Design of a wavelength demultiplexer based on a parabolically tapered multimode interference coupler

A compact wavelength demultiplexer is designed for the operation at 1.30 and 1.55 μm wavelengths using the three-dimensional semi-vectorial beam propagation method. The parabolically tapered multimode interference (MMI) coupler based on the deep-etched SiO₂/SiON rib waveguide is introduced into the present demultiplexer for reducing the length. The numerical results show that a MMI section of 330.0 μm in length, which is only 76% length of a straight MMI coupler, is achieved with the contrasts of 42.3 and 39.2 dB in quasi-TE mode, and 38.4 and 37.8 dB in quasi-TM mode at wavelengths 1.30 and 1.55 μm, respectively and the insertion losses below 0.2 dB. The modified finite difference scheme is applied to approximate the resulting equations along the transverse directions, in which the discontinuities of the derivatives of magnetic field components H_y and H_x along the vertical and horizontal interfaces, respectively, are involved.     

A dual-channel wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer based on the restricted-resonance self-imaging effect

The authors propose a high-performance 980 / 1550-nm wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer based on the restricted-resonance self-imaging effect in a buried-type waveguide system. The device functions either as a multiplexer or a demultiplexer, depending upon the direction of light propagation. Using the modal propagation analysis (MPA), characteristics of the device are investigated. We carried out the design of the device and showed that the device performance can be optimized by appreciate selection of the coupler width. A demultiplexer with an insertion loss of 0.4 dB and contrast of 25.5 dB at wavelength 1550 nm and 32 dB at 980 nm is demonstrated.     

Four channel Mach–Zehnder demultiplexer using multimode interferometers in InP/InGaAsP

1 × 4 and 4 × 4 wavelength demultiplexers using multimode interferometer (MMI) were successfully demonstrated in InP/InGaAsP. Optical transmission characteristics were measured for each input to output for transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Reduced polarization sensitivity less than 0.3 nm was achieved in 1 × 4 MMI-MZ demultiplexer with –15 dB channel-to-channel cross talk. For 4 × 4 MMI-MZ demultiplexer, the optical crosstalk was well below –16 dB in TM mode for all input to output measurements.     

An ultra‐compact multimode interference coupler with a subwavelength grating slot

Multimode interference couplers (MMIs) are fundamental building blocks in photonic integrated circuits. Here it is experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, a two‐fold length reduction in an MMI coupler without any penalty on device performance. The design is based on a slotted 2 × 2 MMI fabricated on a commercial silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) substrate. The slot is implemented with a subwavelength grating (SWG) comprising holes fully etched down to the oxide cladding, thereby allowing single etch step fabrication. The device has been designed using an in‐house tool based on the Fourier Eigenmode Expansion Method. It has a footprint of only 3.5 μm x 23 μm and it exhibits a measured extinction ratio better than 15 dB within the full C‐band (1530 nm‒1570 nm). SWG engineered slots thus offer excellent perspectives for the practical realization of MMIs couplers with substantially reduced footprint yet with outstanding performance.     

基于光子晶体共振耦合的四波长波分复用/解复用器

谐振腔因其具有选频功能而在集成光学领域具有广泛的应用. 通过两个光子晶体环形腔、四个不同尺寸的光子晶体微腔及波导之间的耦合, 实现了1310 nm, 1550 nm, 1600 nm和1650 nm 四个波长的波分解复用．时域有限差分法模拟分析的结果表明, 仅仅通过调制输出波导边缘介质柱的半径, 即可使四个波长的输出效率均达到90%以上. 所设计的器件不但效率高, 而且尺寸小(约为12 μ m× 17 μ m), 在未来的光通信领域中具有潜在的应用价值.     

多模干涉耦合器中重叠像相干相消现象分析

根据多模干涉耦合器的自映像原理和重叠成像的规律, 首次提出多模干涉耦合器中存在重叠像相干相消现象, 推导了重叠像相干相消现象出现的条件. 在此基础上, 对对称干涉和成对干涉两种特殊重叠成像做出解释, 得出对称干涉和成对干涉成像个数及成像位置的表达式. 用实例证明了重叠像相干相消现象并不只存在于成对干涉和对称干涉两种特殊情况, 并总结了重叠像相干相消随位置数变化的规律. 用导模传输分析法验证了所得表达式和成像规律的正确性. 关键词： 集成光学 多模干涉耦合器 相干相消 导模传输分析法     

Asymmetric multimode interference isolator based on nonreciprocal phase shift

This paper presents an asymmetric multimode interference-based (MMI) optical isolator, by utilizing the magneto-optical nonreciprocal phase shift (NPS). Equivalent beam propagation method (BPM) simulation of symmetric and asymmetric isolators are performed using configuration of Air/Ce:YIG/SiO₂ on silicon substrate for integration. The asymmetric isolator is found to be much more compact in size and efficient in isolation compared with symmetric isolator. Simulation results show that the isolation of asymmetric structure is 23.8 dB higher than that of symmetric one. It is mainly because both symmetric mode and anti-symmetric mode are excited in asymmetric structure and hence can interfere destructively. The proposed device may play an important role in the optical communication systems and photonic integrated devices.     

