水下体积目标宽带阵列尺度估计

通过研究目标声纳窄带离散回波模型,论文建立了水下体积目标宽带离散回波模型。并结合均匀线性阵列信号模型,推导出了基于散射亮点形状、距离、方位角等反映目标尺度信息参量的体积目标宽带离散线性均匀阵列回波模型,为水下体积目标探测与尺度估计提供了可靠的理论依据。仿真与实验对比结果证明了模型的正确、有效性,说明了其实用价值。     

基于双向反射函数的水下激光引信回波仿真方法

针对鱼雷激光近炸引信探测水下近场目标的需求,开展了水下激光引信回波蒙特卡洛仿真方法研究.结合水下激光引信探测特点建立水下目标回波的蒙特卡洛仿真模型.为了提高水中非朗伯目标表面回波仿真的准确度,推导了基于双向反射函数的光子反射方向概率分布,根据概率分布随机抽样光子反射方向.仿真了不同距离和入射角度条件下的水中目标回波信号.仿真结果表明:目标回波幅度随目标距离和入射角度的增大迅速下降,目标距离在6~12m内变化时,信号峰值动态范围为11.5dB;目标距离为8m,激光入射角在0~45°内变化时,信号峰值动态范围为9.2dB.为验证仿真方法的正确性,在水池中进行水中目标蓝绿激光探测实验,实验结果和仿真结果一致.研究成果可为解决传统蒙特卡洛方法在水中非朗伯面目标回波仿真中的适用性问题及水下激光引信优化设计提供参考.     

脉冲激光探测水下目标回波特性分析研究

海洋表层是水下生物以及水下目标的主要活动区域,对海洋表层中的目标进行高精度的探测是一个十分重要的课题。本文建立了半解析蒙特卡洛激光辐射传输仿真模型,能够对机载海洋雷达回波信号过程进行全链路仿真,并且讨论了不同形状(包括：平面形、圆锥形、球形和类球形)目标的最大回波辐射强度随着水下深度分布。基于此,本文分析了脉冲激光雷达回波过程中不同目标在相同场景下考虑的截止散射阶次对回波信号的能量占比贡献。最后,分别从脉冲激光回波半峰全宽(FHWM)以及海水后向散射信噪比(SNR)两个方面分析了不同形状的水下目标识别过程中海水的后向散射对脉冲激光回波的回波半宽增宽效应以及不同深度下的海水后向散射信噪比。     

基于调频信号子带相关性分析的回波特征提取方法

利用两种典型调频信号(LFM及HFM)的波形特点,本文提出了一种基于目标回波子带相关性的特征分析方法,并提取了回波统计特征。仿真与海上试验数据分析结果表明,该方法提取的回波统计特征对于识别水下人造金属目标与非目标具有较好的可分性。     

采用典型相关分析实现主动声纳直达波干扰抑制

海上多舰船编队作战条件下,来自于友舰的直达波干扰强度往往远大于期望目标回波的强度,使得主动声纳的目标探测性能大大降低。设计互相关性较小的发射信号虽然能够降低干信比,但是所获得的增益有限,而且限制了发射信号的选择空间。本文研究了一种基于信号结构特性的典型相关分析算法,大大降低了能量对于检测结果的影响。基于仿真结果进行了算法的可行性分析,结果表明它具有优秀的抗同频干扰能力。     

载波调制高斯脉冲激光水下传输特性的仿真分析

光在水中传输时的吸收和散射效应使得激光的水下传输特性变得复杂,尤其是后向散射会造成目标对比度降低,导致利用激光进行水下探测时面临挑战,而载波调制技术可以用来抑制水下激光雷达的后向散射。利用基于蒙特卡罗方法的计算机仿真技术建立余弦调制高斯脉冲激光水下传输模型,并讨论光载微波脉冲宽度、调制频率和调制深度等参数对探测结果的影响。结果表明:相比于传统脉冲激光雷达的仿真结果,载波调制相关检测技术可以有效提高水下目标对比度;脉冲宽度存在最佳值,调制频率对目标回波信号的信噪比和测距精度有影响,调制深度越大,目标回波信号的信噪比越高。     

