NIR光谱的Isomap-PLS非线性建模方法

针对样品的近红外(NIR)光谱与其物理化学性质之间存在的非线性关系,提出了一种结合等距映射(Isomap)和偏最小二乘(PLS)的非线性建模新方法.Ison即是一种新的非线性降维方法,属于流形学习方法,能有效地发现高维数据中的本真低维结构.lsomap-PLS建模方法首先用Isomap对高维NIR光谱数据作非线性降维,再用PLS降维并建立校正模型.将Isomap-PLS建模方法分别应用于两个公开的NIR光谱标准数据集,并与PLS单独建模进行比较.结果表明,在两个数据集上,用Isomap-PLS方法建立的校正模型比单独用PLS算法建立的校正模型具有更小的交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV);对某些性质数据,Isomap-PLS模型比PLS模型的RMSECV值要小2～5倍.因此,Isomap能够有效反映NIR光谱中存在的非线性结构,lsomap-PLS比PLS具有更好的建模与预测能力.     

近红外光谱法结合最小二乘支持向量机测定烟叶中钙、镁元素

钙、镁是植物体内两种重要的无机元素,不直接吸收近红外光,但在植物体内与有机物结合(果胶酸钙、叶绿素)使得钙、镁元素可被近红外光谱技术(NIR)间接测定。使用NIR结合最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)这一非线性回归方法实现对烟叶中钙、镁的快速定量分析。设计了混合的建模策略将500个烟叶样本划分多个校正集和验证集,主成分分析-马氏距离方法用于选择建模样本,蒙特卡洛交互验证在多元散射校正、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、Savitzky-Golay平滑、求导、去趋势算法和标准化等多种算法及其组合中选择最佳的光谱预处理方法并优化光谱波长范围,多层网格搜索和十折交互验证确定LS-SVM模型的核函数参数σ2和正则化参数λ。最终使用LS-SVM分别建立钙和镁的定量模型,光谱预处理均选用SNV。钙元素的LS-SVM模型校正集决定系数R2c为0.975 5,外部验证集决定系数R2p为0.942 2;镁元素的R2c为0.996 1,R2p为0.930 1。钙、镁的LS-SVM模型结果均优于偏最小二乘回归模型结果(R2c钙=0.959 3,R2p钙=0.934 4,R2c镁=0.9582,R2p镁=0.894 2)。结果说明了使用近红外光谱结合LS-SVM技术准确测定烟叶中钙、镁元素是可行的。     

利用神经网络提高偏最小二乘法的NIR多组分分析精度

提出了一种神经网络(ANN)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)结合的新的近红外(NIR)多组分分析法。该方法首先把训练样本中待测组分涵盖的浓度区间分成若干个子区间,利用各个子区间的训练样本分别建立PLS校正模型,然后利用ANN对未知样本进行分类,判断其所属的浓度子区间,应用对应子区间上的校正模型计算预测样本的组分浓度。和传统的PLS比较,此方法改善了模型的适应性,显著地提高了预测精度。实验及数据处理结果证明了本方法的有效性。     

特征变量优选在苹果可溶性固形物近红外便携式检测中的应用

为实现苹果可溶性固形物(SSC)的便携式快速检测,利用环形光纤探头和微型光谱仪搭建便携式苹果可溶性固形物光谱采集系统,结合无信息变量消除(UVE)、遗传算法(GA)、竞争性自适应加权(CARS)算法筛选基于偏最小二乘(PLS)的苹果可溶性固形物的近红外光谱特征波长。另外,采用反向区间最小二乘支持向量机(BiLS-SVM)和GA算法优选基于LS-SVM的特征波长变量,分别建立所选特征波长和全波段的PLS模型和LS-SVM模型。试验结果表明,经过GA-CARS算法从全波段1 512个波长中筛选出的50个特征波长建立的PLS模型效果最好,其预测相关系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.962和0.403°Brix。利用该检测装置结合GA-CARS筛选的特征波长,可有效简化苹果可溶性固形物近红外便携式检测模型并提高模型的预测精度,为进一步构建便携式苹果可溶性固形物检测设备奠定了基础。     

近红外光谱与烟草样品总糖含量的非线性模型研究

针对烟草样品的近红外 (NIR)光谱与其总糖含量非线性相关的特点 ,提出了一种混合算法用于建立近红外光谱的非线性模型。该算法结合了偏最小二乘法 (PartialLeastSquare ,PLS)算法和人工神经网络(ArtificialNeuralNetwork ,ANN) ,把模型分成两个部分 :线性部分与非线性部分 ,并分别进行建模。与传统的多元校正算法PLS ,主成分回归 (PrincipleComponentRegression ,PCR) ,非线性PLS(NonlinearPLS ,NPLS)等相比 ,该混合算法所建的非线性参数模型的预测结果有明显的改善 ,从而为建立非线性模型提供了一种快速、准确的算法 ,可用于烟草样品总糖含量的定量分析。     

