组合电极荷电雾化的实验研究

为合理设计微小尺度液体燃料荷电喷雾燃烧器,开展了不同运行参数下喷雾特性的PDA(相位多普勒粒子分析仪)实验研究.实验段采用由喷嘴电极-环形电极-收集网格形成的组合电极结构,以乙醇为燃料,控制不同的喷嘴电压、环形电极电压、流量、收集网格位置等参数,测试了不同条件下的喷雾粒径、轴向速度、轴向脉动速度.在本文实验工况下发现:喷嘴电极电压的增加,粒径和速度减小.环形电极可显著减小喷雾粒径和速度。在环形电极感应荷电的作用下,粒径随着环形电极电压增加而增大。流量越小,粒径、速度越小,喷雾更稳定.增大收集网格到喷嘴出口距离,由于液滴蒸发的作用会使液滴粒径变小,在液滴粒径变小和黏滞力的双重作用下液滴轴向速度减小。     

双路离心式喷嘴的实验与数值模拟

通过实验与数值模拟方法开展了双路离心式喷嘴的研究。实验测量了喷嘴主、副油路在不同压力下的雾化锥角与流量特性,拍摄了喷嘴在典型工况下的喷雾场照片。数值模拟采用VOF(Volume-of-Fluid)两相流模型来模拟喷嘴内气液两相流流动,较好地模拟出喷嘴内的空气涡与喷雾锥角,所得到喷雾锥角与实验结果吻合较好。通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法验证了双路离心式喷嘴的雾化性能,从而为双路离心喷嘴的设计和性能预测提供了理论基础。     

大冷量相变喷雾冷却的实验研究

相变喷雾冷却具有很高的换热效率和临界热流密度,为了获得大冷量相变喷雾冷却特性,文中设计并搭建了开式喷雾冷却性能实验台,采用R22制冷剂开展了大热流密度喷雾冷却特性的实验研究,详细研究了不同喷嘴入口压力、不同喷雾高度以及不同加热功率下R22的喷雾相变冷却效果。实验结果的分析表明:采用R22时最高热流密度可达到150W.cm-2,其对应的被冷却表面温度为-29.0℃,具有高热流密度及低冷却表面温度的显著特点;实验还从一定程度上揭示了喷嘴高度和喷嘴入口压力对R22喷雾冷却效果的影响。     

喷嘴类型对制冷剂喷雾雾化特性及表面传热的影响研究

制冷剂瞬态喷雾冷却是辅助激光手术治疗皮肤病的重要手段,然而当前临床应用中存在冷却量不足、表面冷却不均匀等问题。喷嘴类型对制冷剂喷雾雾化均匀性及表面换热效率有显著影响,本文对比研究了直管喷嘴、膨胀腔喷嘴及环流气体辅助两相喷嘴进行R404A喷雾冷却时的雾化特性及表面传热特性。膨胀腔喷嘴及两相喷嘴具有更高的喷雾中心浓度,较直管喷嘴具有更高的冷却效率,并提高了冷却保护的均匀性及冷却范围控制的精确性,有望成为改善临床治疗效果的替代喷嘴。     

多喷嘴喷雾场数值模拟分析

本文建立了多喷嘴喷雾场的三维物理数学模型,运用欧拉-拉格朗日法对多喷嘴下的喷雾场进行了详细数值模拟,得到了双喷嘴及三喷嘴情况下喷射入口压力和流量变化对喷雾场内雾滴索太尔直径和雾滴速度的影响规律;并通过与单喷嘴情况进行对比,给出了喷嘴数目对喷雾场内雾滴速度及粒径大小分布的影响。     

微粒撞击高参数汽轮机调节级喷嘴壁面特性研究

固体颗粒冲蚀严重影响超常参数汽轮机调节级喷嘴寿命.本文根据相似理论并借助PIV技术,进行了三种喷嘴内固体微粒运动特性及其材料抗冲蚀特性的试验研究,并通过三维数值模拟进一步研究了单一参数变化对粒子运动特性的影响.发现同一粒子再次撞击角度比初次撞击角度平均小5°～15°;约45%～80%的粒子撞击在离喷嘴出口边约15%的区域;粒子对前加载型线喷嘴有更严重的冲蚀,可以预测采用合适型线的后加载喷嘴或缩短喷嘴宽度能有效降低粒子冲蚀.     

