柠檬酸单月桂醇酯二钠盐的合成过程及光谱分析

简述了柠檬酸月桂醇单酯二钠盐的合成过程。以乙酸酐、柠檬酸为原料 ,合成柠檬酸酐中间体 :柠檬酸∶乙酸酐 =2 0∶1 0 ,温度 36℃～ 37℃ ,反应时间 18h ,产率为 71 0 % ;酯化反应 :柠檬酸酐∶月桂酸=1 0∶1 1,温度 85℃～ 90℃ ,反应时间 2 0h ,单酯的产率为 83%～ 84 %。并采用红外光谱对合成过程中的原料、中间体及产物进行了研究。通过柠檬酸 ,柠檬酸酐及柠檬酸单酯二钠盐的红外光谱比较分析 ,证实了环状柠檬酸酐的形成。证明了直接制备高纯度的柠檬酸单月桂醇酯二钠盐工艺路线的合理性及可行性。同时表明可以用红外光谱对反应的中间体及产物进行验证。     

肉桂酸合成方法的改进及其红外光谱分析

苯甲醛与乙酸酐在碳酸钾的催化下发生Perkin反应可制得肉桂酸,产率可达93%,实验过程中用萃取的方法代替水蒸汽蒸馏去除未反应的苯甲醛,简化了反应步骤,缩短了反应时间,并对产物的红外光谱进行了分析。     

磷酸苯基二乙基酯的合成及波谱检测

作为有机磷小分子化合物 ,磷酰胺及其酯类衍生物大多具有广泛的生物活性。磷作为生命的重要元素 ,在生命体系中处于一种重要的地位 ,研究磷参与的生命过程的化学本质 ,对于更好地认识生命体及人类自身都具有重要意义。从化学意义上讲 ,磷参与的绝大部分生命过程 ,其化学本质都是磷酰基转移反应 ,对于这样一类生物体普遍存在的磷酰基转移反应 ,亦可应用到医药和农药上 ,对一些官能团进行结构改造 ,以改变其活性及仿生作用。Atherton Todd反应是合成此类物质极有价值的方法。为了进一步改善和提高水杨酸类药物的仿生作用 ,作者曾采用Atherton Todd反应合成了水杨酸羟基磷酸酯 ,但产率偏低。因此怀疑是水杨酸中羧基和羟基与磷酰化试剂发生竞争反应时羧基更具反应活性 ,为进一步探讨原因 ,文章选择了不含羧基的酯化过的水杨酸乙酯作为磷酰化反应的对象。结果首次采用改造后的Atherton Todd反应成功地制备出o [邻乙氧甲酰 (基 )苯基 ]磷酸二乙酯 ,并具较高产率。文章进一步详细给出了o [邻乙氧甲酰 (基 )苯基 ]磷酸二乙酯NMR谱数据 ,首次探讨了其ESI MS质谱裂解规律 ,对进一步合成更广泛的具有生物活性的酚类磷酸酯化合物将起到重要参考作用     

萘在硝酸/醋酸酐体系下选择性硝化

研究了萘在硝酸/醋酸酐体系下选择性硝化,以发烟硝酸(95％)为硝化试剂,乙酸酐作为反应溶剂.最佳反应条件是:萘0.51g(4mmol)、乙酸酐(5.00mL)、催化剂CdZSM-50.10g、发烟硝酸o.27mL(6mmol),冰浴下搅拌反应,～硝化物回收率73.84％,1-硝基萘与2-硝基萘异构体的比值为3.93.目标产物用红外光谱和核磁共振表征.     

高铁酸钾制备新方法与光谱表征

以次氯酸钙为原料制备了高纯度高铁酸钾,研究内容包括:高铁酸钾的性质反应温度对产率的影响,重结晶温度对产率的影响,反应时间对产率的影响,次氯酸钙用量对产率的影响。确定了反应温度为25℃,重结晶温度为0℃,反应时间为40 min,反应所需的次氯酸钙用量为理论用量的1.2倍,产率为75%以上。利用直接分光光度法对产物纯度进行了分析,测得产物纯度达到92%以上。论文以红外光谱法、紫外分光光度法、X衍射法对产物进行表征,证明以次氯酸钙为原料制得的产物为高铁酸钾。     