多因变量LS-SVM回归算法及其在近红外光谱定量分析中的应用

以LS-SVM算法为基础,建立了权重可优化的多因变量LS-SVM回归模型,给出了相应的算法(MIS-SVM),并从理论上说明了它与IS-SVM的关系.以64个高粱样品为实验材料,其中建模集与预测集中样品的比例为51:13.从区间[0,1]之间均匀地随机选取5组权重,根据预测平均相对误差最小的准则,按照LOO方式确定了一组合适的权重及参数,建立了近红外光谱同时分析三个化学组分蛋白质、赖氨酸和淀粉的多因变量定量分析模型.结果得到三个组分模型的预测值与实际值的平均相对误差分别为1.65%,6.47%和1.37%,相关系数分别为0.994 0,0.839 2和0.882 5,而LS-SVM算法建模预测三个组分的平均相对误差分别为1.68%,6.25%和1.47%,相关系数分别为0.994 1,0.831 0和0.880 0.可见MIS-SVM算法与LS-SVM算法的建模分析效果相当,且都取得了较满意的结果,验证了MLS-SVM算法同时定量分析多组分含量的可行性.另外,文章也验证了不同权重对MLS-SVM算法的预测性能有一定影响,由此表明在实际多因变量建模分析中对权重进行优化是必要的.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的番茄汁糖酸度分析研究

近红外光谱应用于农产品内部品质无损检测的方法引起人们的广泛关注,在分析过程中建立一个稳定可靠的模型用于处理非线性数据集是十分重要的,也是有一定难度的.目前常用的偏最小二乘(PLS)、主成分回归(PCR)以及逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)等方法还不能解决这类问题.文章提出了将基于统计学原理的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)回归方法用于番茄汁的近红外(NIR)光谱分析,预测番茄汁品质(糖度和有效酸度).运用LS-SVM方法以67个番茄汁样本建模,采用高斯径向基函数(RBF)为核函数,对33个样本进行糖酸度预测,糖度的相关系数为0.990 25,均方根标准预测误差为0.0056°Brix;有效酸度的相关系数为0.967 5,均方根标准预测误差为0.024 5.结果表明,LS-SVM方法要优于PLS和PCR建模方法,是一种快速、准确的近红外光谱分析方法.     

以高光谱数据有效预测苹果可溶性固形物含量

从高光谱数据中选取能够有效进行内部品质检测的特征波长,是利用高光谱成像技术进行水果品质定量分析的关键.本文采用遗传算法(GA)、连续投影算法(SPA)和GA-SPA算法分别从400～1 000 nm的苹果高光谱图像中提取特征波长,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、最小二乘支撑向量机(LS-SVM)和多元线性回归(MLR)建模进行苹果可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的定量分析并进行了综合比较.160个样品中,120个用于建模,40个用于预测.比较发现SPA-MLR模型获得了最好的结果,R2p,RMSEP和RPD分别为0.950 1,0.308 7和4.476 6.结果表明:SPA能够有效地用于高光谱数据的变量选择,利用SPA-MLR可建立稳健的苹果SSC预测模型,较少的有效变量和MLR模型的易解释性表明该模型在在线检测和便携式仪器开发中具有较大的应用潜力.     

PLS-GRNN法近红外光谱多组分定量分析研究

研究了偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)与广义回归神经网络(generalized regression neural networks,GRNN)联用在近红外光谱多组分定量分析中的应用.以饲料样品为实验材料,采用PLS-GRNN法建立了饲料中水溶性氯化物、粗纤维、脂肪三项组分含量近红外光谱定量分析模型.马氏距离法剔除强影响点和奇异点,用PLS法将原始数据压缩为主成分,取8个主成分吸收峰与4个原始图谱特征峰值输入GRNN网络,网络光滑因子σi为0.1.PLS-GRNN模型对样品3个组分含量的预测决定系数(r2)分别为:0.984 0,0.987 0,0.983 0;样品平行扫描光谱预测值的标准偏差分别为:0.003 26,0.065 5,0.031 4.结果表明所建PLS-GRNN模型通过近红外光谱能够准确预测饲料中水溶性氯化物、粗纤维、脂肪三项组分含量,为近红外光谱进行多组分定量分析提供了新思路,同时为解决近红外快速检测技术在预测组分含量较低的样品时误差相对较大的问题提供了可靠的方法.     

基于遗传算法的苹果糖度近红外光谱分析

遗传算法(GA)应用在偏最小二乘法(PLS)校正模型的波段优化选择中具有显著的效果.将遗传算法用于波段选择,能更快达到最优解,有效提高测量精度,减少建模所用变量.文章研究了在近红外苹果糖度无损检测中,遗传算法作为模块进行波段选择,建立了GA-PLS模型;为了说明遗传算法优选波段可行性,另外建立了全谱和经验谱区的PLS定量模型,并评价了模型的稳健性.首先对傅里叶变换近红外光谱进行多元散射校正、Savitky-Golay卷积平滑后,用遗传算法优选波段(R-SGA),参与建模数据点从原始1 550减少到434个.然后采用一阶导数光谱建立GA-PLS模型,相比全谱PLS(1 550个数据点)和经验谱区PLS(717个数据点)模型具有更高的预测精度,其建模结果为RC=0.966,RMSEC=0.469,Rp=0.954,RMSEP=0.797.结果表明,遗传算法可用于PLS法建立苹果糖度校正模型前的数据优化筛选,有效提高测量精度,并减少建模变量.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.