A compact wavelength division de-multiplexer based on directional coupling of one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

A fundamental dual-channel wavelength division de-multiplexer (WDDM) based on directional coupling of one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides is presented, and its transmission characteristics of the WDDM are investigated by using finite-difference time-domain method. Calculated results indicate that for this WDDM, without any structural optimization, a high transmittance of more than 95% is observed at output ports. Combining the fundamental dual-channel WDDM with flexible bends of one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides, we construct a simple and compact four-channel WDDM. Those WDDMs are expected to be applied to highly dense photonic integrated circuits.     

Design of a compact polarization beam splitter based on a deformed photonic crystal directional coupler

In this paper a compact polarization beam splitter based on a deformed photonic crystal directional coupler is designed and simulated. The transverse-electric （TE） guided mode and transverse-magnetic （TM） guided mode are split due to different guiding mechanisms. The effect of the shape deformation of the air holes on the coupler is studied. It discovered that the coupling strength of the coupled waveguldes is strongly enhanced by introducing elliptical airholes, which reduce the device length to less than 18.Sttm. A finite-difference tlme-domain simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of the device, and the extinction ratios for both TE and TM polarized light are higher than 20 dB.     

Analysis of multiple reflections in hybrid photonic crystal multimode interference coupler

In this paper the analysis of multiple reflections in photonic crystal (PhC) multimode interference (MMI) couplers using eigen-mode expansion method is presented. The analysis is conducted on a hybrid PhC structure which consisted of 1-D PhC multimode waveguide sandwiched between 2-D PhC input/output waveguides. In PhC multimode waveguide, where the mechanism of wave confinement is not due to total internal reflection but due to photonic bandgap properties, the reflectivity at 2-D PhC facet wall would be very large for all the guided modes in the waveguide when ever the image formed due to MMI effect does not coincides with the output access waveguide.     

All-fiber erbium-doped dissipative soliton laser with multimode interference based on saturable-reserve saturable hybrid optical switch

Reverse saturable absorption is essential for the realization of dissipative solitons. In this paper, we introduce reverse saturable absorption by using nonlinear multimode interference (NL-MMI), for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, and obtain a stable dissipative soliton operation. By adjusting the coupling efficiency from multimode fiber to single mode fiber, the absorption properties of NL-MMI can be switched between saturation and reverse saturation. The dissipative soliton can be obtained with pulse width of 975 fs in the experiment, the 3-dB bandwidth at 1555 nm is 16 nm, and the maximum output power is 11.48 mW. The nonlinear absorption optical modulation and high damage threshold characteristics of the NL-MMI based ultrafast optical switch provide a new idea for realizing dissipative solitons.     

Analysis of Ti:LiNbO3 zero-gap directional coupler for wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer

For the purpose of multichannel integrated-optical wavelength division MUX/DEMUX design, the wavelength tuning method of Ti:LiNbO₃ zero-gap directional coupler is analysed by effective-index based matrix method (EIMM). In this method, first, the 2D refractive index profile of the Ti:LiNbO₃ zero-gap directional coupler is transformed into lateral 1D effective-index profile by WKB method. Finally, matrix method is applied to this effective-index profile and the propagation constants are computed from the resonance peaks of the excitation efficiency versus propagation constant characteristics. It has been shown that the channel wavelength tuning can be achieved by varying the Y-branching angle at the input and output of the device or by a slight variation of two-mode-section length. The method of electro-optic fine tuning of the channel wavelength and channel separation of the device has also been investigated. A cascaded structure with proper parameters for four-channel application is also simulated and the results are presented.     