连续隐马尔科夫模型在多基地目标识别中的应用

多基地声纳组网探测系统是目前大范围水下安保领域的研究热点。综合利用多基地系统中各个声纳节点的信息进行水下目标识别是亟待解决的问题。利用传统的多传感器融合的方法进行多基地水下目标识别,往往忽略了各声纳节点之间的相关性,效果并不理想。针对这一问题,本文提出了利用连续隐马尔科夫模型(CHMM)进行多基地水下目标识别的方法。首先利用RELAX算法提取了目标在不同分置角上回波的强散射点特征,组成观测向量,利用Baum-Welch方法对CHMM参数进行训练,然后计算待识别目标的特征值观测序列在不同模型下的似然概率。对所有目标重复此过程,取概率最大值对应的目标类别为最后的识别结果。在消声水池开展多基地模拟实验,对四类目标进行了识别,利用CHMM方法得到的多基地水下目标融合识别率比多基地声纳下单声纳节点的最高识别率提高了30%。     

基于面元散射体集合模型的水下复杂物体高频回波特性研究

复杂物体的高频回波特性研究对水下三维成像具有重要意义。本文针对SYSNOISE软件计算内存不足的问题,提出了面元散射体集合模型,有效减小了网格划分产生的节点数量。通过对刚性曲面回波信号的模拟,表明仿真信号可以用来准确成像,初步论证了面元散射体集合模型的正确。波束形成成像结果表明,本文方法可在成像结果中较好地显示刚性曲面的三维形状,对于水下目标的识别有着重要的意义。     

水下目标声散射信号的时频域盲抽取

目标声散射机理及其散射特性为识别目标的物理依据.针对水下目标声散射成分在时-频域存在相互混叠干扰,造成目标弹性声散射特征不稳定的问题,提出一种适合在欠定问题下分离目标声散射成分的时频域盲抽取方法.研究声散射成分的时频特征差异,构造目标回波单源自项的空间时频分布矩阵,通过对其进行特征值分解抽取相应的声散射成分,建立描述目标声散射物理特性的信号模型.抽取出的目标各弹性波分量与以表面环绕波产生理论计算结果相符.仿真与消声水池实验数据处理结果表明,该算法可以分离出目标回波的各个声散射成分,提高了分离信号的输出信噪比,为水下目标识别提供稳定和可靠的特征.     

目标粗糙对合成孔径激光雷达回波的退相干效应

本文研究了目标表面粗糙对回波信号探测的影响,通过蒙特卡罗方法建立一维和二维目标高斯随机粗糙面模型,并对目标回波信号的探测过程进行仿真,研究目标表面粗糙对中频信号的影响.还进行了粗糙面和光滑面两组光外差探测实验,验证目标粗糙对合成孔径激光雷达回波信号严重的“退相干”效应.同时,采用数字波前分析仪对探测器处本振光和信号光波前分别进行检测,检测结果与仿真一致,证明粗糙面回波相位畸变严重.文中研究结果对设计光源参数、接收系统参数以及评估系统作用距离奠定基础,为合成孔径激光雷达系统设计提供定量参考.     

Detection of complex echoes in noise by an echolocating dolphin

Dolphins echolocate with short broadband acoustic signals that have good time resolution properties. Received echoes are often complex, with many resolvable highlights or components caused by reflection of the incident signal from external and internal boundaries of a target and from different propagational modes within a target. A series of experiments was performed to investigate how dolphins perceive complex echoes. Echoes were produced by a microprocessor-controlled electronic target simulator that captured each emitted click and retransmitted the signal back to the animal after an appropriate time delay. The use of this "phantom" target allowed for precise control of the number of highlights, the time separation between highlights, and the relative amplitudes of highlights in the simulated echoes. An echolocating dolphin was trained to perform a target detection task in the presence of masking noise using these phantom echoes. The properties of simulated echoes were systematically varied, and corresponding shifts in the dolphin's detection threshold were observed, allowing for inferences of how the dolphin perceived echoes. The dolphin performed like an energy detector with an integration time of approximately 264 microseconds.     

