预平衡核反应统计理论与Hauser-Feshbach公式

本文给出了一个简单明了的理论证明, 证明目前各种预平衡反应的微观理论或唯象模型给出的反应截面中来自平衡部分的贡献就是通常的Hauser-Feshbach公式, 并且Hauser-Feshbach公式给出反应截面的主要部分. 这个结论在物理上是直观的, 虽然有人用数值计算的办法对它进行了说明, 但我们的证明是一个简明的理论证明, 因而更为严格.     

关于Young—Laplace公式的吉布斯自由能证明

对于为论证球形液滴附加压强的Young-Laplace公式而设计的一个理想实验,有文献试图借助吉布斯自由能函数进行证明,本文给出符合这一条件的证明方法.     

关于静电场中唯一性定理的证明

静电场中唯一性定理的证明一般都采用反证法,但出发点有所不同.有的利用格林公式,但大多数证明是首先人为构造一个函数,然后作面积分或体积分来证明.本文对唯一性定理的证明虽仍采用反证法,但从计算电势的差值解Φ=Φ′—Φ″所描述的静电场的能量 W_e 出发作推证,给出了较清晰的物理概念和较明确的物理意义,有利于教学.     

厄米算符本征函数完备性的一般证明

从一组完备的本征函数开始,以表象原理为前提,建立一个唯象的公式,利用反证法证明了力学量算符的完备性,即这一组完备的本征函数可以投影到力学量算符的本征函数空间中.从而给出了力学量算符本征函数完备性的一般证明.     

用初等数学证明棱镜的最小偏向角公式

最小偏向角是棱镜的重要特性之一.在普通物理实验书籍中,都是用微分法证明最小偏向角公式的,本文试图用初等数学证明该公式.光线经棱镜折射沿BCDE 通过.偏向角是指入射光线BC 与出射光线DE 之间的夹角δ,如图所示,i_1和i_2分别是入射光线和出射光     

放射性递次衰变系列中长期平衡公式的证明

提出了放射性递次衰变系列中存在的长期平衡公式的证明问题,指出该问题可以利用巴特曼公式来解决,在对巴特曼公式做出详细说明的基础上,给出了长期平衡公式的简要证明,另外,举例说明了长期平衡公式的应用。     

一种新的Glauber公式的证明方法

Glauber公式在量子力学中有着重要的应用,教科书中证明它的方法可以分为两种。一种是构造一个含有参变量的算符指数的函数,然后对参变量微分并利用Baker-Hausdorff公式,最后得到微分方程并积分求解得证。此方法存在一点瑕疵,因为在积分的过程中需要将算符放在分母,然而算符所对应的矩阵是没有除法的。另一种是先证明考虑算符对易性质的两个算符相加的二项式定理与不考虑算符对易性质的两个算符相加的二项式定理之间的关系,然后直接将Glauber公式中两个算符和的指数做展开并利用上述关系直接证明。此方法的证明过程略显复杂。本文通过构造、利用Baker-Hausdorff公式和算符的指数展开公式,给出了一种新的Glauber公式的证明方法。     

安培环路定理的证明

在很多电磁学的教科书里,都是用无穷长直载流 导线的特例,得出安培环路定理,然后说这个定理是 普遍成立的,但不作证明.这是因为,要在一般情况 下证明安培环路定理,颇为费事,只有在深一些的电 磁学书里才讲到.通常有三种证明方法.第一种是磁壳法[1,2,3,4],把载有电流的闭合回路看成磁壳(磁偶 极层),用单位磁荷在空间走一个闭合环路时磁场力作 的功导出安培环路定理.第二种是矢位法[5.6,7],先求 出电流密度j产生的矢位A, 然后根据磁感强度B与矢位A的关系和矢量分析的公式,得出再考虑磁介质的影响,引入磁场强度H的定义,然后便得出安培环路定…     

浅谈两个误差公式的证明

在误差理论中,Bessel公式σ_x~2=1/n-1 sum from i=1 to n(x_i-x)~2 (1)是估算测量列x_1,…,x_n方差的基本公式(式中x=1/n sum from i=1 to n x_i为平均值).对于它的证明,一般有两种方法:一种按误差是随机变量的观点,通过求上式的数学期望来证明。这对不熟悉概率论的初学者(例如大学低年级学生)来说,恐怕不易接受。另一种是按方差的下述定义:     

严格证明克劳修斯等式的一种可行方法

论述了一种从数学上严格证明克劳修斯等式的新方法，指出可逆循环热温比积分的数学实质是第二类曲线积分，并通过格林公式和能态方程证明了克劳修斯等式，最后指出了克劳修斯熵的引入数学上等价于寻找到一个合适的积分因子.     

