可压缩性颗粒层过滤实验研究

通常人们采用不可压缩模型描述纤维表面过滤压降变化。本实验考虑了颗粒的可压缩性,实验研究了不同过滤速度和是否有静电除尘器(ESP)预处理颗粒层压降变化规律。我们的研究显示,未有ESP预处理的颗粒层在某个压力以上出现频繁的“压降跳跃”,ESP预处理的结果呈周期上升。     

中和颗粒可压缩性颗粒层模型

本文针对可压缩颗粒层建立了二维数值模型.首先利用颗粒层中颗粒间的相互位置关系,建立了每一个颗粒的力平衡方程,获得了每一个颗粒的受力大小,然后提出了颗粒层坍塌判据,在此基础上,建立了描述颗粒层的沉积-压缩-沉积的动态过程的可压缩颗粒层模型,模型计算结果表明,颗粒层压缩现象主要发生在下部区域,过滤速度越高、范德华力越小,颗粒层越易坍塌,并且颗粒层的压降出现了脉动,模型结果符合已知的实验结果.     

基于离散元方法的颗粒材料缓冲性能及影响因素分析

在冲击荷载作用下, 颗粒材料通过颗粒间的摩擦及非弹性碰撞可有效进行能量耗散实现缓冲作用. 本文采用离散元方法对冲击载荷下颗粒材料的缓冲过程进行数值分析, 研究不同厚度下颗粒材料的缓冲性能. 计算结果表明: 颗粒层厚度H是影响颗粒材料缓冲性能的关键因素, 并存在一个临界厚度H_c. 当H < H_c时, 冲击力随H的增加而降低; 当H > H_c时, 冲击力对H的变化不敏感并趋于稳定值. 此外, 在不同颗粒摩擦系数和初始密集度下对缓冲过程的离散元分析表明, 光滑和疏松颗粒材料具有更好的缓冲性能. 最后, 对颗粒材料在冲击过程中的力链结构和底板的压力分布进行了讨论, 以揭示颗粒材料缓冲性能的内在机理.     

尘埃颗粒与等离子体鞘层相互作用的数值模拟

通过求解一维稳态的尘埃等离子体鞘层模型,得到了等离子体鞘层势、正离子密度、电子密度和尘埃颗粒密度随一维横向的分布,Bohm判据及鞘层边界无量纲Bohm速度随尘埃密度的变化曲线,尘埃颗粒的带电量和尘埃密度的关系,尘埃颗粒的温度对尘埃颗粒自身在鞘层中分布的影响.结果表明,随着尘埃密度的增加,鞘层的厚度在减小,鞘层内的电子密度在下降,而且尘埃颗粒的带电量也在逐渐减少;随着尘埃温度的增加,鞘层的厚度减小,电子密度下降,而且鞘层附近的尘埃颗粒在逐渐增多.     

分层数对Q235钢薄板抗侵彻性能的影响

利用轻气炮进行卵形头、平头以及半球形头杆弹正撞击等厚接触式叠层靶实验,得到这3种结构的初始速度-剩余速度曲线以及弹道极限,对回收靶体进行分析,研究分层数对叠层靶抗侵彻性能和失效模式的影响。结果表明:对于延性金属薄板,分层结构降低靶体的弹道极限,单层板的抗侵彻性能高于叠层板的抗侵彻性能。对于平头弹和卵形头弹,弹道极限随分层数的增加而降低;对于半球形头弹,弹道极限随分层数的增加先降低后升高;分层数对弹道极限的影响随弹体初始撞击速度的增加而减小。     

单颗粒脱硫反应模型分析

本文在单颗粒脱硫缩核模型的基础上分析了晶粒模型,并指出了原有晶粒模型中的不足之处,分析了晶粒初始孔隙率非均匀的原因,建立了一个初始孔隙率沿半径变化的改进晶粒模型。改进后的非均匀模型考虑到颗粒内部初始孔隙率的非均匀性,分析了非均匀初始孔隙率对脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率的影响,并给出了初始非均匀孔隙率模型的完整的数学描述。     

稠密颗粒射流倾斜撞击颗粒膜特征

采用高速摄像仪对稠密颗粒射流倾斜撞击形成的类液体颗粒膜特征进行实验研究,考察了颗粒粒径、射流速度以及射流含固率等因素对颗粒膜形态及动态特征的影响.结果表明:随着颗粒粒径增大,稠密颗粒倾斜撞击流由颗粒膜向散射模式转变;随着射流速度增加,气固不稳定增强,射流流量出现脉动,正面与侧面分别表现为颗粒膜的非轴对称振荡和表面波纹结构;颗粒膜非轴对称振荡的振荡频率和振荡幅度随射流速度的增大而增大;表面波纹速度和波长沿传播方向增大,波纹间存在叠加现象.颗粒膜出现非轴对称振荡主要是因为喷嘴出口由气固不稳定性引起的射流流量脉动,射流流量脉动频率与撞击面振荡频率基本相当.     