Highlight model of echoes from sonar targets

I.IntroductionTheecho-rangingapproachistheonlycffectiveapproachfordetectionandidentifi-cationofunderwatertargetifitisasilcntobkct.Echoformationisaphysicalprocessinwhichthetargetisexcitcdbyincidentwavc.Byechothecharactcristicinformationsoftargethavebcencarricd.Suchinformationsarejustfundamentalsofdetectionandiden-hficationappliedbyactivesonars.Classificationandidentificationareimportantdevelopmentsofreccntsonarsin-c1udingthehomersoftorpedocs.Thisneedsadecpunderstandingrcferredtoechobe-haviors…     

Comment on paper entitled, "An inversion of Freedman's 'image pulse' model in air". Acoust. Soc. Am. 119(2), 965-975 (2006)

Echolocation (i.e., perceiving objects using acoustic echoes) is well-known in underwater detection and to a lesser extent in robot guidance and machine perception. The paper by Tsakiris and McKerrow is concerned with machine perception in air using Freedman's asymptotic model, which was originally developed to predict the backscattering multiple-echo effect observed in sonar detection. This effect was subsequently shown to be due to the elastic response of underwater targets. Freedman's model can be used in air because the acoustic target is assumed to be rigid. Also, the model's prediction of multiple echoes can be used to obtain information about the shape of the target. This is the so-called inversion of the Freedman model by Tsakiris and McKerrow. In their paper, various simple bodies are tested in air using ultrasound and it is shown that the model provides relatively poor information about body shape. Several explanations are given. However, one explanation is not considered, namely that the model itself is not satisfactory. First, there is poor agreement with exact backscattering theory. Second, deriving information about target shape from the multiple echoes predicted by the model is a highly questionable procedure. Both these aspects are examined here.     

Multiecho processing by an echolocating dolphin

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) use short, wideband pulses for echolocation. Individual waveforms have high-range resolution capability but are relatively insensitive to range rate. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is not greatly improved by pulse compression because each waveform has small time-bandwidth product. The dolphin, however, often uses many pulses to interrogate a target, and could use multipulse processing to combine the resulting echoes. Multipulse processing could mitigate the small SNR improvement from pulse compression, and could greatly improve range-rate estimation, moving target indication, range tracking, and acoustic imaging. All these hypothetical capabilities depend upon the animal's ability to combine multiple echoes for detection and/or estimation. An experiment to test multiecho processing in a dolphin measured detection of a stationary target when the number N of available target echoes was increased, using synthetic echoes. The SNR required for detection decreased as the number of available echoes increased, as expected for multiecho processing. A receiver that sums binary-quantized data samples from multiple echoes closely models the N dependence of the SNR required by the dolphin. Such a receiver has distribution-tolerant (nonparametric) properties that make it robust in environments with nonstationary and/or non-Gaussian noise, such as the pulses created by snapping shrimp.     

Clutter interference and the integration time of echoes in the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus

The ability of the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to detect a sonar target is affected by the presence of other targets along the same axis at slightly different ranges. If echoes from one target arrive at about the same delay as echoes from another target, clutter interference occurs and one set of echoes masks the other. Although the bat's sonar emissions and the echoes themselves are 2 to 5 ms long, echoes (of approximately equal sensation levels--around 15 dB SL) only interfere with each other if they arrive within 200 to 400 microseconds of the same arrival time. This figure is an estimate of the integration time of the bat's sonar receiver for echoes. The fine structure of the clutter-interference data reflects the reinforcement and cancellation of echoes according to their time separation. When clutter interference first occurs, the waveforms of test and cluttering echoes already overlap for much of their duration. The masking effect underlying clutter interference appears specifically due to overlap, not between raw echo waveforms, but between the patterns of mechanical excitation created when echoes pass through bandpass filters equivalent to auditory-nerve tuning curves. While the time scale of clutter interference is substantially shorter than the duration of echo waveforms, it still is much longer than the eventual width of a target's range-axis image expressed in terms of echo delay.     