The Kirchhoff gauge

We discuss the Kirchhoff gauge in classical electrodynamics. In this gauge, the scalar potential satisfies an elliptical equation and the vector potential satisfies a wave equation with a nonlocal source. We find the solutions of both equations and show that, despite of the unphysical character of the scalar potential, the electric and magnetic fields obtained from the scalar and vector potentials are given by their well-known retarded expressions. We note that the Kirchhoff gauge pertains to the class of gauges known as the velocity gauge.     

近场条件下的扫描成象方程

本文考察了传统(远场)扫描成象方程,发现它们在近场条件下不成立.通过引入一个探测效率因子,我们建立了对近场条件与远场条件都成立的统一的扫描成象方程.同时我们还分别采用标量Kirchhof模型和矢量Bethe-Bouwkamp模型对探测效率因子进行了计算,计算结果表明它们都与探针孔径成正比,但后者的分布要比前者宽约6倍.     

2-D analytic model for inductively coupled plasma sources. I.Electromagnetic model and kinetic analysis

Inductively coupled plasma sources (ICPS) have recently received increasing interest for semiconductor etching and deposition. A 2-D (r, z) electromagnetic (EM) model of ICPS is developed in terms of the mode analysis (MA) technique. Based upon the eigenmode expansion, a closed-form of the vector and scalar potentials of the EM fields is obtained, which provides exact and fast computing for the EM fields in the structure. By means of the Boltzmann-Vlasov equation, a 2-D model is established to describe the kinetic behaviors of plasmas. The closed-form solution for calculating induced space-currents is given, in which a collisionless coupled damping dominates the interaction mechanism between the induced RF wave and plasmas. In this connection, the 2-D coupled damping effect will be analyzed in detail in the following paper     

Canonical Drude Weight for Non-integrable Quantum Spin Chains

The Drude weight is a central quantity for the transport properties of quantum spin chains. The canonical definition of Drude weight is directly related to Kubo formula of conductivity. However, the difficulty in the evaluation of such expression has led to several alternative formulations, accessible to different methods. In particular, the Euclidean, or imaginary-time, Drude weight can be studied via rigorous renormalization group. As a result, in the past years several universality results have been proven for such quantity at zero temperature; remarkably, the proofs work for both integrable and non-integrable quantum spin chains. Here we establish the equivalence of Euclidean and canonical Drude weights at zero temperature. Our proof is based on rigorous renormalization group methods, Ward identities, and complex analytic ideas.     

Local and non-local curvature approximation: a new asymptotic theory for wave scattering

Abstract

We present a new asymptotic theory for scalar and vector wave scattering from rough surfaces which federates an extended Kirchhoff approximation (EKA), such as the integral equation method (IEM), with the first and second order small slope approximations (SSA). The new development stems from the fact that any improvement of the ‘high frequency’ Kirchhoff or tangent plane approximation (KA) must come through surface curvature and higher order derivatives. Hence, this condition requires that the second order kernel be quadratic in its lowest order with respect to its Fourier variable or formally the gradient operator. A second important constraint which must be met is that both the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) and the first order small perturbation method (SPM-1 or Bragg) be dynamically reached, depending on the surface conditions. We derive herein this new kernel from a formal inclusion of the derivative operator in the difference between the polarization coefficients of KA and SPM-1. This new kernel is as simple as the expressions for both Kirchhoff and SPM-1 coefficients. This formal difference has the same curvature order as SSA-1 + SSA-2. It is acknowledged that even though the second order small perturbation method (SPM-2) is not enforced, as opposed to the SSA, our model should reproduce a reasonable approximation of the SPM-2 function at least up to the curvature or quadratic order. We provide three different versions of this new asymptotic theory under the local, non-local, and weighted curvature approximations. Each of these three models is demonstrated to be tilt invariant through first order in the tilting vector.     