一种基于多模干涉耦合器的模转换与合并器件的设计

多模波导干涉（MMI）耦合器在集成光路中被用来实现波导模式的转换或合并。对于实际的基于硅绝缘体（SOI）的三维波导，数值设计方法是必需的。采用有限差分波束传输法（FD-BPM）设计了一种66％模式转换、合并器。首先由FD-BPM求出MMI耦合器的输入、输出波导所支持的基模和一阶导模的模场分布，通过数值方法得到MMI耦合器的长度，然后将求得的模场作为输入波场，经过FD-BPM运算后在器件输出面上计算交叉积分得出实际的由基模转换为一阶模的功率百分比。对于算例中采用的SOI波导，器件长度为829μm，65．7％的功率由基模转换为一阶模。     

Bidirectional beam propagation method based on the method of lines for the analysis of photonic band gap structures

The bidirectional beam propagation method based on the method of lines is proposed as an innovative and efficient algorithm to investigate the optical properties of photonic band gap (PBG) structures. A few examples illustrate the application of this technique to the modeling of passive, lossy and active one-dimensional and index confined PBG structures. The algorithm results are validated by comparison with those obtained via the transfer matrix method, the mode-matching method and the finite difference time domain method. With respect to these methods, the present algorithm exhibits accurate results with reduced computer resources.     

一种硅基SiO2波导耦合器的设计与分析

波导耦合器是组成光纤传感系统和光纤通信系统光收发组件及模块的重要元器件,是实现光收发模块一体化光电集成的基础。给出了一种用光纤陀螺系统的X型四端口波导耦合器的工作原理,采用有效折射率法和BPM(Beam propagation method)法建立了耦合器的数学模型,计算并分析了耦合器尺寸在尽可能小的情况下和在满足单模传输的条件下耦合器的耦合系数、有效耦合长度、分光比以及回波损耗等参数之间的关系,并对其关键技术进行了系统的研究。仿真结果表明,所设计的波导耦合器在低损耗情况下分光比可达到50%∶50%,耦合器全长为33.5mm,输入输出波导间距为410μm,芯层截面积为6μm×6μm。     

全内反射型三角晶格光子晶体多模波导中的光传播特性

研究了光波在没有光子带隙的三角晶格型光子晶体多模波导中的传播特性. 利用等效折射率法,将该结构等效为三层平板介质波导,基于自映像原理,数值分析和模拟了其多模干涉效应. 研究结果表明,由于全内反射和分布式布拉格反射的联合效应,光场类似于传统波导模式,能高效地传输;随着填充率的增大,高透射区域将向波长减小的方向移动,带宽和透射率也随之增加, 研究结果为实际应用中选择适当的填充率提供了理论依据. 关键词： 光子晶体多模波导 全内反射 填充率 时域有限差分法     

波长扫描法布里-泊罗光纤加速度计的研究

利用光纤传感器的独特优点 ,用波长扫描法将 Fabry- Perot干涉仪 (以下简称 FPI)和传统加速度计相结合 ,得到了较好的分辨率。分析了在 FPI中多光束干涉对双光束干涉的影响。实验研究表明 ,它对由振动引起的位移 (加速度 )变化相当灵敏     

基于三角晶格光子晶体多模波导1×2分束器的优化设计

依据自映像原理,设计了一种基于三角晶格光子晶体多模波导的1×2分束器.采用时域有限差分法模拟了光波在分束器中的传播行为,并计算了分束器的传输效率.结果表明,仅仅通过改变多模波导与输出波导联结处的介质柱的位置对结构进行优化,便可大大提高分束器在工作点频率处的传输效率和带宽,其多模耦合区的长度可低至3.1 μm.因而本文所设计的分束器具有更小的器件尺寸和更高的传输效率,易于大规模集成的实现,在未来的集成光路中具有广泛的应用价值.     

A hybrid modeling for the theoretical analysis of reflections in a multimode-interference coupler based on silicon-on-insulator nanowires

A hybrid method combining the three-dimensional (3D) beam propagation method (BPM) and a 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented for the simulation of multimode-interference (MMI) couplers based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowires. This hybrid method makes it possible to have a robust analysis for the reflection properties while avoiding a time-consumed computation with a simplex 3D-FDTD simulation. The reflected power is sensitive to both the length and the width of the MMI coupler and thus one should choose the optimal values for good self-imaging. Furthermore, the reflection could be reduced by introducing tapers between the MMI section and the access waveguides.     

分布损耗加载回旋行波管多模稳态注波互作用理论与比较证实

基于目前国际上实验研究的均匀介质加载和周期介质加载结构,建立了一种分布式损耗加载回旋行波管(gyro-TWT)多模稳态注波互作用理论.利用这一理论,以TE01模式基波gyro-TWT注波互作用为例,将Ka和W波段的理论结果与实验和软件仿真进行比较,以证实理论的合理性.