the atomization mechanism, the increase in atomization efficiency caused by increasing the temperature of the atomizing gas, including primary atomization and secondary atomization, is mainly due to the increase in the gas drag force difference between the inner and outer sides of the annular liquid film.     

Singlet delta oxygen generation for Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers

The development of Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers is based on the generation of singlet delta oxygen. To improve the overall efficiency of these lasers, it is necessary to increase the generator production and yield of singlet delta oxygen at low and high pressure, respectively, for subsonic and supersonic lasers. Furthermore, the water vapor content must be as low as possible. A generator model, based on gas-liquid reaction and liquid-vapor equilibrium theories associated with thermophysical evaluations is presented. From model predictions, operating conditions have been drawn to attain the following experimental results in a bubble-column: by increasing the superficial gas velocity, the production of singlet delta oxygen is largely improved at low pressure; by mixing chlorine with an inert gas before injection in the reactor, this yield is maintained constant up to higher pressure. A theoretical analysis of these experimental results and their consequences for both subsonic and supersonic lasers are presented.This work was performed with the support of the Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techniques.     

Close-coupled nozzle atomization integral simulation and powder preparation using vacuum induction gas atomization technology

We simulate the gas-atomization process of a close-coupled annular nozzle for vacuum induction gas atomization at a three-dimensional scale.Moreover,the relationship between the simulated droplet type and experimentally metallic powder is established by comparing the morphology of droplets with powders.Herein,the primary atomization process is described by the volume-of-fluid(VOF)approach,whereas the prediction of powder diameter after secondary atomization is realized by the VOF-Lagrangian method.In addition,to completely reflect the breaking and deformation process of the metallic flow,we employ the VOF model to simulate the secondary atomization process of a single ellipsoidal droplet.The results show that the primary atomization process includes the formation of surface liquid film,appearance of serrated ligaments,and shredding of ligaments.Further,gas recirculation zone plays an important role in formation of the umbrella-shaped liquid film.The secondary atomization process is divided into droplet convergence and dispersion stages,and the predicted powder diameter is basically consistent with the experiment.In general,the four main powder shapes are formed by the interaction of five different typical droplets.     

Research on chemical and discharge oxygen-iodine lasers

Novel methods and device configurations for singlet oxygen and atomic iodine generation were proposed and investigated for operation of the chemical or discharge oxygen-iodine lasers (COIL/DOIL). A chemical centrifugal spray generator of singlet oxygen was developed, based on the conventional chlorine-basic hydrogen peroxide chemistry. Results of theoretical and experimental investigation of the generator parameters are presented and compared with parameters of other generator types. A design of experimental device for singlet oxygen generation by means of the hybrid DC arc and RF plasma jet is presented. An alternative method of atomic iodine generation by a radiofrequency discharge decomposition of iodine compounds like CH₃I or CF₃I is described employing advanced experimental configuration. Some representative experimental results of this investigation are presented.     

均匀液滴氧发生器液流破断的线性分析

 在均匀液滴氧发生器的研究过程中，液滴的形成是关键技术。利用压电换能器对液流施加扰动，初始扰动沿液流表面呈指数增长，直到将液流夹断生成液滴。通过理论分析，发现在影响液流表面增长率的诸多参数中，碱性过氧化氢溶液(BHP)表面张力的增加和液体分配板板孔直径的减小能够增大扰动增长率，其他参数的改变对增长率的影响非常小。通过分析还发现，BHP液体的喷射流速不同，要取得最大增长率的外界扰动频率也随之变化，外界施加扰动的频率随液流喷射流速的增大而增大。这些结果为均匀液滴氧发生器的实验研究提供有力的参考依据。     

Chemically pumped O2(a-X) laser

A theoretical and experimental study was conducted aimed at achieving laser oscillation in the (a-X) electronic transition of oxygen molecules. Although this transition is highly forbidden by rigorous selection rules, it may nevertheless concede stimulated emission, if the population inversion is high enough. The idea is based on a recently developed apparatus, namely, a porous pipe type high-pressure chemical singlet oxygen generator. A numerical model which describes the characteristics of this generator was developed to estimate the population inversion and small-signal gain achievable in a laser cavity using this source. The calculations showed that the small-signal gain ought to be sufficient to achieve laser oscillation. Preliminary experiments were conducted, but lasing was not yet observed. It is shown that the scattering losses caused by water droplet aerosols are mainly responsible for preventing our system from laser oscillation.     

