求解流动和传热问题的一种新的全隐算法-CLEAR(下)

本文上篇阐述了CLEAR算法的推导过程和计算步骤,本文下篇通过五个二维不可压缩流动和传热的算例,对CLEAR算法和SIMPLER算法进行了比较,比较的内容为,在相同的收敛条件下, CLEAR算法和SIMPLER算法收敛所需的迭代次数的比值和对应的CPU时间的比值,以及这两个比值和时步倍率的关系,从而进一步研究了CLEAR算法的健壮性。计算结果表明,CLEAR算法可以在很大程度上加速迭代收敛,就所比较的算例而言,其可以节省迭代次数31％-85％,节省CPU时间17％-78％,而且该算法的健壮性可以通过引入第二松弛因子而得以提高。     

斜入射周期结构模拟的迭代时域有限差分方法

基于时域有限差分法引入一种基于迭代的算法,主要原理是通过时间步进方式,用先迭代产生的已知场近似当前迭代所需的未知场,使近似场和真实场之差随迭代次数的增加而逐渐减小.探讨了该算法的具体实现过程,给出了收敛性分析,发现无限长金板反射系数的计算结果与解析解在数值上高度一致,从而验证了该方法的正确性.将该算法引入到三维色散结构模型仿真中,从理论上验证了在硅表面放置纳米圆柱结构所具有的超透射现象.研究表明,所构建方法克服了传统方法受入射角度限制、缺少时域场演化过程和需要大量网格剖分等方面的缺点,为色散周期结构在斜入射条件下的传输特性研究提供了新的解决途径.     

基于全变分最小化和快速一阶方法的低剂量CT有序子集图像重建

低剂量计算机断层成像(computed tomography,CT)具有减少X射线对患者的伤害的优势.本文主要针对从不完备投影数据重建出高质量低剂量CT图像的问题.通常,这个问题可以通过统计图像重建方法来实现,而统计重建算法需要非常多的迭代次数,导致了巨大的计算时间压力,以至于很难应用在实践中.为解决此问题,本文提出一种有序子集重建算法,该算法结合了全变分最小化和快速一阶方法以减少重建的迭代次数,采用Split Bregman交替方向法求解上述优化问题,利用投影到凸集合的方法加快迭代的收敛速率.实验结果表明,在同样的迭代次数下,本文提出的方法与基于有序子集的一阶方法相比较,相对重建误差的下降速度更快.     

基于预条件LANCZOS算法快速实现三维地电场正演计算

针对三维地电场正演计算过程中形成的超大规模稀疏线性方程组,采用不完全Cholesky分解方法进行预条件处理,经过条件数改善后形成的新线性方程组的系数矩阵变为一个近似的单位矩阵,再应用Lanczos算法将会提高数值计算的稳定性,加快迭代收敛的速度,通常在迭代次数远小于系数矩阵阶数时就能得到较好精确解的近似值,为下一步的电阻率三维反演计算打下了非常好的基础.     

基于迭代学习的离散切换系统故障估计

针对一类具有任意切换序列的离散切换系统的故障估计问题,提出了一种新的故障估计算法.该算法利用引入的虚拟故障信号构建出故障估计器,并利用残差信号通过迭代学习方法对引入的虚拟故障进行逐次修正.使虚拟故障随着迭代次数的增加逐渐逼近实际故障.利用压缩映射方法严格证明了算法在各个子区间上的收敛性,给出了算法的收敛条件.理论分析表明,所提算法能够在有限区间上精确估计出切换系统发生的不同类型故障.最后通过仿真实验进一步验证了所提算法的有效性.     

用常数周期脉冲方法控制耦合标准映象的混沌

将用常数周期脉冲方法控制保守系统的混沌运动的方法，用于控制高维系统耦合标准映象的混沌运动，计算了系统参数k=0.8和耦合常数β=0.04的有限时间李雅普诺夫指数，考察了不同系统参数和耦合常数下的有限时间李雅普诺夫指数随迭代次数的演化规律，从各次迭代的有限时间收敛区选择满足期望动力学特征的轨道片段，施加适当的脉冲强度找出其对应的周期不动点，从而得到期望的周期转道。     

对迭代最小二乘法天文像复原方法的改进

在天文班点成像技术中，Hofmann等提出的迭代最小二乘法－－积木法，能避免在由被观测目标像的重谱复原相位谱时复杂的相位递推过程，因此相误差的传递和积累也被消除了，但在该方法中，存在着新的问题；需要大量投放木块的迭代次数和长时间的处理过程，为提高该方法的工作效率，用“迭代位移叠加法”对目标斑点图进行预处理，经少数几次位移叠加的步骤后，很快就提供了目标像的基本结构和分布，得到了积木块投放点的位置，从而避免了盲目投放，大大减少了迭代投放的次数，显著地提高了该方法的效率。     

