六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷的结构和性能——HEDM分子设计

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法,在631G基组水平下设计和计算了高能量密度化合物六硝基六氮杂三环十二烷的结构和性质.由分子总能量、前线轨道能级和键集居数等电子结构参数,判别船式(α)比椅式(β)构象稳定.求得其IR谱频率和强度并作归属,报道了200～800K体系的热力学性质.基于理论计算密度和生成热,运用Kamlet公式预示了标题物的爆速和爆压,α构象的爆速和爆压分别为9.46km/s和41.74GPa,β构象则稍低些,分别为9.34km/s和40.02GPa.     

五种典型硝基苯胺类炸药的静电势与撞击感度的关系研究

利用HONDO程序包,采用从头算法对硝基苯胺类炸药的分子结构和电偶极矩等性质以及 C-NO2键中点静电势等进行计算,讨论了硝基苯胺类炸药C-NO2键中点静电势最大值Vmidmax与其实验撞击感度之间的关系.研究表明:对于硝基苯胺类炸药,不宜单独用C-NO2键中点静电势最大值Vmidmax来表征撞击感度的变化,但可以用静电势最大值Vmidmax与电偶极矩的积来确定其撞击感度的变化趋势,讨论了硝基和胺基的相对位置以及硝基和胺基的数目对这类炸药感度的影响.     

硝基环丁烷炸药及其衍生物表面静电势与感度理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上,研究了硝基环丁烷及其衍生物和硝基环己烷C-NO2 和 N-NO2 键的中点、环上方分子表面静电势及其统计量,建立了三种标题化合物实验撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其统计量之间的定量关系。结果表明,这些模型的相关性较差。然而,环张力贡献的引入使其相关性增强。作为一种表征分子全局性质的物理量,分子表面静电势可用于预估炸药分子的感度。随着实验数据的增多,建立撞击感度h50与分子表面静电势及其静电势的统计量之间的定量关系是有必要的。     

五种典型硝苯胺类炸药的静电势与撞击感度的关系研究

利用NONDO程序包，采用双头算法对硝基苯胺类炸药的分子结构和电偶极矩等性质以及C－NO2键中点静电势等进行计算，讨论了硝基苯胺类炸药C－NO2键中点静电势最大值Vimidmax与其实验撞击感度之间的关系。研究表明：对于硝基苯胺类炸药，不宜单独用C－NO2键中点静电势最大值Vmidmax来表征撞击感度的变化，但可以用静电势最大值Vmidmax与电偶极矩的积来确定其撞击感度的变化趋势，讨论了硝基和胺基的相对位置以及硝基和胺基的数目对这类炸药感度的影响。     

氢键和分子-离子相互作用对奥克托今(HMX)引发键影响的理论研究

为了寻找能够降低炸药感度的方法,借助B3LYP和MP2(full)理论,在B3LYP/6-311+ +G(2df,2p)、B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ和MP2(full)/6-311++G(2df,2p)三种水平下,分别研究了与HMX形成的12种复合物（六种氢键复合物和六种分子-离子复合物）,并对引发键N-NO2键长和强度的变化及硝基电荷的变化等进行了详细的考量,最后借助分子中原子(AIM)理论揭示了结构和能量变化的本质.结果表明,在形成复合物后,引发键键长变短,离解能增大,硝基电荷增多,引发键增强,感度降低,同时引发键离解能的变化(ΔBDEs)与这两种相互作用能呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9984).     

外电场对对硝基氯苯分子结构与电子光谱影响的研究

为达到降解有机污染物硝基氯苯的目的, 采用外加平行电场的方法, 研究电场对硝基氯苯化合物的分子结构和电子光谱等的影响. 以对硝基氯苯分子为研究对象, 采用密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-311+g(d, p) 基组水平上优化并计算了不同外电场作用下pCNB的基态分子结构、电偶极矩和分子总能量, 在此基础上采用含时密度泛函研究了该分子的前六个激发态的波长、振子强度受外电场的影响规律.结果表明: C–Cl, C–N键长随电场增加而快速增大, 即键能快速减小, 同时苯环上的C–C, C–H键长的变化很小, 且有增有减, 说明分子的降解可能是C–Cl, C–N键断裂而苯环则相对稳定. 同时分子总能量随电场先增大后变小, 电偶极矩刚好相反.另外, 最大吸收波长λ_max 随电场先缓慢减小, 后快速增大, 导致电子跃迁相对容易, 而振子强度随电场变化则相对比较复杂. 关键词： 对硝基氯苯 外电场 密度泛函 含时密度泛函     