Detailed simulation of primary atomization mechanisms in Diesel jet sprays (isolated identification of liquid jet tip effects)

In this study, the atomization characteristics of Diesel jet front tip have been investigated to elucidate the physical mechanisms by detailed numerical simulation. The computations are carried out with the finest grid resolutions ever that can resolve the final droplet generation by surface tension. The numerical methods are based on level-set interface tracking. The methods were validated by test cases and the grid resolution survey shows that the resolutions for the present study are sufficient. The present flow setup excludes nozzle disturbances to investigate how the disturbances from the liquid jet front would lead to atomization where the liquid jet impacts against the quiescent gas. The liquid jet front becomes an umbrella-like shape. From the front umbrella tip edge, ligament breakup first occurs. Ligament breakup is strongly correlated with the gas motion in the vicinity. The gas region behind the front is highly disturbed by atomization. By the gas recirculation motion here, air and some droplets are entrained and mixed. Also, the disturbances are fed back to the front umbrella by this motion and become synchronized with the breakup. Droplet pinch-off is mainly in the short-wave mode, but some ligaments are elongated by local gas stretch to finally have a long-wave mode shape, namely a mode shift occurs. The above findings of liquid jet front umbrella formation, atomization at the umbrella edge, mixing and atomization loop in the recirculation flow region and droplet generation mode give an insight to the modeling of droplet generation in actual sprays.     

激波诱导液滴变形和破碎现象实验研究

本文介绍了用于激波诱导液滴变形和破碎现象研究的实验系统及方法,详细分析了激波与液滴相互作用以及液滴加速、变形和破碎过程,为进一步研究激波诱导的液滴内流场性质及气液相间相互作用对液滴变形和破碎的影响机制提供了基础实验数据。     

A Numerical Calibration Approach to Obtain Cutting Fluid Droplet Sizes in a Turning Process via an Imaging System

Airborne inhalable particulate in the workplace can represent a significant health hazard, and one of the primary sources of particles is mist produced through the application of cutting fluids in machining operations. The atomization process is one of the principal mechanisms associated with cutting fluid mist formation and generates droplets from fifty to a few thousand micrometers in size. These particles subsequently undergo vaporization and settling effects resulting in an aerosol to which workers may be exposed. While a variety of equipment is available to characterize the fine particulate in the breathing zone, standard equipment to measure the size of the atomized droplets is not available. In this paper, an imaging system is employed to characterize the large droplets produced by atomization in turning. One of the drawbacks of such a system is the time‐consuming experimental calibration procedure that is required to improve the accuracy of the droplet size measurements and extend the depth of field of the imaging system. With this in mind, an approach is introduced to predict droplet diameter based on measurement data without physical system calibration. The relationship between the actual diameter and the measured diameter is established based on an imaging system simulation model that includes a three dimensional point spread function and an image formation relationship grounded in the principles of geometric optics. These two components are combined using convolution integral theory to derive an image intensity profile. The introduction of halo width into the simulation greatly extends the image depth of field, which is a critical factor in capturing more droplets in one image and also minimizing particle size distribution bias towards larger droplets. The model predicts droplet diameter as a function of measured diameter and halo width. Model behavior of predicted diameters from the simulation compares well with those from a physical calibration of the system. The numerical calibration model is then used in the study of cutting fluid atomization in a turning process, and the measured droplet size distribution compares favorably with droplet sizes predicted by a mechanistic atomization model.