多群辐射扩散方程组的分裂迭代算法收敛分析

分析了多群辐射扩散方程组的分裂迭代算法的收敛速度,证明其收敛特性,给出迭代矩阵谱半径的解析公式.对谱半径进行数值计算与分析,揭示算法的收敛速度与辐射系数之间的依赖关系,数值算例验证了理论结果,给出了该算法的适用条件.     

基于快速迭代有限差分强度传输方程的相位恢复

强度传输方程(TIE)是用于非干涉相位恢复的重要手段之一.传统方法受限于输入图像的形状或收敛速度,进而限制了TIE的普遍性和相位恢复效率.因此,提出了一种基于快速迭代有限差分法(FIFDM)的TIE相位恢复方法.该方法在基于有限差分法(FDM)的TIE求解方法的基础上,考虑迭代过程中各点的相关性并引入松弛因子来实现相位恢复.仿真和实验结果表明,与离散余弦变换(DCT)法、FDM相比,所提方法具有更快的恢复速度、更高的准确性和更强的抗噪性能.     

基于扇束双投影方向的改进迭代层析成像算法

提出一种适用于气体扩散分布重建的改进代数迭代算法.针对投影射线扇束构型及双投影方向,在算法迭代步骤中引入先验矩阵,对迭代结果间隔性地进行中值滤波.以高斯烟羽模型为测试对象,分析迭代次数、松弛因子及不同滤波器使用策略对重建结果的影响,结果表明:迭代次数为500次,松弛因子为2时,均方误差、峰值相对误差基本收敛,并将波峰控制在一定范围内.改进代数迭代算法的均方误差、峰值相对误差重建指标优于传统代数迭代重建算法;同时,改进后算法能够准确定位波峰,完成尾峰重建,具有较强的抗噪性.     

高光谱成像技术在果蔬品质与安全无损检测中的原理及应用

水果和蔬菜的品质与安全是消费者最为关心的问题。传统的化学检测方法是一种费时费力的破坏性检测技术。随着成像和光谱技术的快速发展,高光谱成像技术已经广泛应用于农产品品质与安全的快速无损检测中。高光谱成像技术融合了传统的成像和光谱技术的优点,可以同时获取被检测物体的空间信息和光谱信息,因此该技术既可以像检测物体的外部品质,又可以像光谱技术一样检测物体的内部品质和品质安全。目前,已经有大量的基于高光谱成像技术检测水果和蔬菜品质与安全的研究性论文发表,为了深入了解高光谱成像技术的检测原理并跟踪国内外最新的研究进展,综述了高光谱成像技术在水果和蔬菜外部品质、内部品质和品质安全检测中的原理、发展和应用。另外,还简要介绍和讨论了高光谱成像系统的构成、常用的数据分析方法、发展趋势及面临的挑战。     

基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测研究进展

为保证食品安全和消费者健康,无损检测技术广泛应用于果蔬质量检测中。光谱和图像技术可分别获取果蔬的内部和外部信息,成为质量检测的有效工具。为跟踪国内外研究进展并分析研究现况,从果蔬外部品质(尺寸、形状、表面缺陷、颜色、纹理等)、内部品质(内部缺陷、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、水分、类胡萝卜素等单一品质及综合品质)、成熟度、货架期/贮藏期、产品溯源、生长监测、安全(农药残留、病虫和细菌侵染、转基因产品等)检测及光学系统设计等方面综述了光谱和成像技术的应用,分析了存在的图谱库不完善、解混处理算法复杂、高精度和便携式的光学系统开发力度不够、校正模型的影响因素复杂等问题。然后,归纳了发展趋势,指出了各组分可视化分析及交互作用机理解析、光与果蔬组织的交互作用机理分析和光学特性参数反演等光学特性分析、科学合理的综合评价体系的建立、新算法的应用和多种算法的联合使用、不同算法的可靠性和稳定性的提高、稳定和普适模型的建立、低成本和便携式等光学分析仪器的商品化开发和商业化应用等成为进一步探索的方向,为基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测发展提供了参考。     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