NnHn(n=3~7)氮氢化合物的结构与性质理论研究

本文对53种NnHn(n=3~7)氮氢化合物进行了理论计算，应用自然键轨道理论(Nature Bond Orbital, NBO)和分子中的原子理论(Atoms In Molecules, AIM)分析了化合物的成键特征、相对稳定性。氮原子孤对电子与氮氮键以及氮氮键相互之间的超共轭作用是影响氮氮键长的重要因素。采用原子基团法，比较了化合物的原子基团能量和原子基团生成热。通过预测53种化合物的稳定性，找出了氮氢化合物的稳定性与结构之间的一些规律，为预测氮氢化合物的稳定性提供了新的方法和新的数据。     

基于密度泛函理论的外电场下双酚A型环氧树脂分子的结构及特性

采用密度泛函m062x的方法在6-31g(d)基组上对双酚A型环氧树脂分子进行优化得到了它的稳定结构,并且研究了不同外电场(0-0.013 a.u., 1 a.u.=5.142×10~(11) V/m)作用下双酚A型环氧树脂分子的分子结构、电偶极矩和分子总能量,偶极矩、极化率、前线轨道的能级和成分,原子之间的键能和红外光谱的变化.研究表明:随着外加电场的增大,双酚A型环氧树脂分子从倒V型结构逐渐变成线性结构,总能量降低,偶极矩和极化率都升高,且双酚A型环氧树脂分子的稳定性随着外加电场的增大而降低;最高占据轨道能级随着外加电场的增大而增大,沿逆电场方向分子链端表现出亲核反应活性,最低空轨道能级随着外加电场的增大而减小,沿电场方向分子链端表现出亲电反应;位于分子两端环氧基团上的C-C,C-O容易发生断裂,进而破环了双酚A型环氧树脂分子的稳定性;分子红外光谱在高频区的吸收峰出现了明显的红移现象.     

氢键和分子-离子相互作用对奥克托今(HMX)引发键影响的理论研究

为了寻找能够降低炸药感度的方法,借助B3LYP和MP2(full)理论,在B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2p)、B3LYP/aug-cc-p VTZ和MP2(full)/6-311++G(2df,2p)三种水平下,分别研究了与HMX形成的12种复合物(六种氢键复合物和六种分子-离子复合物),并对引发键N-NO2键长和强度的变化及硝基电荷的变化等进行了详细的考量,最后借助分子中原子(AIM)理论揭示了结构和能量变化的本质.结果表明,在形成复合物后,引发键键长变短,离解能增大,硝基电荷增多,引发键增强,感度降低,同时引发键离解能的变化(ΔBDEs)与这两种相互作用能呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9984).     

3,7-二硝基亚氨基-2,4-二氮杂双环[3,3,0]辛烷的放热分解反应动力学

在程序升温条件下 ,用DSC研究了标题化合物的放热分解反应动力学 .用线性最小二乘法、迭代法以及二分法与最小二乘法相结合的方法 ,以积分方程、微分方程和放热速率方程拟合DSC数据 .在逻辑选择建立了微分和积分机理函数的最可几一般表达式后 ,用放热速率方程得到相应的表观活化能 (Ea)、指前因子 (A)和反应级数 (n)的值 .结果表明 :该反应的微分形式的经验动力学模式函数、Ea 和A值分别为 (1-α) 0 .44、2 30 .4kJ/mol和 10 18.16s-1.借助加热速率和所得动力学参数值 ,提出了标题化合物放热分解反应的动力学方程 .该化合物的热爆炸临界温度为 30 2 .6℃ .上述动力学参数对分析、评价标题化合物的稳定性和热变化规律十分有用 .     