带膨胀腔喷嘴制冷剂R134a闪蒸喷雾可视化研究

闪蒸喷雾由于存在特殊的气泡爆裂使得其在较小压力下即能够实现较好的雾化效果。为了探索制冷剂R134a的闪蒸喷雾机理,本文利用高速摄像机对直管石英玻璃喷嘴内部流型以及不同膨胀腔喷嘴的外部喷雾特性进行了可视化观察及量化比较。发现随喷雾压力增大,制冷剂R134a在直管喷嘴内部表现出对称空化、非对称空化和类弹状空化等不同的空化流型,其中对称空化流型对应的雾化锥角基本相同。膨胀腔型喷嘴达到较小喷雾锥角所对应的膨胀腔长径比为1:2~2:1,最佳外部喷雾锥角稳定在70°左右。     

基于OpenFOAM的异戊烷闪蒸喷雾动力学特性研究

石油、化工等过程工业中,由于压力容器或者管道破裂而容易引发高压危险化学品泄漏形成闪蒸喷雾。掌握这类闪蒸喷雾动力学特性对事故危害的风险评估具有重要意义。本文通过开源库OpenFOAM及网格局部加密技术对异戊烷闪蒸喷雾进行了数值仿真研究。不同喷雾初始压力和过热温度下模拟喷雾形态结果、以及液滴粒径与速度分布,均与高速摄像机拍摄的喷雾图像及相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)测得的粒径、速度数据吻合良好。初始喷雾压力和温度增加时,异戊烷闪蒸喷雾气化成核强化,使喷嘴出口处雾化破碎程度与径向膨胀更为剧烈,出口锥角扩大,同时成核均匀度增加,液滴SMD降低,喷雾速度增加。但是由于轴向动量减弱,液滴相贯穿长度降低。     

静电喷雾粒子场和沉积特性的数值模拟

本文使用拉格朗日方法,研究了静电喷雾中荷电液滴流场和沉积特性,探讨了不同发射结构、加载电压对粒子速度、喷雾锥角、沉积形貌等参数的影响规律。通过分析不同结构下电场场强分布和粒子受力情况,分析了影响静电喷雾流场形状变化的主要作用机制。结果表明,采用双电极结构可以获得更小的喷雾锥角和更大的粒子平均速度;随着电极电势提高,粒子平均速度加快,喷雾锥角变小,相邻喷雾沉积图案会发生分离。     

旋流多级气动喷嘴设计和喷雾特性研究

本文针对可调加热器用燃烧室的需要，设计了两种新型旋流多级气动雾化喷嘴，并对雾化性能进行了实验研究，探讨了影响喷雾特性的主要因素，评价了喷雾场．研究了最佳喷嘴结构形式，在模拟工况下雾化性能良好，适合小流量燃烧室工作需要，ＳＭＤ接近 ２５ μｍ．     

一种新型喷嘴的提出及流量特性的研究

本文在对各种气动喷嘴及其雾化机理分析基础上提出了一种新型的气动雾化喷嘴-"旋转型气-液雾化喷嘴"。在此喷嘴中,油与气分别从不同的槽道切向进入混合室,且油与气一一对应,油与气互相混合、旋转后从喷口喷出。其气液比在热态实验时为4%-6%(用压缩空气雾化),雾化状态良好。本文中对其流量系数及雾化角进行了系统的研究。主要考虑了喷嘴的结构参数,气液比(ALR),液体粘度等因素对流量系数的影响。通过实验测量与拟合,最后得到了喷嘴的流量系数和雾化角的表达式,可以用来指导喷嘴的设计。     

Aerial electrostatic spray deposition and canopy penetration in cotton

Daylight visible fluorescent dye (10% v/v) mixed with water was aerially applied on mature field cotton with electrostatic and rotary atomizer nozzles. The spray rates for the electrostatic and rotary atomizer nozzles were 9.4 and 28 L/ha, respectively. Images of spray droplets on cotton leaves were digitally analyzed with ImageJ software. Charged spray cloud increased deposition nearly two to three times on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively, of top canopy leaves compared to uncharged spray. Canopy penetration of the spray into the lower layers of the plant foliage was unaffected by spray application method.     

大流量时多股射流静电雾化研究

为了使静电雾化在大流量时能够应用，本文研究了具有多股射流的某些喷咀。试验表明：多股射流中的每股射流仍然是圆锥体一射流模式，但是具有不稳定性。由此引起了ＰＤＡ（相位粒度分析仪）测量结果的畸变。同时试验还揭示，每股射流及其雾化依赖于喷咀不同部位的局部主要参数，使得均匀性受到影响。基于稳定性和均匀性之间很强的相互作用，本文提出了增加稳定性及改善均匀性的一些措施。     

Infrared thermography-based visualization of droplet transport in liquid sprays

An infrared thermography-based technique for the characterization and visualization of liquid sprays was developed. The technique was tested on two atomizers: a high-speed rotary bell atomizer and a high volume low pressure air-assisted atomizer. The technique uses an infrared thermography-based measurement in which a uniformly heated background acts as a thermal radiation source, and an infrared camera as the receiver. The infrared energy emitted by the radiation source in traveling through the spray is attenuated by the presence of the droplets inside the spray. The infrared intensity is captured by the receiver showing the attenuation in the image as a result of the presence of the spray. The captured thermal image is used to study detailed macroscopic features of the spray flow field and the evolution of the paint droplets as they are transferred from the applicator to the target surface.     

