关于卡诺循环P—V图的正确画法

本文讨论了卡诺循环过程的特点，指出了一些文献［１］－［６］中卡诺循环ρ－Ｖ图的问题，并给出了修正意见．     

再谈任意循环极限效率的p-V图证明

在ｐ－Ｖ图上用外切卡诺循环的方法证明任意循环的极限效率更为简单明了．     

关于磁卡诺循环的一点注记

本文指出，《大学物理》１９９３年第１期“磁卡诺循环”一文中计算磁卡诺循环的功和效率时，引用杜隆－珀替定律是多余的，并提出一种改进的算法。同时还作了较普遍和深入的讨论，使问题更加清晰。     

任意循环的卡诺循环分解

指出任意循环的两种卡诺循环分解的极限都趋于原来的循环，一些献中关于其中一种分解不趋于原循环的证明是欠妥的。     

热阻对卡诺循环性能的影响

本文用一个简洁的模型讨论热阻对卡诺循环性能的影响，既可避免大量的数学推导，又可获得一些比经典热力学理论更有实际意义的结论．     

关于理想气体卡诺循环的一点讨论

本文针对《大学物理》１９８８年第８期所刊“关于理想气体卡诺循环的一点注记”一文所提出的问题展开讨论，利用理想气体绝热过程的微分方程以及理想气体熵的表达式，同样完成了理想气体卡诺循环效率的证明．结果表明，这两种证明方法均可避免出现上文所提出的问题     

范德瓦尔斯气体的卡诺循环效率

以范德瓦尔斯气体为工作物质推导出的卡诺循环效率,只与热源的温度有关,与工作物质是否是理想气体无关.     

Reversible Carnot cycle outside a black hole

A Carnot cycle outside a Schwarzschild black hole is investigated in detail. We propose a reversible Carnot cycle with a black hole being the cold reservoir. In our model, a Carnot engine operates between a hot reservoir with temperature T₁ and a black hole with Hawking temperature T_H. By naturally extending the ordinary Carnot cycle to the black hole system, we show that the thermal efficiency for a reversible process can reach the maximal efficiency 1-T_H/T₁. Consequently, black holes can be used to determine the thermodynamic temperature by means of the Carnot cycle. The role of the atmosphere around the black hole is discussed. We show that the thermal atmosphere provides a necessary mechanism to make the process reversible.     

The Carnot Cycle,Reversibility and Entropy

The Carnot cycle and the attendant notions of reversibility and entropy are examined. It is shown how the modern view of these concepts still corresponds to the ideas Clausius laid down in the nineteenth century. As such, they reflect the outmoded idea, current at the time, that heat is motion. It is shown how this view of heat led Clausius to develop the entropy of a body based on the work that could be performed in a reversible process rather than the work that is actually performed in an irreversible process. In consequence, Clausius built into entropy a conflict with energy conservation, which is concerned with actual changes in energy. In this paper, reversibility and irreversibility are investigated by means of a macroscopic formulation of internal mechanisms of damping based on rate equations for the distribution of energy within a gas. It is shown that work processes involving a step change in external pressure, however small, are intrinsically irreversible. However, under idealised conditions of zero damping the gas inside a piston expands and traces out a trajectory through the space of equilibrium states. Therefore, the entropy change due to heat flow from the reservoir matches the entropy change of the equilibrium states. This trajectory can be traced out in reverse as the piston reverses direction, but if the external conditions are adjusted appropriately, the gas can be made to trace out a Carnot cycle in P-V space. The cycle is dynamic as opposed to quasi-static as the piston has kinetic energy equal in difference to the work performed internally and externally.     

Economic Cycles of Carnot Type

Originally, the Carnot cycle was a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provided an upper limit on the efficiency that any classical thermodynamic engine can achieve during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference by the application of work to the system. The first aim of this paper is to introduce and study the economic Carnot cycles concerning Roegenian economics, using our thermodynamic–economic dictionary. These cycles are described in both a Q−P diagram and a E−I diagram. An economic Carnot cycle has a maximum efficiency for a reversible economic “engine”. Three problems together with their solutions clarify the meaning of the economic Carnot cycle, in our context. Then we transform the ideal gas theory into the ideal income theory. The second aim is to analyze the economic Van der Waals equation, showing that the diffeomorphic-invariant information about the Van der Waals surface can be obtained by examining a cuspidal potential.     

