利用环境噪声互相关实现散射体无源成像

最近研究表明利用环境噪声的互相关可以恢复两点之间的时域格林函数(声脉冲响应),这一原理在文献中被称为格林函数恢复。基于此原理,通过对多个传声器所接收的环境噪声进行互相关处理,获取与散射体相关联的散射波的到达时延信息,结合最小二乘反演算法和改进克希霍夫移位算法,分别获得道路交通噪声场中石柱以及海浪噪声场中塑料桶的空间位置,且其估计结果与实际测量相一致。实验结果表明将环境噪声作为探测信号进行散射体无源成像是可行的。这为设计室内无源声监测系统以及通过海洋环境噪声实现对水中静默目标成像提供了新思路和有益参考。     

一种水下远程目标探测的方法

提出了通过估计目标反向散射系数来探测水下远程目标的一种方法。把估计目标及其附近散射体的反向散射系数构成的序列转化为海洋信道这一带乘性噪声系统的反卷积估计,并给出了最优反卷积算法。在加性噪声和乘性噪声前两阶矩未知的情况下通过建立系统状态滤波和时变噪声统计量交替估计的自适应状态滤波器,给出了自适应反卷积算法。利用上述两种反卷积算法分别对低信噪比(-6.1 dB)微弱信号进行仿真处理,仿真结果证明了所提出方法的有效性。     

利用环境噪声进行安静目标探测*

该文回顾了近年来该课题组利用环境噪声互相关方法和环境噪声自相关方法进行安静目标探测的主要工作。首先简单回顾了利用环境噪声互相关方法和环境噪声自相关方法进行安静目标探测的理论,然后介绍了两次利用海浪噪声进行安静目标探测的实验。通过海浪噪声实验验证了利用环境噪声互相关和自相关进行安静目标探测的可行性。最后对利用环境噪声互相关进行安静目标探测所需要的累积时间进行了讨论,并给出了累积时间的下界。     

微弱信号检测讲座第三讲 相关检测及其在锁相放大器中的应用

实际信号的检测,不可避免地要受到各种噪声的干扰.这种噪声干扰限制了测量所能达到的精确性和灵敏度.所以,信号检测的首要问题是抑制噪声提高信噪比.线性滤波是一种常用的抑制噪声方法.但是,当噪声功率超过信号功率很多时,简单的滤波不再有效,需要借助专门的微弱信号检测技术来检测和恢复原始信号.相关检测是其中重要的方法之一.它是人们利用周期信号及噪声自相关函数特性的不同以及信号与噪声不相关等特性,实现在噪声干扰中检测周期信号的方法.锁相放大器就是在此基础上发展起来的一种微弱信号检测仪器. 一、检测噪声中的信号 图1(a)是信号…     

基于近场聚焦逆波束形成的UUV平台噪声自适应抵消

UUV平台自噪声会对舷侧阵产生干扰，从而影响其探测性能，本文针对平台尾部自噪声源的直达噪声和海面反射噪声，提出了基于近场聚焦逆波束形成的平台噪声自适应抵消方法。文中利用UUV平台设计参数、深度以及运动姿态信息对尾部自噪声传播到舷侧阵的路径建立几何模型，并分析了影响该路径的因素；通过该模型，平台尾部自噪声能够实时自适应地通过聚焦波束形成被估计出来，从而在舷侧阵的接收信号中实现干扰抵消。仿真结果与海试实验数据处理结果表明，该方法能够有效抑制尾部自噪声干扰，显著提高UUV探测弱目标的能力。     

基于贝叶斯压缩感知的周跳探测与修复方法

针对观测噪声对周跳探测与修复性能的影响,提出了一种新的利用贝叶斯压缩感知技术进行周跳探测与修复的方法.在历元间-站间载波相位双差观测模型的基础上,通过挖掘周跳信号的稀疏特性,获取感知矩阵,推导并建立稀疏周跳探测模型,利用稀疏贝叶斯学习中的相关向量机原理,结合周跳相关数据的先验信息,基于主动相关决策理论,进行回归估计获得周跳预测值的分布,进而实现周跳的探测与修复.实验表明,新方法在仅利用单频或双频载波相位观测量的情况下能有效探测并修复周跳,性能优于正交匹配追踪法及l_1范数法.     

