铝丝阵Z箍缩辐射产生机理初步研究

利用一维非平衡辐射磁流体力学程序研究了铝丝阵内爆过程中的能量转化规律和辐射产生机理.细致讨论了Z箍缩过程中脉冲功率驱动器电磁能馈入等离子体,等离子体动能转化为内能以及通过一系列原子过程电子内能转化为X射线辐射的能量转化机理.结合离子布居信息深入分析了Z箍缩过程中的辐射产生机理.结果表明,在内爆压缩阶段,电离和激发过程占优,线辐射占据总辐射的绝大部分.在滞止时,离子大都处于裸核离化度,连续谱辐射达到峰值.在滞止附近,线辐射出现两个峰值.在膨胀过程中,光电复合过程优于三体复合,线辐射占总辐射的份额逐渐下降.     

Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换机制研究

利用一维三温辐射磁流体力学程序对氖气和铝丝阵Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换过程进行了详细的数值研究，发现在内爆过程中离子和电子之间的碰撞能量交换是最主要的能量交换过程，其次是电子和光子之间的光电过程和轫致过程，而康普顿散射过程中的能量交换可以忽略不计；辐射出的x射线主要是在光电激发和光电复合过程中产生的，其次是在轫致辐射过程和康普顿散射过程中产生的.理论分析表明，辐射出的x射线能量可以超过，也可能小于其等离子体最大动能.数值模拟结果表明，在氖气Z箍缩中，辐射出的x射线能量没有超过其等离子体最大动能，而在铝丝阵列内爆中，辐射出的x射线能量超过了其等离子体最大动能，但小于磁压所做的功；在整个Z箍缩过程中欧姆加热能量是较小的. 关键词： Z箍缩 能量转换 x射线辐射     

Z箍缩内爆产生的电磁脉冲辐射

讨论了Z箍缩内爆产生的低频电磁脉冲的辐射特性. Z箍缩驱动金属丝阵或固体套筒高速内爆,部分磁能通过与负载的运动耦合而向外辐射. 理论结果表明,电磁脉冲辐射功率由电流和内爆轨迹共同决定. 在中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所的初级实验平台上开展了负载电流为7 MA,10%–90%上升时间65 ns的丝阵Z箍缩实验,根据实验测得的电流和内爆轨迹得到了电磁脉冲的辐射功率和频谱. 电磁脉冲峰值功率约为1 GW,能量约为0.5 J,能量转换效率约为10^-7;峰值频率位于20–70 MHz,具有较宽的辐射频谱. 电磁脉冲辐射参数远小于软X射线辐射参数（峰值功率为50 TW,能量为0.5 MJ）. 在弱相对论条件下,电磁脉冲辐射功率近似地正比于电流的6次方,随电流急剧增大. 软X射线辐射是丝阵Z箍缩过程中的主要能量转换形式,本文的研究结论表明,在更高的驱动电流下,电磁脉冲辐射将提供另一种重要的能量转换途径,势必会对诊断设备造成严重影响;此外,这类强电磁脉冲在其他领域也具有潜在的应用价值. 关键词： Z箍缩 内爆 电磁脉冲     

不可压缩等离子体的2维磁场重联模型

提出了一种2维磁场重联模型。磁场重联过程中的电荷分离在等离子体中产生静电场,等离子体在电场中的漂移运动可以解释阿尔芬速度量级的出流。该磁场重联模型给出如下结论:Sweet-Parker模型描述的重联率强烈地依赖于电子质量与离子质量之比;反常电阻率正比于离子惯性长度和电流片宽度比值的平方; 相对论效应和高温等离子体中电子-正电子对的产生可以提高重联率; 电磁波的激发对于磁能的损耗是必要的。     

腔靶X射线辐射特性实验研究

在上海“神光”装置上,对柱形腔靶X射线辐射的温度、光谱以及时间特性进行了实验研究,得到内爆区轴向温度随空间位置的变化特征。观测到腔内激光直接烧蚀靶物质产生的第一次X射线辐射和等离子体运动、汇聚形成的第二次X射线辐射,两次辐射的时间间隔为1.2ns。通过测量源区和内爆区X射线辐射空间能谱结构,结果表明源区X射线辐射能谱是非平衡的,而内爆区X射线辐射能谱近似为Planck谱。 关键词：     

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结合火箭模型和雪耙模型,建立了完整自洽的丝阵Z箍缩消融-内爆模型,分析了消融等离子体对丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学的影响,得到了比零维薄壳模型合理的内爆轨迹。在考虑消融等离子体向轴运动的情况下,计算了丝阵Z箍缩的内爆时间、内爆速度和动能,并且与零维薄壳模型进行了对比。结果表明,考虑消融等离子体运动得到的内爆动能低于零维薄壳模型计算结果,其内爆动能最大值所对应的负载线质量也低于薄壳模型。     