羟自由基与水杨酸反应机理的初探

探讨羟自由基与水杨酸的反应动力学过程。水杨酸与Fenton反应产生的的羟自由基反应,采用紫外-可见分光光度法（UV）和质谱法（MS）,考察反应物的浓度、反应时间、反应温度、溶剂pH值等对反应产物的浓度以及反应速率的影响。水杨酸与.OH反应生成的紫色产物在波长530nm处有最大UV吸收峰,但仅于pH=4.51的缓冲溶液和水中有吸收峰;且该产物的吸光度值,随着反应物浓度的增加而增加;随反应时间的延长而减少;随着反应温度的升高而减少。反应速率t=5s达到最大值,其后随着反应时间的延长而逐渐降低,1min时达到平衡。通过MS分析,可得到质荷比（m/Z）=153,248,249,288,289,304,328,329,344,345的离子峰。推测羟自由基与水杨酸反应的中间产物是紫色的大分子自由基,而最终产物为二羟基苯甲酸,该反应可能是加成反应和聚合反应同时进行。     

荧光光谱法研究乙酰水杨酸和牛血清蛋白的相互作用

应用荧光光谱法研究了乙酰水杨酸和牛血清蛋白(BSA)分子间的相互作用。研究表明乙酰水杨酸可猝灭BSA的荧光,同时自身的荧光增强并存在一个等发射点,表明两者之间形成稳定的复合物并发生能量转移。乙酰水杨酸和BSA分子间的结合常数为1.35×103,结合数0.87,静电引力是结合反应的主要的作用力。同时观察了乙酰水杨酸的加入对BSA构象的影响。     

超声波作用下乙酸异戊酯合成条件的研究

在超声波作用下,以浓硫酸为催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯.最佳反应条件是:乙酸和异戊醇的摩尔比1:2.2,催化剂用量为1.2mL,反应时间为20min,超声波输出功率为90W.在此反应条件下,酯产率为78.5%.     

N,N′-二芳基乙二胺的一锅法绿色合成

以芳胺、乙二醛和硼氢化钠为原料,一锅法合成了3种N,N′-二芳基乙二胺,以高于80%的产率得到相应产物,结构均通过核磁氢谱和碳谱表征。与分步法相比,该方法具有操作简单、反应产率高、对环境友好无污染等优点,是一种绿色高效的合成方法。     

生物油制备生物质氢气和生物质燃料

研究了一种以生物质裂解油为原料制备氢气和生物燃料的催化转化过程。该过程包括生物油催化裂解制备氢气和生物合成气,合成气的调变,烯烃聚合和费脱合成耦合制备生物燃料。在优化反应条件下,氢气产率达到120.9 g H₂/（kg bio-oil）,烯烃聚合-费脱合成耦合反应形成的生物燃料产率达到526.1 g/（kg bio-syngas）。基于产物分析和催化剂特性表征,探讨了生物燃料合成过程中的反应路径和化学反应过程.     

A theoretical study on the bimolecular reactions encountered in the pyrolysis of acetamide

Bimolecular reactions of acetamide with acetamide itself, acetimidic acid and acetic acid are investigated to account for the formation of the three major experimental products from the pyrolysis of acetamide, namely ammonia, acetic acid and acetonitrile. This mechanism involves bimolecular deammonation reactions to form acetamide anhydride, acetic anhydride and N‐acetyl acetamide, and the subsequent fragmentation of these intermediates into acetic acid and acetonitrile. It is found that the overall reaction barrier for the formation of the three major experimental products from the bimolecular reaction of acetamide with its enol form (acetimidic acid) amount to a 36.1 kcal/mol barrier. This barrier is in excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental data from the self‐condensation of acetamide. This finding stresses on the role of acetimidic acid as a major intermediate in the pyrolysis of acetamide. The calculated activation barriers for the two available pathways in the bimolecular reaction of acetamide and acetic acid into imide and N‐acetyl acetamide (36.3 kcal/mol and 24.0 kcal/mol) is in accord with the corresponding experimental activation energy of 30.1 kcal/mol for the autocatalytic reaction of acetamide with the acetic acid. Reaction rate constants are obtained for all plausible reactions. Kinetic data presented herein should be instrumental in building a robust model for the decomposition of N‐alkylated amides, that is, a major structural entity in biomass. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超声波作用下乙酸辛酯合成条件的研究

在超声波作用下,不用溶剂,以硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化合成乙酸辛酯。最佳反应条件是:正辛醇和乙酸的物质的量比为1∶2.0,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.0%,超声时间20min,反应温度84℃。在此反应条件下,酯收率可达80.1%,催化剂可重复使用。     

