双硫腙包覆钛酸锶钡粉体对水中镉的吸附性能

用草酸盐化学共沉淀法合成钛酸锶钡粉体,用双硫腙对该粉体表面进行包覆修饰,制成新型有机包覆吸附剂。用傅里叶变换红外光谱对包覆粉体进行了表征;以火焰原子吸收为检测手段,研究了该吸附剂对水中Cd2 的吸附性能,考察了洗脱条件;通过红外光谱,初步探讨了包覆和吸附作用机理。结果表明,双硫腙以氢键作用牢固地包覆于钛酸锶钡粉体上;该包覆粉体对水中的Cd2 具有较高的选择性吸附能力,其吸附量受介质的pH值影响,当pH值小于3时,该吸附剂对水中的Cd2 几乎不吸附,当pH值大于6时,吸附量达到最大;常温下,20min内吸附达到平衡;吸附在双硫腙包覆钛酸锶钡粉体上的Cd2 ,可用5?TA溶液完全洗脱。建立了吸附富集,火焰原子吸收法测定水中Cd2 的新方法,方法检出限为0·2μg·L-1,相对标准偏差为2·9%。应用于自来水和地表水中Cd2 的测定,结果满意。     

负载型纳米钛酸锶钡对水中Cd~(2+)吸附行为研究

采用络合溶胶-凝胶法制备了钛酸锶钡溶胶,将其浸渍在硅胶G上,经高温煅烧后,制得固载于硅胶G上的纳米钛酸锶钡,以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)进行了表征.以火焰原子吸收为检测手段,系统地研究了负载型纳米钛酸锶钡对水中CA2+的吸附行为.结果表明,纳米钛酸锶钡能够牢固地负载于硅胶G表面.当介质的pH值为4～7时,该吸附剂对水中的CA2+具有很强的吸附能力,其吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温模型和HO准二级动力学方程式,并分别计算了吸附过程的焓变(△H),自由能变(△G)和熵变(AS)等热力学参数,表明该吸附过程是自发的吸热物理过程.被吸附的CA2+可用1 mol·L-1的硝酸完全洗脱回收.将其应用于水中痕量CA2+的吸附,建立了负载型纳米钛酸锶钡吸附富集,火焰原子吸收法测定水中痕量Cd2+的新方法.用于自来水和地表水中镉的测定,结果满意.     

原子吸收光谱法比较研究3种不同改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附

从吸附时间、pH值、吸附剂加入量、铬离子初始浓度4个方面,通过原子吸收光谱法比较了改性甘蔗渣、改性花生壳和改性梨渣的吸附特性.在铬离子浓度100mg·L-1、吸附剂投量15g·L-1、最佳pH值、吸附时间120min的实验条件下,三者吸附率不同,改性甘蔗渣的吸附率达86.7％以上,改性花生壳吸附率达64.8％,改性梨渣的吸附率达60.8％.3种改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模型,其最大吸附能力分别为23.92、22.09、20.47mg·g-1.准一级反应动力学方程可描述3种改性吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附过程.     

FAAS法研究顺丁烯二酸-co-苯乙烯微球对铅的吸附性能

采用无皂乳液聚合法以顺丁烯二酸和苯乙烯交联合成顺丁烯二酸-co-苯乙烯微球并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和电子扫描电镜对微球的结构和表面形貌进行表征。以火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法研究了它对铅的动态吸附性能,考察了影响吸附率和解吸率的相关因素,结果表明:溶液pH为5、上样流速为1.0mL.min-1时,吸附率可达到95%以上。以1mol.L-1 HNO3为解吸剂,洗脱液流速为0.5mL.min-1时,Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸率可达到99%以上。在优化的试验条件下,微球对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量可达到26.5mg.g-1,检出限为(3σ11)2.1μg.L-1,相对标准偏差为2.5%;将预富集与火焰原子吸收法联用,用于痕量铅的测定得到令人满意的结果。     

原子吸收光谱法研究巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+的吸附解吸

通过红外光谱(FTIR)法和扫描电镜(SEM)对钙基和巯基改性膨润土的官能团和表面结构进行了比较分析,以火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)为检测手段,研究了巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+吸附的影响因素并优化了吸附条件,讨论了模拟酸雨解吸Pb2+的条件。比较了钙基和巯基改性膨润土作为吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附、固定能力。研究表明:25℃下,吸附时间为60min、离子强度为0.1mol.L-1的KNO3、pH6.0时,5.0g.L-1巯基改性膨润土对100mg.L-1的Pb2+的吸附率达到98%以上,平衡吸附量达到67.27mg.g-1,吸附能力明显优于钙基膨润土(9.667mg.g-1),吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温线方程。用pH 3.50的极限酸度模拟酸雨进行解吸,解吸率为0。表明该巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+具有很强的吸附、固定能力,适于重金属铅污染土壤中铅的吸附固定修复之用。     