激光告警接收机灵敏度和信噪比分析及实验验证

为了对抗现代战争中日趋严重的激光威胁,激光告警技术已成为亟需研究的课题之一.灵敏度和信噪比是激光告警系统重要的性能指标,它直接影响告警系统整体的探测性能.文中根据信号统计检测理论,提出了一种计算相干探测光谱识别型激光告警接收机灵敏度和信噪比的方法.首先,分析了激光信号和接收机噪声的概率分布.然后,基于阈值探测理论和奈曼一皮尔逊准则,通过引入探测概率因子和虚警概率因子,建立了信号电流方程,进而得到了灵敏度和信噪比的计算表达式.最后,利用该方法对自行研制的光栅衍射激光告警接收机的探测灵敏度和信噪比进行了理论计算和相关的实验验证,结果表明:由该方法计算的灵敏度和信噪比与实验结果基本相符.     

基于增加光电子积分时间的磁镜装置研究

阐述了提高微光成像系统低照度探测极限的本质是需保证成像系统对光信号足够的积累时间,从理论上指出降低CCD温度实现低照度探测的局限性和实现技术的复杂性后,提出在光阴极与光电子接收器(屏靶)之间耦合一个磁镜装置(即微通道电子瓶板结构)作为一种新的光电子接收器,即可有效保证图像信号的积分时间,提高成像系统的探测信噪比,达到拓展微光成像系统低照度探测极限的目的。论证了磁镜场的物理机理,并用计算机模拟显示出了预期的结果。该方案在常温下能实现当前微光成像系统低温探测灵敏度极限10-11lx的目标。     

一种基于β-warping变换算子的被动声源距离估计方法

基于浅海简正波水平波数差与波导不变量之间的关系, 本文提出了一种适用于水平不变浅海声波导中接收信号自相关函数的频域卷绕变换算子. 该算子可以将接收信号自相关函数中的简正波互相关成分变换为时域上可分离的脉冲序列, 且脉冲序列的相对延迟时间包含声源距离信息. 利用已知距离的引导声源, 由单水听器记录的脉冲信号即可实现被动声源距离估计. 对仿真和实验获得的脉冲信号数据处理结果验证了该变换算子用于被动声源距离估计的有效性.     

低噪声不隔直光电探测电路的设计

光电探测电路是光纤通信和光电检测系统中光信号转换成电信号的关键部分,但现有光电探测器大都不能同时测量脉冲光信号与直流光信号。为了获得低噪声并且能够同时测量脉冲光信号和直流光信号的光电探测器,设计一个不隔直光电探测电路,采用平衡放大方式消除直流工作点不稳定问题,提出了一种利用谐波分析法测量光电探测电路带宽的方法;同时对影响噪声的各种因素进行了研究,计算了探测电路的噪声电压和电流,提出了利用降低温度的方法提高信噪比。结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

单边噪声源环境下的格林函数提取

对单边噪声源环境下空间中存在散射体时的格林函数到达时间结构提取展开了实验性研究。通过对位于沙滩上的传声器上记录的海浪噪声进行互相关处理,成功提取出两传声器间的格林函数到达时间结构。到达时间结构中观察到伪散射路径,并且伪散射路径在幅值上远高于散射路径。针对上述现象给出了理论及仿真解释:当传声器对受噪声源单边照射时,广义光学定理失效,伪散射路径将会出现;同时,由于伪散射路径由所有方向噪声源贡献,散射路径仅有稳相点附近声源贡献,因此伪散射路径在幅值上可能高于散射路径。结果表明,在单边噪声源环境下,基于互相关技术可以提取伪散射路径。伪散射路径的短时稳定提取可以为散射体无源成像提供更多信息,在海洋声学、地震学等领域具有潜在应用价值。      

Arrival-time structure of the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation function in an oceanic waveguide

Coherent deterministic arrival times can be extracted from the derivative of the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation function between two receivers. These coherent arrival times are related to those of the time-domain Green's function between these two receivers and have been observed experimentally in various environments and frequency range of interest (e.g., in ultrasonics, seismology, or underwater acoustics). This nonintuitive result can be demonstrated based on a simple time-domain image formulation of the noise cross-correlation function, for a uniform distribution of noise sources in a Pekeris waveguide. This image formulation determines the influence of the noise-source distribution (in range and depth) as well as the dependence on the receiver bandwidth for the arrival-time structure of the derivative of the cross-correlation function. These results are compared with previously derived formulations of the ambient noise cross-correlation function. Practical implications of these results for sea experiments are also discussed.     