Variations on the Kepler problem

The elliptical orbits resulting from Newtonian gravitation are generated with a multifaceted symmetry, mainly resulting from their conservation of both angular momentum and a vector fixing their orientation in space—the Laplace or Runge-Lenz vector. From the ancient formalisms of celestial mechanics, I show a rather counterintuitive behavior of the classical hydrogen atom, whose orbits respond in a direction perpendicular to a weak externally-applied electric field. I then show how the same results can be obtained more easily and directly from the intrinsic symmetry of the Kepler problem. If the atom is subjected to an oscillating electric field, it enjoys symmetry in the time domain as well, which is manifest by quasi-energy states defined only modulo ħω. Using the Runge-Lenz vector in place of the radius vector leads to an exactly-solvable model Hamiltonian for an atom in an oscillating electric field—embodying one of the few meaningful exact solutions in quantum mechanics, and a member of an even more exclusive set of exact solutions having a time-dependent Hamiltonian. I further show that, as long as the atom suffers no change in principal quantum number, incident radiation will produce harmonic radiation with polarization perpendicular to the incident radiation. This unusual polarization results from the perpendicular response of the wavefunction, and is distinguished from most usual harmonic radiation resulting from a scalar nonlinear susceptibility. Finally, I speculate on how this radiation might be observed.     

Vector wave analysis of an electromagnetic high-order Bessel vortex beam of fractional type α

The scalar wave theory of nondiffracting electromagnetic (EM) high-order Bessel vortex beams of fractional type α has been recently explored, and their novel features and promising applications have been revealed. However, complete characterization of the properties for this new type of beam requires a vector analysis to determine the fields' components in space because scalar wave theory is inadequate to describe such beams, especially when the central spot is comparable to the wavelength (k(r)/k≈1, where k(r) is the radial component of the wavenumber k). Stemming from Maxwell's vector equations and the Lorenz gauge condition, a full vector wave analysis for the electric and magnetic fields is presented. The results are of particular importance in the study of EM wave scattering of a high-order Bessel vortex beam of fractional type α by particles.     

The Newton-Wigner and Wightman localization of the photon

A quantum theory of the photon is developed in a natural manner. Newton-Wigner and Wightman demonstrated that the photon could not be strictly localized according to natural criteria. These investigations involved the identification of an elementary system with a uirrep of the Poincare group. We identify a particle with the localized measurement of the states satisfying the uirrep. In the case of zero mass and unit spin, the photon is identified with those components of the state that can be localized. A c-number four-vector potential and Lorentz condition are derived from the relativistic wave equation. The Wightman localization is demonstrated for the three independent space components of the vector potential, and the photon is identified with these components. A position operator and probability density follow immediately from the localization. A consequence of the subjective definition of a photon is that the transformations of the vector potential are unitary, and hence the unitary scalar product can be obtained for the four-vector potential. A Hilbert space is defined for the three space components of the vector potential. A position operator and probability density are derived from the scalar product, which compare directly with those obtained from the localization and the non-relativistic theory. As the longitudinal and scalar polarizations do not contribute to the measured transition probability, they are considered virtual. Lastly, a conserved four-vector current is derived from the scalar product. The possibility of observing a strict localization of the photon in the laboratory is suggested.     

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to spatially varying polarized radiation: generalized reflection matrix

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite medium exposed to spatially varying, polarized radiation is studied. The problem is to determine the generalized reflection matrix for a multiple scattering medium characterized by a 4×4 scattering matrix. A double integral transform is used to convert the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is then applied to derive a nonlinear integral equation for the generalized reflection matrix. The spatially varying backscattered radiation for an arbitrarily polarized incident beam can be found from the generalized reflection matrix. For Rayleigh scattering and normal incidence and emergence, the generalized reflection matrix is shown to have five non-zero elements. Benchmark results for these five elements are presented and compared to asymptotic results. When the incident radiation is polarized, the vector approach used in this study correctly predicts three-dimensional behavior, while the scalar approach does not. When the incident radiation is unpolarized, both the vector and scalar approaches predict a two-dimensional distribution of the intensity, but the error in the scalar prediction can be as high as 20%.