光谱及成像技术在果蔬损伤检测研究中的应用现状与展望

果蔬在收获、运输、贮藏、分拣、包装和销售过程中均会遭受不同程度的挤压、碰撞或摩擦,从而造成果蔬损伤,如挤伤、开裂、擦伤等外部损伤,同时,在生长过程中会产生黑心、水心、褐腐、霉心等内部损伤。果蔬损伤初期特征不明显,外观与正常果实基本无异,然而随着时间的推移,损伤组织恶化扩散,最终导致整个果实腐烂变质,又进而接触感染其他果实,造成周边甚至整箱果蔬病变,对果蔬产业造成巨大的经济损失。果蔬采后损伤检测方法多种多样,其中人工检测最为简单常用,但是该方法不仅耗时耗力,容易造成错判和漏判现象,而且无法实现肉眼不可见的皮下或内部损伤检测。近年来,随着计算机技术的快速发展,越来越多的无损检测技术被广泛应用于果蔬损伤检测,其中最为常用的当属光谱和成像技术。光谱成像技术通常结合图像处理、光谱分析、化学计量学方法、统计分析等手段,利用损伤果蔬和正常果蔬的图谱信号差异实现损伤检测,具有无损、快速等优点,能解决人工检测耗时耗力且准确率低的问题。在此主要概述了8种光谱及成像技术（近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、高光谱成像、空间频域成像、核磁成像、X射线成像和热成像）在果蔬损伤检测的最新研究进展,包括检测原理及其技术特点,总结分析了各技术在果蔬损伤检测方面的应用情况,并展望未来发展趋势,以期为果蔬损伤无损检测提供借鉴与参考。     

Power ultrasound in the meat industry (freezing,cooking and fermentation): Mechanisms,advances and challenges

High intensity ultrasound (HIUS) has a wide range of applications in different sectors of food processing. It is a promising and emerging technology demonstrating the potential to promote food processes without or at least damage to the quality of products. Among the processes of the meat industry, freezing, thawing, cooking and fermentation are very sensitive and important, because they have significant effects on product quality and are also very energy and time consuming. This review paper provides an interpretation of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) applications, a summary of recent outstanding published research and an overview of the freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation processes in meat and its products assisted by HIUS. The effects, benefits and drawbacks as well as the challenges ahead in the commercialization of this technology in the meat industry are studied. The research results confirmed that the use of HIUS in the meat freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation in combination with the corresponding processing methods demonstrates a great potential to promote the process, improve the general quality of the final product and reduce the time and energy required. However, many issues remain that require further research to address these challenges. These challenges and subsequent research that is useful for developing and increasing the efficiency of this technology have been reviewed. After the literature review, it is concluded that HIUS may be a useful technology for meat processing because of its significant effects on the quality factors and related process variables that leads to the preservation of the initial nutritional and sensory properties of meat and its products. Of course, research must be continued to eliminate the disadvantages or minimize the undesirable effects of this technology on the final product and to remove barriers to commercialization and optimization of this method.     

陕北侏罗纪富镜煤和富惰煤分子结构的FTIR，XPS和13C NMR表征

侏罗纪优质煤炭资源为煤制油、制气等清洁高效利用提供了丰富的物质基础,其显微组分以富集惰质组为特征,而镜质组与惰质组大分子结构在很大程度上决定了煤的物理化学性质和工艺性能,进而决定了煤炭资源的综合利用效率及附加值。采集并制备了陕北侏罗纪煤田小保当煤矿和柠条塔煤矿的原煤(XR)、富镜质组煤(XV、NV)和富惰质组煤(XI、NI)样品,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、固体13C核磁共振谱(13C NMR)等手段,结合煤质分析结果,定量表征了不同显微组分富集物分子结构的差异。研究结果表明：XI和NI煤中芳烃结构芳环取代程度低,主要以3个相邻、4~5个相邻的氢原子形式存在,苯环上氢原子较少被其他官能团取代,同时其结构中芳烃C═C骨架振动明显,脂肪结构中亚甲基伸缩振动强度较低,并且甲基含量略高于富镜煤,C═O基团相对含量略高,表明富惰煤有较多含氧桥键相连的芳香结构,其结构中脂族链、脂环基团脱落、断裂以及芳烃富集,支链相对较少且长度较短,芳碳率、芳香度、芳环缩合程度及成熟度较高。XV和NV煤中表面结构中碳的赋存形态“C—C,C—H”,“C—O”的相对含量高于富惰煤,反映其结构中应含较多的芳环取代的脂肪族侧链,XI和NI煤表面结构中氧的赋存形态以“C—O”为主,“C═O”和“COO—”明显高于富镜煤。XV和XI煤的芳碳率分别为57.91%和66.02%,脂甲基碳分别为10.02%和7.84%,质子化芳碳为非质子化芳碳的两倍,XV煤的羰基和羧基碳相对含量较高,两者桥碳和周碳之比分别为0.25和0.40,芳香核结构平均缩合环数分别为2.68和3.03,平均尺寸分别为0.448和0.676 nm,XI煤结构中芳香核以萘和蒽为主,支链化度L_γ分别为0.22和0.19,表明XV比XI存在较多脂肪侧链、饱和环结构,生烃(油)潜力大。     