Room-temperature-adsorption behavior of acetic anhydride on a TiO2(1 1 0) surface

We have studied the adsorption structure of acetic anhydride on a TiO₂(1 1 0) surface using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), LEED (low energy electron diffraction) and HREELS (high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy) to determine the origins of the unique adsorption properties of carboxylic acids on a TiO₂(1 1 0) surface. The C 1s XPS data indicated that the saturation carbon amount of adsorbed acetic anhydride was 12 ± 3% larger than that of the adsorbed acetic acid. LEED showed p(2 × 1) weak spots for the acetic anhydride adsorbed surface. The HREELS spectra revealed the dissociative adsorption of acetic anhydride. Based on these findings, we concluded that the neutralization of the bridging oxygen atoms associated with the dissociative adsorption is necessary for the stable adsorption of carboxylates on the 5-fold Ti sites.     

Ion-exchange resin decomposition in supercritical water

Abstract

Using supercritical water oxidation, the cation exchange resin was decomposed fast and completely to water, carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid. While the resin decomposition yield increased with the reaction time and the amount of hydrogen peroxide added as oxidizing agent, it was constant in the resin concentration from 0.14 to 1.9 dry resin weight percent to water. More than 99% of the cation exchange resin was decomposed with hydrogen peroxide added in the amount of 7 times the stoichiometric value at 673 K and 30MPa for 30 minutes of the reaction time. The cation exchange resin is decomposed through two main reaction pathways. One has a rate controlling intermediate such as acetic acid whose decomposition rate was very slow, and the other does not have stable intermediates. The decomposition of the acetic acid is a significant factor for the complete decomposition of the resin, although it does not dominate the whole resin decomposition. A simple kinetic model that estimates the resin decomposition yield was developed.     

Determination of Oxybutynin in Pharmaceuticals <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> Reaction with Mixed Acids Anhydrides: Application to Content Uniformity Testing

Sensitive and simple spectrophotometric (Method I) and spectrofluorimetric (Method II) methods were developed and validated for the determination of oxybutynin HCl (OXB) in its dosage forms. The method was based on the reaction of OXB with malonic acid anhydride in acetic acid anhydride to form a highly yellow colored product that was measured at 375 nm spectrophotometrically. The same reaction product exihibits strong fluorescence that was measured at 440 nm after excitation at 390 nm. The factors affecting formation and stability of the reaction product were carefully studied and optimized, and the reaction mechanism was postulated. The absorbance-concentration plot is rectilinear over the range 4–40 μg/mL with LOD of 1.12 μg/mL and LOQ of 3.39 μg/mL. The fluorescence-concentration plot is rectilinear over the range 0.5–6 μg/mL with LOD of 0.11 μg/mL and LOQ of 0.33 μg/mL. The method was applied to the analysis of commercial tablets Detronin® and Uripan®. Statistical comparison of the results with those of the reference method revealed good agreement and proved that there were no significant difference in the accuracy and precision between the two methods respectively. The study was extended to content uniformity testing.     

Studies on the Chemical Modification of Goat Liver Cystatin and the Effect on Its Anti-Papain Inhibitory Activity

Goat liver cystatin was subjected to various chemical modifications in order to ascertain the amino acid residues responsible for its structural and functional integrity. Modification of tryptophan by HNBB led to the complete inactivation of the protein. The inactivation was also accompanied by the complete loss of tryptophan fluorescence at 340 nm. The reaction of liver cystatin with HNBB yielded a characteristic decrease in absorbance at 280 nm. Acetylation of the amino groups of liver cystatin was carried out in the presence of acetic anhydride. The acetylated cystatin showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity at 335 nm which could be attributed to the modification of tyrosine residue due to side reaction.     

活性炭负载硅钼钒杂多酸催化苯羟基化反应

以活性炭为载体,采用回流吸附法制备了负载型硅钼钒杂多酸催化剂,以冰醋酸作溶剂,过氧化氢作氧化剂,研究了由苯直接羟基化制苯酚的催化活性。结果表明,苯为2mL,冰醋酸为15mL,过氧化氢为5mL,当负载型杂多酸的用量为0.2g、反应温度70℃、反应时间60m in时,硅钼钒催化合成苯酚的收率可达7.4%,选择性达97.1%。