火焰原子光谱法分析有机功能试剂改性纳米SiO2对水中Cr2072-的吸附行为

以纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO2)为原料,硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)作为交联剂首先合成了氨丙基纳米二氧化硅(Nano-APSG),然后加入有机功能试剂季磷盐(COOH-Ph-CH2-P(C6H5)3Br)通过有机合成反应合成有机功能试剂改性纳米二氧化硅材料(Si|(CH2)3-NH-CO-Ph-CH2-P(C6H5)3Br),利用红外、粒径、热重分析等对结构进行了表征.通过火焰原子吸收光谱法研究此有机功能试剂改性纳米二氧化硅材料对水中Cr2O12-离子的吸附行为,考察了吸附的最佳pH、震荡时间、吸附剂用量等因素的影响,实验结果表明,在pH1,吸附剂用量为0.1 g,震荡时问为30 min时吸附剂对Cr2O72-离子的吸附效率可达95%以上,实验结果表明这种新型的功能材料可实现对废水中Cr2O72离子的分离与处理.     

氢化物发生辅助雾化火焰原子吸收法测定人发中的铅

使用氢化物发生辅助雾化的火焰原子吸收法 ,在K3Fe(CN) 6 HCl体系中 ,测定了头发中铅的含量。对酸度、氧化剂及浓度、NaBH4 的浓度及流速对Pb测定的影响分别进行了研究。与传统雾化火焰原子吸收法相比 ,本方法测铅的灵敏度提高了 13 4倍。方法的检出限为 2 8μg·L- 1 ,精密度 (RSD)为 1 4 %。用于测定人发中的Pb ,回收率达 96 %～ 99%。     

纳米TiO2预分离/富集FAAS法同时测定Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

纳米材料是近年来受到广泛重视的一种新兴功能材料,具有一系列新异的物理化学特性和一些优于传统材料的特殊性能.其中一点是随着粒径的减小,表面原子数迅速增大,表面原子周围缺少相邻的原子,具有不饱和性,易与其他原子相结合而稳定下来,因而具有很大的化学活性.纳米材料对许多金属离子具有很强的吸附能力,是痕量元素分析较为理想的分离富集材料.文章利用火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)研究了纳米TiO2(金红石型)对Cr(Ⅵ)/Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附性能,并应用于水样中铬的形态分析.吸附体系中pH对Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附有很大影响,当pH＞6时,纳米TiO2对Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附率大于90%,而对Cr(Ⅵ)基本不吸附,从而达到二者的分离.pH 6.5微酸性条件下,纳米TiO2吸附Cr(Ⅲ),然后以2mol.L-1HCl洗脱,得到Cr(Ⅲ)的含量,剩余水溶液中测定Cr(Ⅵ)含量.该法测定Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的检出限分别为57和41 ng·mL-1,RSD分别为2.6%和3.4%(2.0μg·mL-1Cr,n=6),Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的线性范围分别为0～9.0和0.1～10μg·mL-1.该法选择性好,大多数共存离子不干扰测定.该法简便快速,用于工业废水、地表水中铬的形态分析,结果较满意.     

钛酸锶钡纳米管的制备及其红外吸收性能研究

首次采用溶胶凝胶法结合通孔阳极氧化铝模板, 成功制备出了钛酸锶钡纳米管. 该制备工艺简单、易实现而且成本低. 首先制备通孔阳极氧化铝模板和钛酸锶钡溶胶, 然后通过浸渍加上匀胶的方法将钛酸锶钡溶胶引入到通孔阳极氧化铝模板的纳米孔洞中, 最后在650℃下煅烧1 h形成钛酸锶钡纳米管. X射线衍射(XRD)证明, 制得的钛酸锶钡纳米管为立方钙钛矿相, 主要沿(110)晶向生长. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示, 钛酸锶钡纳米管外径、内径和管长分别为75 nm, 50 nm, 16 μm. 傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪(FTIR)测试结果表明在波数为1350-1650 cm^-1红外波段, 阳极氧化铝/钛酸锶钡纳米管复合结构较钛酸锶钡薄膜有两处明显的吸收峰, 吸收峰位于1470和1550 cm^-1处, 与通孔阳极氧化铝模板相比其吸收峰强度高出一倍, 最后分析了出现这一现象的可能原因.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定粮食中的镉

采用微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定市场上销售的大米、面粉中镉的含量,并对消解体系以及火焰原子吸收法的条件进行了优化和选择.该方法测定镉的线性范围是0-8.0mg·L-1,检出限为1.7μg·L-1,样品的加标回收率为95.0％-106.7％.方法具有操作简单、速度快、试剂用量少、重复性好等优点.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.