管道中CaO颗粒吸收CO2的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法对多孔CaO颗粒与CO₂之间的气固反应过程进行模拟.主要研究在二维矩形截面管道中雷诺数(Re)和孔隙率对单个CaO颗粒吸收CO₂效率的影响.结果表明:增大Re会相应提高CaO颗粒吸收CO₂气体的效率.同时对于同一Re,CaO颗粒吸收CO₂气体的效率随其孔隙率呈非线性变化,这是由于不同孔隙率颗粒固体量和渗透率存在差别因而影响化学反应的速率.     

液氦净化系统的过滤及反吹特性研究

作为一种优良的超导与冷却介质,超高纯液氦在工业以及航空航天等领域中的应用相当广泛。金属丝网过滤器具有理想均匀的孔径分布和优异的流体渗透性能,可适用于高洁净度、高安全性的低温液体净化系统。通过搭建液氦过滤与净化系统实验台,研究了过滤精度为0.5μm的不锈钢丝网过滤器对液氦中固体氮颗粒的过滤特性,探讨了压降及过滤效率的变化规律,以及反吹过程中的升温趋势。结果表明,该过滤器能有效实现液氦的净化。     

DPF再生过程的热冲击研究

再生来流热冲击造成柴油机微粒过滤体(DPF)内部出现较大的温度梯度,导致热应力破坏。基于数学模型,开展了来流热冲击对DPF白载体内部温度梯度影响规律的数值研究。结果表明:热冲击时,DPF前后两端分别将出现两个温度梯度极值波峰。随流量增加,前端的两个波峰值逐渐减小,后端的两个波峰值呈先增大后减小的趋势;因此存在最佳的流量区以降低内部温度梯度。此外,增加DPF壁厚和载体材料的热导率,也可显著降低DPF内部的温度梯度。     

Filtration characteristics of fibrous filter following an electrostatic precipitator

This study presents the results of investigations of a hybrid electrostatic filtration system (HEFS), which combines an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and a fibrous filter installed downstream of the ESP. The particles escaping from the ESP carry large amount of charge and this can increase the filtration efficiency of the fibrous filter. The filtration characteristics, including the efficiency, pressure drop and ozone generation, were investigated experimentally. The influence of system parameters, including the filter type, applied voltage, and distance between the ESP and fibrous filter on the overall efficiency were also studied. The measured results show that utilizing the non-high-efficient fibrous filter to remove the charged particle could provide a much higher efficiency without adding the pressure drop due to the electrostatic force. If the efficiency was similar, the ozone generated by HEFS was much lower than that of the single ESP. The results proved that filter efficiency increased with a higher applied voltage and higher initial mechanical filtration efficiency. The distance between the filter and ESP had no influence on the system filtration efficiency. The efficiency of filter in HEFS supplied with the positive voltage was slightly lower than for the negative voltage. In addition, the mathematical model was utilized to model the air filter efficiency in HEFS. The modeled and measured results agreed reasonably. Overall conclusion is that the HEFS could operate at a high efficiency with the lower applied voltage, ozone generation and pressure drop.     

Recyclable aligned carbon nanotube-sheet-based particulate air filter with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop

There is an increasing demand for particulate matter filters to primarily block viruses and fine particulate matter floating in the air from entering the human body. The most commonly used microfiber-based filter has a technical flaw in which the filtration efficiency cannot be maximized as there is a trade-off in terms of performance; the pressure drop increases when the filtration efficiency increases. Here, we report the development of a recyclable macroscopic carbon nanotube (CNT)-based filter consisting of unidirectionally arranged multi-walled carbon nanotube sheets. Owing to the uniform arrangement of the 10–20 nm carbon nanotubes, uniform nanopores are formed. As a result, the CNT-sheet-based particulate matter filter exhibited low pressure drop characteristics, even at a high filtration efficiency. In addition, it was confirmed that the collected particulate matter could rapidly be removed through heat generated by applying a voltage to the conductive CNT sheet.     