消融等离子体对金属丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学的影响

结合火箭模型和雪耙模型,建立了完整自洽的丝阵Z箍缩消融-内爆模型,分析了消融等离子体对丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学的影响,得到了比零维薄壳模型合理的内爆轨迹。在考虑消融等离子体向轴运动的情况下,计算了丝阵Z箍缩的内爆时间、内爆速度和动能,并且与零维薄壳模型进行了对比。结果表明,考虑消融等离子体运动得到的内爆动能低于零维薄壳模型计算结果,其内爆动能最大值所对应的负载线质量也低于薄壳模型。     

单层丝阵负载Z箍缩内爆辐射特性研究

在电流3—4MA的Angara-5-1脉冲装置上进行了单层钨丝阵Z箍缩实验,利用具有坪响应的X射线功率谱仪获得X射线功率,利用X射线纳秒分幅相机获得等离子体内爆辐射区图像.在丝阵直径相同时,实验得到较细的丝直径使得内爆较早,收缩比较大;较大的丝间隙使得内爆早期丝间等离子体不能有效的融合,而是较孤立的等离子体簇向内箍缩;较大的丝直径和丝间隙导致不稳定性波长较大.在丝阵直径不同,丝直径相当时,实验得到较大的丝阵直径内爆启动较早,具有较大的内爆速度,但等离子体在内爆过程中较分散.另外,较大的丝直径和丝阵直径使X射线辐射脉冲时间较宽.     

短脉冲强激光驱动磁重联过程的靶后电势分布特征

超短超强激光因其极端的物理参数范围以及可用于研究相对论等离子体等特征,成为当前激光驱动磁重联物理的研究热点.通常采用两路激光与平面靶相互作用实现激光驱动磁重联,然而在实验诊断中,由于激光等离子体自身的复杂性导致很难辨别磁重联的物理特征.本文对两路短脉冲激光驱动平面靶磁重联进行了数值模拟,重点分析了靶后电势分布特征和磁重联之间的关系.模拟结果显示,靶后电势分布可以直接影响被加速离子在探测面上的空间分布,因此可用来直接诊断短脉冲激光驱动磁重联实验.     

金属丝阵列Z箍缩装置中R—T不稳定性初步研究

近年来,对金属丝阵列Z箍缩的研究引起了Z箍缩物理界的极大兴趣。在这种位形中,能产生高密度和高温度的等离子体,甚至可能达到聚变条件。然而,等离子体内爆（Implosion)却受到R－T不稳定性的严重影响,因为等离子体受到无质量流体磁场的加速。Z箍缩内爆的效率主要取决于内爆的对称性和均匀性。但是,各种增加负载轴向极向对称性的尝试用于减弱Reighlay-Taylor(R-T)不稳定性,只能起到部分作用,不能使之达到高能量内爆。为了研究这种位形的不稳定性,英国帝国理工学院研究了MAGPIE装置的不稳定性,M.G.Hainese提出了一种直观的研究模型,把金属丝阵列Z箍缩的发展过程分为4个阶段,然后在每一个阶段推出其方程,最后对R－T不稳定性进行了定量分析。然而,却没有提出抑制或减弱R－T不稳定性,目前提出了几种方法,主要是：负载在轴向和极向高度对称;添加剪切轴流或剪切磁场以减弱R－T不稳定性的增长或饱和模的形成;反常粘滞效应推迟R－T不稳定性达到饱和,从而有效利用不稳定性为超强X射线功率输出服务。这些方法中有些得到了一定的发展,有的才开始进行研究。     

DC column plasma kinetics in a longitudinal magnetic field

The cylindrical column plasma of a neon dc glow discharge under the influence of a weak longitudinal magnetic field is studied. An extended, fully self-consistent model of the column plasma has been used to determine the kinetic quantities of electrons, ions and excited atoms, the radial space charge field, and the axial electric field for given discharge conditions. The model includes a nonlocal kinetic treatment of the electrons by solving their spatially inhomogeneous kinetic equation, taking into account the radial space charge field and the axial magnetic field. The treatment is based on the two-term expansion of the velocity distribution and comprises the determination of its isotropic and anisotropic components in the axial, radial, and azimuthal direction. A transition from a distinctly nonlocal kinetic behavior of the electrons in the magnetic-field-free case to an almost local kinetic behavior has been found by increasing the magnetic field. The establishment of the electron cyclotron motion around the column axis increasingly restricts the radial electron energy transport and reduces the radial ambipolar current. The complex interaction of these transport phenomena with the alterations in the charge carrier production leads finally to a specific variation of the electric field components. The axial field increases by applying weak magnetic fields, however, decreases with increasingly higher magnetic fields. At higher magnetic fields, the radial space-charge field is considerably reduced     

Self-regulation of solar coronal heating process via the collisionless reconnection condition

I propose a new paradigm for solar coronal heating viewed as a self-regulating process keeping the plasma marginally collisionless. The mechanism is based on the coupling between two effects. First, coronal density controls the plasma collisionality and hence the transition between the slow collisional Sweet-Parker and the fast collisionless reconnection regimes. In turn, coronal energy release leads to chromospheric evaporation, increasing the density and thus inhibiting subsequent reconnection of the newly reconnected loops. As a result, statistically, the density fluctuates around some critical level, comparable to that observed in the corona. In the long run, coronal heating can be represented by repeating cycles of fast reconnection events (nanoflares), evaporation episodes, and long periods of slow magnetic stress buildup and radiative cooling of the coronal plasma.     

