Fiber-optic sensor based on evanescent wave absorbance around 2.7 μm for determining water content in polar organic solvents

The feasibility of sapphire fiber-optic sensors based on evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy in the infrared range for quantitative determination of water content in polar organic solvents has been investigated. Evanescent wave absorption spectra of sapphire fiber-optic sensors in glycerol, ethanol, and glycol with different water concentrations obtained and analyzed, respectively. Evanescent absorbance of the sensors in those organic solvents has been utilized to implement for in situ monitoring water concentration in organic solvents. The evanescent absorbance of sensors in glycerol and glycol has been found to vary linearly with water content in the range 0–30 % and in ethanol in the range 0–10 %, respectively. The fiber-optic sensors based on evanescent absorbance for monitoring water concentrations in those organic solvents are acceptably accurate, cost-effective, and reliable. Some methods to improve the accuracy of predicated water content in those organic solvents are also suggested. Overall, the results demonstrate that the sapphire fiber-optic sensor based on evanescent absorption spectroscopy is a promising candidate for prediction of water content in polar organic solvents in on-line and remote situation.     

QEPAS detector for rapid spectral measurements

A quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor designed for fast response was used in combination with a pulsed external cavity quantum cascade laser to rapidly acquire gas absorption data over the 1196–1281 cm⁻¹ spectral range. The system was used to measure concentrations of water vapor, pentafluoroethane (freon-125), acetone, and ethanol both individually and in combined mixtures. The precision achieved for freon-125 concentration in a single 1.1 s long spectral scan is 13 ppbv.     

Fabrication and comparison of thermochromic material-based fiber-optic sensors for monitoring the temperature of water

In this study, we explored the feasibility of developing two types of fiber-optic temperature sensors that can measure the temperature of water. One uses a thermochromic material such as Lophine, whose optical absorbance changes according to the thermal variation. The other uses a thermochromic pigment that gradually loses its own color through heat absorption. We measured the change in the intensity of the reflected light, which was due to the variation of the optical property of Lophine and pigments, with thermal variation. The relationship between the temperature of water and the output signal of the fiber-optic sensors was also determined. The fiber-optic temperature sensor using Lophine provided a relatively broad range of temperature measurement with low sensitivity, whereas the fiber-optic temperature sensor using a thermochromic pigment offered a high sensitivity in a narrow range of temperature measurement.     

Influence of temperature and ethanol content on aggregation of rhodamine 6G molecules in aqueous ethanol solutions

The effect of temperature on absorption spectra of Rhodamine 6G at concentrations of 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻³ M in water:ethanol solutions of various ethanol content was studied. The dimeric molecular fraction of Rhodamine 6G (10⁻³ M) was found as a function of temperature and ethanol content in the aqueous solution. It was shown that the absorption spectrum of Rhodamine 6G dimers (10⁻³ M) is dependent on temperature and ethanol content in the aqueous solution. Based on the relationship between J-and H-bands in the absorption spectrum of Rhodamine 6G dimers, both the angle between planes of associated Rhodamine 6G dye molecules and the free enthalpy of association were calculated. The structure of Rhodamine 6G dimers depends essentially on the ethanol content and aqueous ethanol solution temperature while experiencing the most temperature changes at an ethanol concentration of 25%. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 640–645, September–October, 2008.     

光纤化学传感同步吸收-荧光法的建立

建立一种光纤化学传感同步测定吸收光谱和荧光光谱的新方法。自制同步吸收-荧光比色皿,结合光纤化学传感技术,建立同步吸收-荧光光谱法检测仪器,分别测定罗丹明B,维生素B₂,维生素B₆等溶液的同步吸收-荧光光谱,且与传统的紫外-可见吸光光度法和荧光法进行对比。同步吸收-荧光光谱法测得罗丹明B,维生素B₂,维生素B₆与传统吸光光度法和荧光光谱法检测的吸收光谱图和荧光光谱的图谱大体一致。最大荧光强度波长与传统的荧光方法比较准确度高,但最大吸收波长略有偏差。同步吸收-荧光光谱法等同于同步测定荧光物质的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,实现二光谱合二为一,测定最大发射波长时准确度高,但最大吸收波长略有偏差,值得深一步研究。     