Perception-based automatic classification of impulsive-source active sonar echoes

Impulsive-source active sonar systems are often plagued by false alarm echoes resulting from the presence of naturally occurring clutter objects in the environment. Sonar performance could be improved by a technique for discriminating between echoes from true targets and echoes from clutter. Motivated by anecdotal evidence that target echoes sound very different than clutter echoes when auditioned by a human operator, this paper describes the implementation of an automatic classifier for impulsive-source active sonar echoes that is based on perceptual signal features that have been previously identified in the musical acoustics literature as underlying timbre. Perceptual signal features found in this paper to be particularly useful to the problem of active sonar classification include: the centroid and peak value of the perceptual loudness function, as well as several features based on subband attack and decay times. This paper uses subsets of these perceptual signal features to train and test an automatic classifier capable of discriminating between target and clutter echoes with an equal error rate of roughly 10%; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve corresponding to this classifier is found to be 0.975.     

Classification of broadband echoes from prey of a foraging Blainville's beaked whale

Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) use broadband, ultrasonic echolocation signals with a -10 dB bandwidth from 26 to 51 kHz to search for, localize, and approach prey that generally consist of mid-water and deep-water fishes and squid. Although it is well known that the spectral characteristics of broadband echoes from marine organisms vary as a function of size, shape, orientation, and anatomical group, there is little evidence as to whether or not free-ranging toothed whales use spectral cues in discriminating between prey and nonprey. In order to study the prey-classification process, a stereo acoustic tag was deployed on a Blainville's beaked whale so that emitted clicks and the corresponding echoes from targets in the water could be recorded. A comparison of echoes from targets apparently selected by the whale and those from a sample of scatterers that were not selected suggests that spectral features of the echoes, target strengths, or both may have been used by the whale to discriminate between echoes. Specifically, the whale appears to favor targets with one or more nulls in the echo spectra and to seek prey with higher target strengths at deeper depths.     

A unified model for reverberation and submerged object scattering in a stratified ocean waveguide

A unified model for reverberation and submerged target scattering in a stratified medium is developed from wave theory. The advantage of the unified approach is that it enables quantitative predictions to be made of the target-echo-to-reverberation ratio in an ocean waveguide. Analytic expressions are derived for both deterministic and stochastic scattering from the seafloor and subseafloor. Asymptotic techniques are used to derive expressions for the scattering of broadband waveforms from distant objects or surfaces. Expressions are then obtained for the scattered field after beamforming with a horizontal line array. The model is applied to problems of active detection in shallow water. Sample calculations for narrow-band signals indicate that the detection of submerged target echoes above diffuse seafloor reverberation is highly dependent upon water column and sediment stratification as well as array aperture, source, receiver, and target locations, in addition to the scattering properties of the target and seafloor. The model is also applied to determine the conditions necessary for echo returns from discrete geomorphologic features of the seafloor and subseafloor to stand prominently above diffuse seafloor reverberation. This has great relevance to the geologic clutter problem encountered by active sonar systems operating in shallow water, as well as to the remote sensing of underwater geomorphology.     

含突发E层的电离层模型建立及其在测高中的应用

针对高频射线测高模型未考虑电离层突发E层(sporadic-E,Es层)的问题,从电离层物理结构特性入手,结合实测的电离层垂测数据,在多层准抛物模型的基础上研究了含Es层的电离层模型及其在目标高度测量中的应用.首先,利用反转抛物线特性模拟了含Es的电离层模型,并得到了等离子体频率与高度的关系;然后,利用该模型分析了射线的电离层传输路径与发射仰角/频率的关系以及高频射线微多径特征与目标高度的关系;最后,结合含Es的电离层模型与射线微多径特征,提出了基于分段爬山搜索的快速匹配域测高方法,该方法能大大减少搜索时间.研究结果表明:含Es的电离层模型和提出的测高方法能准确估计出目标高度,并具有较强的实时性.