Computational study of pyrazine‐based derivatives and their N‐oxides as high energy materials

Gas‐phase heats of formation (HOF), solid‐phase HOF, detonation properties, electronic structure and thermal stability for a series of polynitro pyrazine derivatives containing three heterocycles have been investigated using density functional theory. It is found that the nitro group is an efficient tool to improve HOF of pyrazine derivatives. Furthermore, detonation velocities and detonation pressures of these compounds are evaluated using empirical Kamlet–Jacobs equations. As a result, it indicates that the nitro group is useful to enhance detonation properties. Detonation velocities of five compounds are 9.67, 9.20, 9.74, 9.76 and 9.87 km/s, respectively, which are significantly larger than that of HMX (9.10 km/s). Bond dissociation energy is also performed to investigate their thermal stability, showing that thermal stability of these compounds is little affected by nitro groups or the position of substituent groups. Considering solid‐phase HOF, detonation properties and thermal stability, some of pyrazine derivatives can be potential high energy density materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于密度泛函理论的多环芳烃硝基衍生物的生物毒性预测

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）中的B3LYP方法,在6-311++G（d,p）基组水平下对16种多环芳烃（PAHs）及6种多环芳烃硝基衍生物进行了拉曼光谱、极化率、偶极矩、热力学、结构优化及能量等40种参数进行计算。以13种PAHs对发光菌的－lgEC₅₀值做因变量,以另外3种多环芳烃数据作为验证,构建了基于量子化学参数的PAHs毒性定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）模型,预测PAHs硝基衍生物的毒性。经验证,所建立的QSAR模型的模拟系数为0.816,模型预测的PAHs硝基衍生物毒性排序与文献报道的PAHs硝基衍生物对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的毒性排序一致,表明所建模型可用于PAHs及其硝基衍生物的生物毒性预测,从而为控制和预测PAHs及硝基衍生物毒性提供理论依据。     

Theoretical studies on nitrogen‐rich furoxan‐based heterocyclic derivatives

The density functional theory method was used to study the heats of formation (HOFs), energetic properties, electronic structure of a series of 4,4″‐dinitro(3,3′:4′,3′′)tris([1,2,5]oxadiazole)‐2′‐oxide (3,4‐bis[4′‐nitrofurazan‐3′‐yl]furoxan) derivatives. The results show that the substitution of the nitro group is very useful for improving their HOFs and detonation performances. The HOFs of the title compounds are all positive and larger than those of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane and 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane. The analysis of oxygen balance shows that the studied compounds need the oxygen in the explosive. Compound A1 has larger detonation velocity and detonation pressure than those of 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane and can be regarded as a potential candidate for high‐energy compounds because of the moderate heat of detonation, high density, and high N. In addition, the energy gaps between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the studied compounds are further investigated.     

DFT study of isocyanate chemisorption on Cu(100): Correlation between substrate–adsorbate charge transfer and intermolecular interactions

The adsorption of isocyanate (? NCO) species on Cu(100) was studied using the density functional theory (DFT) and the periodic slab model. The calculations indicate that at low and intermediate coverages NCO adsorbs preferentially on bridge and hollow sites. Work function and dipole moment changes show a significant negative charge transfer from Cu to NCO. The resulting charged NCO species interact repulsively among themselves being these dipole–dipole interactions particularly intensive when they are adsorbed in adjacent sites. Consequently, isocyanates tend to be separated from each other generating the vacant sites required for the dissociation to N and CO. This condition for NCO dissociation has been suggested in the past from experimental observations. A comparison was also performed with the NCO adsorption on Pd(100). In particular, the calculated minimal energy barrier for NCO dissociation was found to be higher on Cu(100) than on Pd(100) in accord with the well known higher NCO stability on Cu(100).     

分子电性作用矢量法用于硝基苯类化合物的毒性研究

基于定量结构-活性相关(QSAR)研究硝基苯类化合物的性质具有重要意义.采用分子电性作用失量(MEIV)表征硝基苯类有机毒物的分子结构,运用多元线性回归建立定量结构毒性相关(QSTR)模型,同时采用逐步回归结合统计检测筛选模型变量,建立了25个硝基苯类化合物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)的急性毒性与其结构间的回归方程.另外采用内部及外部双重验证的办法深入分析和检验模型的稳定性.建模的复相关系数(R_(cum)~2)、留一法(LOO)交互校验复相关系数(R_(CV)~2)和外部样本校验复相关系数(Q_(ext)~2)分别为0.927、0.872和0.908.表明用MEIV表征硝基苯类有机物分子结构信息较好,所建QSTR模型的稳定性和预测能力良好.     