基于太赫兹超材料的微流体折射率传感器

太赫兹生物医学是目前光谱研究领域的热点,其主要难点在于如何有效避免水分的干扰,进行液相环境下样本的灵敏分析与检测。超材料太赫兹传感器由于具有高灵敏、快速检测、痕量分析等优势,而成为太赫兹生物医学传感领域的重要研究方法。设计加工了一种基于单开口谐振环超材料的太赫兹液相传感芯片,为了有效克服水对太赫兹波的强烈吸收,利用微纳加工技术刻蚀深度为50 μm的流体通道。传感芯片整合了超材料基底与PDMS流道,在THz频段有两个位于0.771和2.129 THz的谐振峰。以水、无水乙醇作为常见化学溶剂进行传感实验,相对于空白传感器本身的THz时域谱而言,液体的加入导致时域峰的相位延迟和幅度减小。同时,由于水的折射率大于乙醇,THz透射频谱结果显示为水的频移改变量大于乙醇,且峰2大于等于峰1。上述结果表明,构建的超材料液相传感芯片是一个灵敏的折射率传感器,也证明了该传感器在测量液态样品方面的可行性。此外,利用该芯片研究了不同浓度的PBS溶液,发现水溶液中加入离子会导致谐振频率红移（以水为参考）,随着离子浓度增加,谐振频率改变量依次增加,10X PBS红移量最大,峰1为22.9 GHz,峰2为30.5 GHz。比较两个谐振峰的传感性能,峰2的传感能力更好,但是峰1对低浓度的离子溶液更加敏感。因此,构建的微流体传感器及检测体系作为一个灵敏的折射率传感器,可开发一个灵敏的无标记THz传感平台,为太赫兹生物医学研究提供新思路。     

乙醇荧光光纤传感器的研究

将甲基丙烯酸3－（4′－N,N－二甲氨基）黄酮酯和丙烯酰胺,N,N’－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺共聚并共价键合在硅烷化的含乙烯基团的石英玻片上,制成了可测定乙醇的传感器。乙醇浓度在0％－90％（V／V）范围内,呈良好的线性关系。传感器对乙醇响应迅速,对50％乙醇测定的相对标准偏差为0．98％（n＝10）,传感器用于酒样中乙醇含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

Determination of thiophanate-methyl using UV absorption spectra based on multiple linear regression

As one worldwide used agent for fungi control in the fruit and vegetable field, thiophanate-methyl has been constituted a significant health risk. To determinate thiophanate-methyl, the method using UV absorption spectra based on multiple liner regression is used. Principal absorption wavelengths related closely with thiophanate-methyl ethanol solution are confirmed through analyzing the absorption spectra of thiophanate-methyl. Utilizing multiple linear regression, mathematical model between absorbance obtained from fourteen absorption wavelengths and thiophanate-methyl concentration is established. The result shows concentrations between the predicted values and measured values are well coincident and the related coefficient is 0.9853 over the concentration range 2–35 ppm.     

Simultaneous diode-laser-based in situ measurement of liquid water content and oxygen mole fraction in dense water mist environments

We performed what we believe are the first simultaneous in situ measurements of liquid water and oxygen concentrations in a dense water mist environment. Direct absorption tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was used to make oxygen concentrations and simultaneously quantify the liquid water via optical density measurements. This spectrometer with an absorption path length of only 36.8 cm was successfully tested during full-scale fire suppression tests with scattering losses up to 99.9%. The simultaneous oxygen and liquid water concentration measurements agree with fire suppression model calculations.     

On-line measurement of temperature and water vapor in CH_4 /air premixed flame using near-infrared diode laser

We establish a single diode laser sensor system to obtain temperature and water concentration in CH4/air premixed flame.Line-of-sight properties are analyzed,but line-of-sight results are not path average values for temperature measurements.The measurements are performed on a flat burner based on scannedwavelength direct absorption spectroscopy using two adjacent water lines at 7153.75 and 7154.35 cm 1.Real-time results are acquired using a data acquisition card with a Labview data processing program.The standard uncertainties of the temperature and water concentration measurements are 2.3% and 5.1%,respectively.     