Magnetic field annihilation and reconnection driven by femtosecond lasers in inhomogeneous plasma

The process of fast magnetic reconnection driven by intense ultra-short laser pulses in underdense plasma is investigated by particle-in-cell simulations. In the wakefield of such laser pulses, quasi-static magnetic fields at a few mega-Gauss are generated due to nonvanishing cross product ▽(n/) × p. Excited in an inhomogeneous plasma of decreasing density, the quasi-static magnetic field structure is shown to drift quickly both in lateral and longitudinal directions. When two parallel-propagating laser pulses with close focal spot separation are used, such field drifts can develop into magnetic reconnection(annihilation) in their overlapping region, resulting in the conversion of magnetic energy to kinetic energy of particles. The reconnection rate is found to be much higher than the value obtained in the Hall magnetic reconnection model. Our work proposes a potential way to study magnetic reconnection-related physics with short-pulse lasers of terawatt peak power only.     

Electron diamagnetic effect on axial force in an expanding plasma: experiments and theory

The axial force imparted from a magnetically expanding current-free plasma is directly measured for three different experimental configurations and compared with a two-dimensional fluid theory. The force component solely resulting from the expanding field is directly measured and identified as an axial force produced by the azimuthal current due to an electron diamagnetic drift and the radial component of the magnetic field. The experimentally measured forces are well described by the theory.     

Time window for magnetic reconnection in plasma configurations with velocity shear

It is shown that the rate of magnetic field line reconnection can be clocked by the evolution of the large-scale processes that are responsible for the formation of the current layers where reconnection can take place. In unsteady plasma configurations, such as those produced by the onset of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a plasma with a velocity shear, qualitatively different magnetic structures are produced depending on how fast the reconnection process develops on the external clock set by the evolving large-scale configuration.     

Effect of the magnetization parameter on electron acceleration during relativistic magnetic reconnection in ultra-intense laser-produced plasma

Relativistic magnetic reconnection (MR) driven by two ultra-intense lasers with different spot separation distances is simulated by a three-dimensional (3D) kinetic relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) code. We find that changing the separation distance between two laser spots can lead to different magnetization parameters of the laser plasma environment. As the separation distance becomes larger, the magnetization parameter σ becomes smaller. The electrons are accelerated in these MR processes and their energy spectra can be fitted with double power-law spectra whose index will increase with increasing separation distance. Moreover, the collisionless shocks' contribution to energetic electrons is close to the magnetic reconnection contribution with σ decreasing, which results in a steeper electron energy spectrum. Basing on the 3D outflow momentum configuration, the energetic electron spectra are recounted and their spectrum index is close to 1 in these three cases because the magnetization parameter σ is very high in the 3D outflow area.     

Nanoflare heating model for collisionless solar corona

The problem of coronal heating remains one of the greatest unresolved problems in space science. Magnetic reconnection plays a significant role in heating the solar corona. When two oppositely directed magnetic fields come closer to form a current sheet, the current density of the plasma increases due to which magnetic reconnection and conversion of magnetic energy into thermal energy takes place. The present paper deals with a model for reconnection occurring in the solar corona under steady state in collisionless regime. The model predicts that reconnection time in the solar corona varies inversely with the cube of magnetic field and varies directly with the Lindquist number. Our analysis shows that reconnections are occurring within a time interval of 600 s in the solar corona, producing nanoflares in the energy range 10 ²¹–10 ²³ erg /s which matches with Yohkoh X-ray observations.     

用X-pinch对双丝Z箍缩进行轴向X射线背光照相

利用PPG-1脉冲电流源(400 kA, 100 ns), 同时驱动X-pinch和双丝Z箍缩负载. 用X-pinch作为X射线源, 对双丝Z箍缩进行了轴向背光照相的初步实验. 得到了双丝Z箍缩在r-θ 平面上随时间演化的图像, 观察到了丝阵Z箍缩所有早期过程, 包括丝芯膨胀、冕层等离子体产生、等离子体向丝阵中心的运动、先驱等离子体形成. 利用阶跃光楔滤片, 对上述背光图像进行了等离子体质量面密度的标定, 首次得到了在r-θ平面上双丝Z箍缩等离子体质量面密度的时空分布图像.     

Fast magnetic reconnection in laser-produced plasma bubbles

Recent experiments have observed magnetic reconnection in high-energy-density, laser-produced plasma bubbles, with reconnection rates observed to be much higher than can be explained by classical theory. Based on fully kinetic particle simulations we find that fast reconnection in these strongly driven systems can be explained by magnetic flux pileup at the shoulder of the current sheet and subsequent fast reconnection via two-fluid, collisionless mechanisms. In the strong drive regime with two-fluid effects, we find that the ultimate reconnection time is insensitive to the nominal system Alfvén time.