Cancellation of spurious arrivals in Green's function retrieval of multiple scattered waves

The Green's function for wave propagation can be extracted by cross-correlating field fluctuations excited on a closed surface that surrounds the employed receivers. This study treats an acoustic multiple scattering medium with discrete scatterers and shows that for a given source the cross-correlation of waves propagating along most combinations of scattering paths gives unphysical arrivals. Because theory predicts that the true Green's function is retrieved, such unphysical arrivals must cancel after integration over all sources. This cancellation occurs because the scattering amplitude of each scatterer satisfies the generalized optical theorem. The cross-correlation of scattered waves with themselves does not lead to the correct retrieval of scattered waves, because the cross-terms between the direct and scattered waves is essential.     

Using cross correlations of turbulent flow-induced ambient vibrations to estimate the structural impulse response. Application to structural health monitoring

It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that an estimate of the impulse response (or Green's function) between two receivers can be obtained from the cross correlation of diffuse wave fields at these two receivers in various environments and frequency ranges: ultrasonics, civil engineering, underwater acoustics, and seismology. This result provides a means for structural monitoring using ambient structure-borne noise only, without the use of active sources. This paper presents experimental results obtained from flow-induced random vibration data recorded by pairs of accelerometers mounted within a flat plate or hydrofoil in the test section of the U.S. Navy's William B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel. The experiments were conducted at high Reynolds number (Re > 50 million) with the primary excitation source being turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate or foil. Identical deterministic time signatures emerge from the noise cross-correlation function computed via robust and simple processing of noise measured on different days by a pair of passive sensors. These time signatures are used to determine and/or monitor the structural response of the test models from a few hundred to a few thousand Hertz.     

Recovering the acoustic Green's function from ambient noise cross correlation in an inhomogeneous moving medium

We study long-range correlation of diffuse acoustic noise fields in an arbitrary inhomogeneous, moving fluid. The flow reversal theorem is used to show that the cross-correlation function of ambient noise provides an estimate of a combination of the Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between the two receivers. Measurements of the noise cross correlation allow one to quantify flow-induced acoustic nonreciprocity and evaluate both spatially averaged flow velocity and sound speed between the two points.     

Small-scale seismic inversion using surface waves extracted from noise cross correlation

Green's functions can be retrieved between receivers from the correlation of ambient seismic noise or with an appropriate set of randomly distributed sources. This principle is demonstrated in small-scale geophysics using noise sources generated by human steps during a 10-min walk in the alignment of a 14-m-long accelerometer line array. The time-domain correlation of the records yields two surface wave modes extracted from the Green's function between each pair of accelerometers. A frequency-wave-number Fourier analysis yields each mode contribution and their dispersion curve. These dispersion curves are then inverted to provide the one-dimensional shear velocity of the near surface.     

Ambient noise cross correlation in free space: theoretical approach

It has been experimentally demonstrated that the Green's function between two points could be recovered using the cross-correlation function of the ambient noise measured at these two points. This paper investigates the theory behind this result in the simple case of a homogeneous medium with attenuation.     

Estimation of the detection range of a hydroacoustic system based on the acoustic power flux receiver

Approaches to estimating the detection range of systems based on vector receivers are considered. The approaches rely on a detailed analysis of the process of signal’s acoustic power flux formation in the presence of ambient sea noise and uncover the signal information parameters at the receiver output that provide the required statistically confident range of weak signal detection under these conditions. Based on the sonar equations and the known fundamental relationships between the outputs of a pressure receiver and a vector receiver for signal and noise, estimates of the maximum possible gain in the detection range of an acoustic power flux receiver are considered as a function of anisotropy of the ambient noise field in the area.     

On the two-point cross-correlation function of anisotropic, spatially homogeneous ambient noise in the ocean and its relationship to the Green's function

It is well established that the free-space Green's function can be recovered from the two-point cross-correlation function of a random noise field if the noise is white and isotropic. Ambient noise in the ocean rarely satisfies either of these conditions. However, a non-uniform spectrum could be pre-whitened by the application of a suitable filter but anisotropy cannot be so readily eliminated. To investigate the effects of vertical anisotropy, three azimuthally uniform, spatially homogeneous noise fields are analyzed, two of which are idealized, while the third is representative of ambient noise in the deep ocean. In each case, the coherence function, the cross-correlation function, and the derivative of the latter with respect to the correlation delay, are derived for vertical and horizontal alignments of the sensor pair. With vertical sensors, any step-function discontinuity in the directional density function is mapped into a delta function at an appropriate time delay in the derivative (with respect to time delay) of the cross-correlation function. No such mapping occurs with horizontal sensors. In this case, only horizontally traveling noise can generate delta functions in the derivative of the cross-correlation function, and these always appear at the retarded time on either side of the origin.