Modelling of surface plasmon resonance sensor for detection of mass concentration of ethanol and methanol in a binary mixture

Modelling of a surface plasmon resonance sensor for detection of ethanol or methanol content in water is presented. The reflectivities of these sensors are derived using transfer matrix method and hence the corresponding sensitivity and detection accuracy are obtained in the presence of high index overlayer, like silicon and chalcogenide. It is observed that the resonant wavelength of surface plasmon resonance sensor is shifted toward higher wavelength with increase of refractive index and thickness of overlayer. Hence, by adjusting their values, the desired spectral operation range of this sensor is obtained. The sensitivity of this sensor with silicon overlayer is larger than the chalcogenide overlayer but at the same time detection accuracy is smaller. This sensor can be used to detect the mass concentration of ethanol, methanol and other similar materials. A method to obtain the percentage mass concentration of ethanol is discussed.     

光纤型偏振器消光比测试方法研究

介绍了单模光纤偏振器和保偏光纤偏振器 (包括研磨型保偏光纤偏振器和线圈型保偏光纤偏振器 )消光比的基本测试方法。单模光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有偏振控制器法和旋转波片法 ;研磨型保偏光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有起偏器 45°法和消偏法 ;线圈型保偏光纤偏振器的基本测试方法有偏振控制器法和消偏法。对每种方法的优点和缺点以及在测试过程中可能会出现的问题进行了详细分析 ,并通过实验进行了验证     

Fiber-optic pH sensor based on sol-gel film immobilized with neutral red

In this study, we developed a fiber-optic pH sensor based on a sol-gel film immobilized with neutral red (NR). A solgel film was prepared by mixing tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), trimethoxymethylsilane (MTMS), ethanol (EtOH), distilled water (H₂O), and NR powder. Accordingly, the thin pH sol-gel film was fabricated through a sol-gel process with a dip-coating method. The thickness and diameter of the fabricated pH sol-gel film are 0.11 and 0.6 mm, respectively. We measured the optical absorbance and the light intensity with the spectra of reflected light, which change with the color variation of the pH sol-gel film in the fiber-optic sensing probe. From the experimental results, we demonstrated that the proposed fiber-optic pH sensor has good reversibility, reproducibility, and a fast response time, in which the optical properties of the NR-based pH sol-gel film change with the pH value.     

Spectroscopic studies of microenvironment dictated structural forms of piroxicam and meloxicam

Long acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belonging to the oxicam group have attracted special interest because of their diverse biological functions. In this study we present the influence of microenvironment on the spectral properties of two oxicam drugs viz. piroxicam and meloxicam. For the two drugs, a high energy shift of the UV absorption maxima was observed with increasing drug concentrations both in protic solvent like ethanol and aprotic solvent like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Studies involving variation of percentage volume of water as well as pH, using absorption and steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, allow us to identify the principal species present at different concentrations of the drugs. It is found that even trace quantity of water present in the solvent becomes significant at low concentration of the drug making the water/drug ratio sufficiently large to support the formation of anion. As the concentration of the drug increases, the number of water molecules available per drug molecule decreases and most of the drug molecules face a relatively apolar environment in which zwitterionic/neutral species become predominant. This results in a concentration-dependent high-energy shift of the absorption maximum. This study demonstrates how microenvironments of these drugs guide the nature of the predominant form present in solution.     

Signal processing system in cavity enhanced spectroscopy

The paper presents a signal processing system used for nitrogen dioxide detection employing cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In this system, the absorbing gas concentration is determined by the measurement of a decay time of a light pulse trapped in a cavity. The setup includes a resonance optical cavity, which was equipped with spherical and high reflectance mirrors, the pulsed diode laser (414 nm) and electronic signal processing system. In order to ensure registration of low-level signals and accurate decay time measurements, special preamplifier and digital signal processing circuit were developed. Theoretical analyses of main parameters of optical cavity and signal processing system were presented and especially signal-to-noise ratio was taken into consideration. Furthermore, investigation of S/N signal processing system and influence of preamplifier feedback resistance on the useful signal distortion were described. The aim of the experiment was to study potential application of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy for construction of fully optoelectronic NO₂ sensor which could replace, e.g., commonly used chemical detectors. Thanks to the developed signal processing system, detection limit of NO₂ sensor reaches the value of 0.2 ppb (absorption coefficient equivalent = 2.8 × 10⁻⁹ cm⁻¹).     

谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器

本文提出了一种新颖的半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器系统结构.分析了半导体谱带吸收式光纤温度传感器的原理,推导了其数学模型.该传感器用反射式传感结构,以砷化镓半导体材料作为温度敏感元件,并利用除法器消除了传感器光源的波动及光纤的连接损耗,使传感器具有结构简单、抗环境干扰、高可靠性特点.文中对传感器的整个系统进行了设计和分析,并进行了实验测试,实验结果显示:该传感器在－20～110℃的温度范围内有1℃的测量精确度,并且温度从110℃降到15℃时的时间响应为25s.     

Effect of Ethanol on the Partition Coefficient Of Cyclohexylacetate Between Bulk and Cetyltrjmethylammonium Bromide Micellar Pseudophases

Variation of the partition coefficient of cyclohexylacetate (CA) was studied by a differential absorption spectroscopic method as a function of ethanol and (CTAB) cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide concentrations. Approach used was based upon the pseudo-two phase model, including effect of ethanol concentrations on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CTAB. Ethanol enhanced micelle formation of CTAB at concentrations below 1% by volume, had a slight inhibitory effect at higher concentrations and totally inhibited at a concentration above 15% by volume.

Various amounts of ethanol were used with a purpose of changing the solubility of CA in water. The differential absorbance (AA), was almost zero at low concentrations of CTAB, however an increase in AA began at a certain concentration of CTAB which can accordingly be assumed to be consistent with CMC of CTAB in the presence of ethanol. As CTAB concentration increased above CMC, ΔA reached a plateau. In this plateau, ΔA can reasonably be interpreted as the saturation of CA in micellar phase.

Plateau values of ΔA decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. This showed that the fraction of CA in the micellar phase depended on the ethanol concentration in terms of changing the solubility. Partition coefficients, K_c, were obtained from the plots of 1/ΔA against 1/[C_CA] +[C³ _m], which were linear in high CTAB concentrations. It was also seen that as ΔA, K_c decreased when the ethanol percentage were increased. In other words, the lower the solubility of CA in the bulk, the higher the partition coefficient.     

水分荧光光纤化学传感器

将具有溶致变色特性的４‘－Ｎ,Ｎ－二甲氨基黄酮基团与聚丙烯酰胺膜基体一起共价固定化在石英玻片上,制成了测定水的光导纤维化学传感器。传感是基于水对膜的荧光有强的猝灭作用。文中提出了猝灭方程。传感器具有好的可逆性和稳定性,重复测定含水４．００％和１６．０％的乙醇样品的相对标准偏差分别为０．３３％和０．６０％,这说明传感器还具有好的重现性。传感器用于９５％乙醇中水分的含量测定,结果与气相色谱法一致。     

干涉型光纤传感器信号检测技术的研究

光纤传感器是一种高灵敏度传感器，而信号检测技术是它的关键技术之一。介绍了干涉型光纤传感器的信号检测方法。首先简单分析了干涉型光纤传感器相位衰落现象产生的物理机制，然后分别介绍了各种抗相位衰落信号检测方法的基本工作原理和特点，着重讨论了其中几种主要的方法，详细分析了它们的优缺点、应用场合以及技术难点。最后对各种检测方法的主要性能进行了比较，并对它们的发展前景做了展望。     

光纤化学传感技术研究近况

光纤化学传感器作为传感器的一个重要分支,结合了化学和光学的相关技术,将化学制膜、光纤技术以及化学分析中的分光光度法、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、折射率检测等方法相融合,以其微型化,抗电磁干扰,传输信息量大,拥有自身参比等特点不断向前发展。简要综述了光纤化学传感技术研究近况和未来的发展趋势。重点对光纤pH化学传感器、光纤离子化学传感器和光纤气体化学传感器进行了介绍。简要分析了常见的敏感膜制备方法如化学键合法和溶胶凝胶(sol-gel)等方法。新型光纤——微结构光纤的出现为光纤化学传感器开辟了新的发展方向。由于其具有大的内表面积,结构设计灵活多样,光纤内部提供感应场所等特点,快速度成为光纤化学传感器的重要发展方向和研究热点。对微结构光纤衍生而来的新型光纤化学传感器进行了详细评述, 最后对光纤化学传感器的未来进行展望。