Design and simulation of the wire scanner for the injector linac of BEPC Ⅱ

BEPC Ⅱ,the upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC),is an accelerator with large beam current and high luminosity,so an efficient and stable injector is required.Several beam diagnostic and monitoring instruments are used.A new diagnostic instrument--wire scanner,has been designed and will be used to nleasure the profile of the linac beam of BEPC Ⅱ.This paper describes the prototype of this system and the cause of heat generating of the wire.Some simulation results of the heat and force by using finite element method software-ANSYS(R),2) are presented and discussed.     

Spectroscopic and nano-molecular modeling investigation on the binary and ternary bindings of colchicine and lomefloxacin to Human serum albumin with the viewpoint of multi-drug therapy

Combination of several drugs is often necessary especially during long-term therapy. The competitive binding drugs can cause a decrease in the amount of drug bound to protein and increase the biological active fraction of the drug. The aim of this study is to analyze the interactions of Lomefloxacin (LMF) and Colchicine (COL) with human serum albumin (HSA) and to evaluate the mechanism of simultaneous binding of LMF and COL to protein. Fluorescence analysis was used to estimate the effect of drugs on the protein fluorescence and to define the binding and quenching properties of drugs-HSA complexes. The binding sites for LMF and COL were identified in tertiary structure of HSA with the use of spectrofluorescence analysis. The analysis of fluorescence quenching of HSA in the binary and ternary systems show that LMF does not affect the complex formed between COL and HSA. On the contrary, COL decreases the interaction between LMF and HSA. The results of synchronous fluorescence, resonance light scattering and circular dichroism spectra of binary and ternary systems show that binding of LMF and COL to HSA can induce micro-environmental and conformational changes in HSA. The simultaneous presence of LMF and COL in binding to HSA should be taken into account in the multi-drug therapy, and necessity of using a monitoring therapy owning to the possible increase of the uncontrolled toxic effects. Molecular modeling of the possible binding sites of LMF and COL in binary and ternary systems to HSA confirms the spectroscopic results.     

Nanomaterials and Water Purification: Opportunities and Challenges

Advances in nanoscale science and engineering suggest that many of the current problems involving water quality could be resolved or greatly ameliorated using nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes and nanoparticle enhanced filtration among other products and processes resulting from the development of nanotechnology. Innovations in the development of novel technologies to desalinate water are among the most exciting and promising. Additionally, nanotechnology-derived products that reduce the concentrations of toxic compounds to sub-ppb levels can assist in the attainment of water quality standards and health advisories. This article gives an overview of the use of nanomaterials in water purification. We highlight recent advances on the development of novel nanoscale materials and processes for treatment of surface water, groundwater and industrial wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, radionuclides, organic and inorganic solutes, bacteria and viruses. In addition, we discuss some challenges associated with the development of cost effective and environmentally acceptable functional nanomaterials for water purification.     

二阶导数荧光分光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酷氨酸

本文描述了用二阶导数荧光光度法同时测定色氨酸和酪氨酸。在 p H 7.4的条件下 ,用 2 2 1nm作为激发波长 ,记录色氨酸和酪氨酸的发射光谱 ,并进行二阶导数处理。色氨酸在 318nm处 ,酪氨酸在 2 83nm处 ,二阶导数峰高与浓度成线性关系。色氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为 c =0 .0 0 0 7H - 0 .0 0 4,r =0 .996 4,线性范围为 0 .0 0 4到 0 .2 0 0μg . m L- 1 。酪氨酸工作曲线的线性回归方程为 c =0 .0 0 12 H -0 .0 0 40 ,r=0 .9971。线性范围为 0 .0 0 2到 0 .2 5 0 μg· m L- 1 。实验了 p H、温度和干扰离子对测定的影响 ,测定了苹果中的色氨酸和酪氨酸的含量 ,回收率分别为 (92 .0～ 10 4.0 ) %和 (98.70～ 10 2 .0 ) % ,相对标准偏差分别为 3.5 %和 2 .8%。