恒虚警率采样粒子滤波技术及其应用研究

粒子滤波是一种基于蒙特卡洛思想的非线性、非高斯滤波器,其一般采用重要性采样进行粒子采样。但重要性采样容易出现粒子退化现象。解决粒子样本退化问题一般采用重采样。重采样虽然解决了样本的退化问题,同时又引入了采样贫瘠问题。本文根据海洋混响的统计特性和混响中目标的恒虚警率检测原理,提出了恒虚警率采样粒子滤波技术,恒虚警率采样粒子滤波技术使采样粒子尽可能集中在目标附近,有效地描述目标后验概率,降低了粒子数,减小了计算量。本文将此技术应用到海洋混响中的声纳目标跟踪中,既解决了传统卡尔曼滤波在声纳目标跟踪中的非线性、非高斯问题,又解决了粒子滤波的粒子退化及采样贫瘠问题。文中对高分辨率声纳目标数据进行了滤波跟踪,结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

多次喷射对重型柴油机影响的试验研究

本文在一台电控共轨柴油机上进行了多次喷射及多次喷射和EGR结合对重型柴油机影响的试验研究。EGR为基于VGT的高压冷却EGR系统。研究了不同喷射策略下喷射参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响。研究了EGR和多次喷射结合降低柴油机排放的效果;通过调整EGR率,将NO_x控制在2.0 g/(kW·h),研究喷射参数和EGR对柴油机的影响。研究结果表明,预喷射可以在小负荷时改善柴油机的NO_x、CO和比油耗,但在大负荷时没有明显的影响;两次预喷射可以促进油气混合;后喷射可以促进油气混合,提高碳烟的氧化速度,因而可以明显改善柴油机的烟度和CO;优化的喷射参数结合EGR可以显著降低NO_x和烟度。     

滤光片对瞬态光学高温计通道线性的影响

 滤光片是瞬态光学高温计系统中的一个重要器件,滤光片的技术参数对高温计的性能有重要影响。对窄带滤光片的通带半高宽、背景透过率和峰值透过率给通道线性带来的影响进行了分析和计算。结果表明,滤光片的通带半高宽、背景透过率和峰值透过率对通道的线性均有较大的影响。研究结果为研制高性能的瞬态光学高温计时选取合适的滤光片提供了依据。     

负压区的存在对刚性陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹性能的影响

利用压电式压力传感器测定了陶瓷过滤器在脉冲反吹过程中滤管内动态压力的变化规律,表明在脉冲反吹快要结束和正常过滤尚未开始的过渡过程中,滤管内存在严重的负压区。利用单个颗粒轨道模型分析了部分已被吹离滤管表面的小颗粒在负压区的作用下会重新返回到滤管壁,从而证实了负压区是影响刚性陶瓷过滤器稳定运行的重要原因。     

A comparison of two nano-sized particle air filtration tests in the diameter range of 10 to 400 nanometers

Two different air filter test methodologies are discussed and compared for challenges in the nano-sized particle range of 10–400 nm. Included in the discussion are test procedure development, factors affecting variability and comparisons between results from the tests. One test system which gives a discrete penetration for a given particle size is the TSI 8160 Automated Filter tester (updated and commercially available now as the TSI 3160) manufactured by the TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN. Another filter test system was developed utilizing a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to sample the particle size distributions downstream and upstream of an air filter to obtain a continuous percent filter penetration versus particle size curve. Filtration test results are shown for fiberglass filter paper of intermediate filtration efficiency. Test variables affecting the results of the TSI 8160 for NaCl and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) particles are discussed, including condensation particle counter stability and the sizing of the selected particle challenges. Filter testing using a TSI 3936 SMPS sampling upstream and downstream of a filter is also shown with a discussion of test variables and the need for proper SMPS volume purging and filter penetration correction procedure. For both tests, the penetration versus particle size curves for the filter media studied follow the theoretical Brownian capture model of decreasing penetration with decreasing particle diameter down to 10 nm with no deviation. From these findings, the authors can say with reasonable confidence that there is no evidence of particle thermal rebound in the size range.     

Some studies of ultrasound assisted filtration rates

Some recent experimental results of ultrasonically assisted pressure filtration rates through sintered brass and woven stainless steel filters are presented. The liquids studied are clean motor oil (Velocite Mobil No. 6) and slurries formed by adding aluminium powder or hollow glass spheres to the motor oil. Relations between the parameters: pressure drop across the filter, ultrasonic field intensity and the ratio of particle to pore diameter are investigated. Previous explanations on the mechanisms leading to observed flow rate increase by ultrasonic irradiation, given by various authors, are critically evaluated in the light of new observations. These include the critical frequency theory, the influence of cavitation and microstreaming and the influence of turbulence. Some essential relations between parameters influencing the flow rate which still need a systematic investigation are emphasized. It is concluded that the use of ultrasound in pulsed mode operation may be the way out of the present stagnation in the field.