Transition states in Ei reactions

The pyrolysis of amine oxides, sulfoxides, selenoxides, and esters to form alkenes is believed to be a concerted reaction with a cyclic transition state. Phosphine oxides, sulfones, and nitro compounds are unreactive. This study seeks to identify reasons for the lack of reactivity of the latter. Transition states were located for all substrates progressing from RHF/3‐21G* to the MP2/6‐31+G(d,p) level (in certain cases). For sulfones and nitro compounds, two possible reasons for lack of reactivity were considered: (1) Atoms approaching one another in the transition state may be considered to participate in a local n_O → σ*_CH interaction. The second oxygen in the sulfone or nitro compound lowers the energy of the ‘non‐bonded electrons’ at oxygen leading to a greater mismatch in energy with the antibonding C? H orbital (in comparison to the sulfoxide or amine oxide). (2) The sulfone and nitro ‘lone pairs’ are not really ‘alone’, and available to react. In fact, complex bonding arrangements exist in the SO₂ and NO₂ groups. The situation is less clear for phosphine oxides, although ground state stability of bonds is important. Implications concerning the Hammond postulate are covered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical investigations of pyridine derivatives as potential high energy density materials

Density function theory has been employed to study pyridine derivatives at the B3LYP/6‐31 G(d,p) and B3P86/6‐31 G(d,p) levels. The crystal structures were obtained by molecular mechanics methods. The heats of formation (HOFs) were predicted based on the isodesmic reactions. Detonation performance was evaluated by using the Kamlet–Jacobs equations based on the calculated densities and HOFs. The thermal stability of the title compounds was investigated by the bond dissociation energies and the energy gaps (ΔE_LUMO?HOMO) predicted. It is found that there are good linear relationships between detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and the number of nitro group. The simulation results reveal that molecule G performs similar to the famous explosive HMX and molecule D outperforms HMX. According to the quantitative standard of energetics and stability as high energy density materials, molecule D essentially satisfies this requirement. These results provide basic information for molecular design of novel high energetic density materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ab initio investigation of isomeric and conformeric structures of halogen nitrites,XONO (X = Cl,Br, I)

A comparative study of isomers and conformers of halogen nitrites, XONO (X?=?Cl, Br, I), with particular emphasis on the I derivatives, has been carried out using high levels of electronic structure theory. All isomeric and conformeric structures and cis- to trans- conformational barriers were determined for each family. The nitryl halide isomers, XNO₂, were calculated to be the lowest energy compounds. Interesting variations in the structural parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies and stabilization energies were obtained on halogen substitution, that are particularly pronounced in the iodine family.     

Nematic liquid crystals exhibiting high birefringence

Two fluorinated isothiocyanato nematic liquid crystalline compounds, 4′-butylcyclohexyl-3, 5-difluoro-4-isothiocyanatobiphenyl and 4′-pentylcyclohexyl-3, 5-difluoro-4-isothiocynatobiphenyl are studied in detail to obtain their different physical parameters. Optical polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, density and dielectric studies have been carried out for the two samples. Both the samples were found to have high clearing temperature (>100 °C) and exhibit small enthalpy of transition. The two samples exhibit high optical birefringence (Δn > 0.2). The values of order parameters for the two samples were obtained using different approaches, namely, Vuks’, Neugebauer’s, modified Vuks’ and direct extrapolation method from birefringence data. Experimentally obtained values of order parameters have also been compared with theoretical Maier–Saupe values. The parallel and perpendicular components of dielectric permittivity values of the two compounds were also calculated and their anisotropy values were found to be small. The effect of temperature on the molecular dipole moment μ and the angle of inclination β of the dipole axis with the director have also been investigated in this work.     

H2O分子在不同电荷态的重离子作用下的离化

利用含时密度泛函理论和局域密度近似方法，计算了H2O分子在速度为12．5α0／fs的重离子C^＋和C^2＋作用下产生的各种电荷态的H2O分子离子的几率、平均逃逸电子数和偶极矩的变化随时间的演化。计算结果表明，在重离子势最大时，电偶极矩的变化最大，重离子的电荷态越高，得到高电荷态H2O分子的几率越大；重离子远离分子时，电偶极矩的变化趋于平缓。The time-dependent density functional theory （TDDFT） and local density approximation （LDA） are used to calculate the dipole moment changes, the ionization probabilities of the H20 molecule and the time-dependent probabilities of escaped electrons in the process of excitation of H2O molecule by C^＋ , C^2＋ with energy of 2.3 MeV/u. It is shown that the dipole moment changes of H2O are the greatest and the higher the charge staate of heavy ion, the bigger the probabilities of the high charge state of H2O molecule at maximal heavy ion potential. The dipole moment changes slightly when heavy ion leaved far from molecule.