卡诺定理的简易证明

提出了一种论证卡诺定理的简易方法 .     

热机循环极限效率的图像讨论法

证明了在相同的高温热源和相同的低温热源之间的所有可逆循环中,卡诺循环的效率最大;而采用T-S图和p—V图的方法对此进行讨论,则是一种简明直观的方法．     

关于卡诺定理证明的教学探讨

介绍并讨论了卡诺定理的一种新的证明方法，在这种方法中没有直接使用扳证法，证明过程中的各主要中间结果物理涵义清楚，直观，容易理解。     

The Carnot efficiency enabled by complete degeneracies

Quantum-size effects unavoidably produce imperfect-regeneration heat losses in irreversible isothermal expansion/compression cycles, leading to the less efficiency of micro engines. Here, we design a smallest quantum Stirling-like heat engine using a single trapped electron as the working substance. The quantum probabilities to determine the electronic position are constructed from the incoherent mixed ensemble. When the quantum well expands isothermally to double its size and an infinite delta-function potential barrier is inserted in the middle, the complete degeneracies enable the heat engine to work reversibly and achieve the Carnot efficiency. The proposed theoretical model can open up new avenues for building practical nano-energy devices.     

Action and Entropy in Heat Engines: An Action Revision of the Carnot Cycle

Despite the remarkable success of Carnot’s heat engine cycle in founding the discipline of thermodynamics two centuries ago, false viewpoints of his use of the caloric theory in the cycle linger, limiting his legacy. An action revision of the Carnot cycle can correct this, showing that the heat flow powering external mechanical work is compensated internally with configurational changes in the thermodynamic or Gibbs potential of the working fluid, differing in each stage of the cycle quantified by Carnot as caloric. Action (@) is a property of state having the same physical dimensions as angular momentum (mrv = mr²ω). However, this property is scalar rather than vectorial, including a dimensionless phase angle (@ = mr²ωδφ). We have recently confirmed with atmospheric gases that their entropy is a logarithmic function of the relative vibrational, rotational, and translational action ratios with Planck’s quantum of action ħ. The Carnot principle shows that the maximum rate of work (puissance motrice) possible from the reversible cycle is controlled by the difference in temperature of the hot source and the cold sink: the colder the better. This temperature difference between the source and the sink also controls the isothermal variations of the Gibbs potential of the working fluid, which Carnot identified as reversible temperature-dependent but unequal caloric exchanges. Importantly, the engine’s inertia ensures that heat from work performed adiabatically in the expansion phase is all restored to the working fluid during the adiabatic recompression, less the net work performed. This allows both the energy and the thermodynamic potential to return to the same values at the beginning of each cycle, which is a point strongly emphasized by Carnot. Our action revision equates Carnot’s calorique, or the non-sensible heat later described by Clausius as ‘work-heat’, exclusively to negative Gibbs energy (−G) or quantum field energy. This action field complements the sensible energy or vis-viva heat as molecular kinetic motion, and its recognition should have significance for designing more efficient heat engines or better understanding of the heat engine powering the Earth’s climates.     

Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases

An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output.     

Analyses of the endoreversible Carnot cycle with entropy theory and entransy theory

The endoreversible Carnot cycle is analyzed based on the concepts of entropy generation, entropy generation number, entransy loss, and entransy loss coefficient. The relationships of the cycle output power and heat-work conversion efficiency with these parameters are discussed. For the numerical examples discussed, the preconditions of the application for these concepts are derived. When the inlet temperatures and heat capacity flow rates of hot streams and environment temperature are prescribed, the results show that the concepts of entropy generation and entransy loss are applicable. However, in the presence of various inlet temperatures of streams, larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power, while smaller entropy generation rate does not. When the heat capacity flow rates of hot streams are various, neither larger entransy loss rate nor smaller entropy generation rate always leads to larger output power. Larger entransy loss coefficient always leads to larger heat-work conversion efficiency for the cases discussed, while smaller entropy generation number does not always.