Design and Performance of an Ultrasonic Atomization System for experimental combustion applications

Although common atomizing systems efficiently produce sprays, a range of droplet sizes is generally obtained and the distribution is often difficult to control in terms of liquid or gaseous flow rates. It is shown that an alternative system, based on ultrasonic surface instabilities, is well suited for experimental applications where all parameters have to be controlled. Technological aspects of ultrasonic atomization are described and the droplet spray produced by an ultrasonic atomizer is characterized experimentally.     

Comparative study on structural and optical properties of CdS films fabricated by three different low-cost techniques

Highly crystalline and transparent cadmium sulphide films were fabricated at relatively low temperature by employing an inexpensive, simplified spray technique using perfume atomizer (generally used for cosmetics). The structural, surface morphological and optical properties of the films were studied and compared with that prepared by conventional spray pyrolysis using air as carrier gas and chemical bath deposition. The films deposited by the simplified spray have preferred orientation along (1 0 1) plane. The lattice parameters were calculated as a = 4.138 Å and c = 6.718 Å which are well agreed with that obtained from the other two techniques and also with the standard data. The optical transmittance in the visible range and the optical band gap were found as 85% and 2.43 eV, respectively. The structural and optical properties of the films fabricated by the simplified spray are found to be desirable for opto-electronic applications.     

高功率固体激光器喷雾冷却技术

 喷雾冷却作为一种解决高功率激光器散热需求的技术得到越来越多的关注。结合近几年的研究工作,综述了喷雾冷却技术的研究现状。针对高功率激光器的散热需求,主要从传热机理、影响因素、温度均匀性方面进行阐述,分析了存在的问题。提出将制冷系统和喷雾系统结合、R600a等制冷剂为冷却剂的冷却方案,设计了气助式制冷喷雾冷却系统,分析了适用于制冷喷雾冷却系统的工质,提出了喷雾冷却技术在高功率固体激光器散热中的发展方向。     

Performance Evaluation of Different Phase-Doppler Systems

The results of comparative measurements of three different phase-Doppler systems applied to a steady-state water spray are discussed. The three receiving systems, i. e. DANTEC 57X receiving optics with covariance processor, an AEROMETRICS fibre-based receiver with DSA processor and standard INVENT phase-Doppler extension, were used with a 2-D fibre-optics-based transmitting system. A constant scattering angle of 70° was chosen, which is near the Brewster angle for water. Measurements were taken in the spray cone of hollow-cone pressure atomizer at two different axial distances from the nozzle. Local size distributions, size/velocity correlations and the mean diameters D₁₀ and D₃₂ were compared. The results indicate very good agreement between the different systems, especially with respect to the mean diameters. Larger scatter of the results occurs for the measured volume flow rates, but the calculated mean volume flow rates coincide fairly well with the nominal flow rate of the atomizer.     

增湿活化反应器内喷水脱硫试验研究

本文介绍在热态脱硫试验台上进行的生石灰和消石灰的喷水活化脱硫试验,研究了Ca/S比、饱和温距、入口烟气SO2浓度、烟气速度及水喷嘴雾化风对脱硫效率和钙利用率的影响规律,对两种脱硫剂的脱硫活性进行了比较,并对喷水增湿提高脱硫效率的机理进行了分析。研究表明,喷水增湿使两种脱硫剂的活性都有明显提高,生石灰具有价格优势。     

Electrical and transient atomization characteristics of a pulsed charge injection atomizer using electrically insulating liquids

Charge injection atomizers are energy efficient devices that can be used in order to promote the atomization of dielectric liquids, and a potential application of such devices is fine spray delivery in small internal combustion engines. The operation of a pulsed charge injection atomization system operating at practical engine frequencies under a high voltage pulse train has not been well recorded in the literature. This initial investigation defines the electrical and transient global atomization performance of a charge injection atomizer operating under a steady flow regime, but with a typical high voltage pulse train. Results show that voltage-current characteristics follow similar trends to that of a steady flow, steady voltage system, and observation of the data also reveals that output current waveforms depend on the input pulse train frequency. No degradation in charging efficiency was observed at higher frequencies, which suggests that a charge injection atomizer can operate efficiently at practical engine speeds. Photographs also confirmed the high voltage pulse train injects charge that produces sections of primary atomization on the continuous liquid jet.