CO_2/正己烷体系质扩散系数和黏度的分子动力学模拟研究

在CO_2驱油提高采收率技术(CO_2-EOR)中,质扩散系数和黏度参数决定了液相混合体系的扩散行为和流动特性。本文基于分子动力学模拟方法,对CO_2/正己烷体系的质扩散系数和黏度进行了研究。CO_2采用改进的EPM2模型,正己烷采用L-OPLS模型,模拟得到的纯质密度分布和自扩散系数与文献数据吻合良好。模拟计算了CO_2/正己烷体系在温度为303.15 K、383.15 K、压力为1～5 MPa范围条件下的质扩散系数和黏度。结果表明:在相同温度下,随压力增大,扩散系数模拟值与实验值相对偏差增大,偏差基本在20%以内。黏度模拟值与实验值相对偏差不超过15%.采用本文所用力场模型与数据处理方法可以用来预测CO_2/正己烷体系的质扩散系数和黏度。     

R161/R134a混合物液相黏度和表面张力的实验研究

采用表面光散射法,对R161/R134a混合物的液相黏度和表面张力进行了实验研究,温度范围为293~368 K。将混合物的黏度和表面张力关联成组分和温度的函数,黏度实验值与拟合方程最大偏差为1.67%,平均绝对偏差为0.90%,表面张力实验值与拟合方程最大偏差为0.25 mN·m~(-1),平均绝对偏差为0.08 mN·m~(-1)。本文工作为R161/R134a混合制冷剂的研究提供可靠的热物性数据。     

表面光散射法液体黏度和表面张力实验系统研制

基于气液界面表面波理论和表面光散射原理,本文研制了表面光散射液体黏度和表面张力实验系统,实验系统包括,实验光路、耐高压样品池控温系统和数据采集和处理系统组成。实验系统压力测试范围为0~10 MPa,温度测试范围为283~400 K,温度波动度小于±10 mK/10 h。采用光频外差的方法提取液体表面波信息,并通过数值求解表面波色散方程获得液体黏度和表面张力。利用参考物质甲苯检验了实验系统,本文获得的黏度值与参考方程的最大偏差为1.3%,平均偏差为0.52%;表面张力值与拟合值的最大偏差0.39%,平均偏差为0.23%。通过不确定度分析,本文搭建的系统测量黏度和表面张力的不确定度为别为2%和1%。     

光散射法同时测量气液二元体系的黏度、界面张力和热、质扩散系数的研究

当气液二元体系处于宏观热力学平衡状态时,表面与体相的波动弛豫时间具有不同量级,通过调节散射体积和改变采样时间,利用表面光散射实验系统可以同时探测到来自界面处表面波及体相中温度和浓度的波动信息。本文在已有的表面光散射实验系统上,以正庚烷与二氧化碳二元系统为例,同时实现了该体系黏度、界面张力和热、质扩散系数的测量,其扩展不确定度分布为3.0%,3.7%,20%,4.3%(k=2)。实验所得到的数据与文献进行了对比,其偏差在不确定度范围内,证明了本文提出的测量方法可以实现气液二元体系四种性质的同时测量,且测量精度可以满足一般工程应用。     

动态光散射法热/质扩散系数同时测量方法研究

流体工质的热、质扩散系数是表征其传热和传质的重要迁移性质,往往需要采用不同设备测量获得。为探索可同时测量热、质扩散系数的动态光散射方法,研究了采样时间、入射角、黏度、折射率偏差及路易斯数Le等因素对测量可靠性及精度的影响。利用二元混合流体正己烷/正癸烷、正己烷/正十六烷体系进行验证,结果表明：当采样时间为弛豫时间的1.5～3倍且入射角度为8°～12°时,具有较低黏度、较高折射率偏差（>4%）的体系且Le值为10～80时,可以同时可靠地获取流体热、质扩散系数,且测量不确定度低于5%;与已有方法对比,热、质扩散系数的偏差分别为4.00%和3.56%,证明了该测量方法和系统的可靠性。     

近临界区表面光散射法乙醇界面性质的实验研究

针对高温及近临界区流体界面性质测量难题,本文研究了表面光散射法在该温度区间流体表面张力和黏度的高精度测量方法。获取了饱和状态下乙醇在温度范围为303 K~T_c内的表面张力和黏度,并利用实验数据分别拟合了对应的van der Waals方程和含临界项的温度倒数多项式方程,在全温度范围内实验值与方程的偏差均在1.5%之内。同时分析了表面光散射法测量流体表面张力和黏度的测量扩展不确定度,当对比温度T_r=T/T_c0.9时,表面张力和黏度的测量不确定度分别为1%和2% (k=2);当对比温度0.90 T_r 0.99时,测量不确定度范围分别为1%~7%和2%~3%(k=2)。     

R143a气相黏度的实验研究

采用振动盘黏度计对制冷剂R143a的气相黏度进行了实验研究,温度范围为299～338 K、压力范围为0.1～2.69MPa,黏度测量的不确定度为±2.0%.利用得到的实验数据,拟合了R143a的气相黏度方程,黏度实验数据与方程的平均绝对偏差为0.20%,最大偏差为0.97%,可以满足工程应用.     

HFC类二元混合制冷剂气相黏度预测

根据Vesovic-Wakeham理论,预测了10种HFC类二元混合制冷剂的气相黏度,所研究的混合制冷剂包括R32/R125、R32/R134a、R32/R143a、R32/R152a、R125/R134a、R125/R143a、R125/R152a、R134a/R143a、R134a/R152a和R143a/R152a,温度范围为298.15～423.15 K,压力范围为0.1～8.85 MPa,结果表明,黏度预测值具有较高的精度,可以满足工程应用的实际要求。     

表面光散射法正十六烷高温热物理性质研究

为拓展高温下流体黏度和表面张力的测量,改进了原有的表面光散射实验系统,将实验的温度区间拓展至570K,改进后的系统在整个温区内测量黏度和表面张力的扩展不确定度分别为2%和1%(k=2)。利用新的实验系统研究了正十六烷在353~547 K温度范围内的黏度和表面张力,并利用实验数据分别拟合了温度倒数多项式和van der Waals方程,在全温度范围内实验值与方程的偏差均在1%之内。在较宽的温度范围内获得的正十六烷的高精度黏度和表面张力数据和方程,可以作为参考数据和方程,用于相关仪器的标定和检验。     

制冷剂及其混合物黏度的计算

本文在收集了制冷剂R11、R12、1%13、R22、R23、R32、R13B1、R113、R114、R123、R124、R125、R134a、R141b、R142b、R143a、R152a、R227ea、R236ea、R236fa、R245ca、R245fa、R1234yf、R1234ze及其二元和三元混合物黏度数据的基础上,结合自由体积理论和混合法则建立了一种可以计算制冷剂及其混合物黏度的推算模型。对于纯质制冷剂的黏度,模型预测值与实验值之间的相对偏差绝对平均值小于1.5%,最大相对偏差绝对值小于3.1%。对于制冷剂二元和三元混合物的黏度,模型预测值与实验值之间的相对偏差绝对平均值小于3.6%,最大相对偏差绝对值小于7.5%。     

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the R134a refrigerant in the liquid state

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of “ozone-safe” refrigerant R134a in liquid state within the range of temperatures 295.9–354.9 K and pressures from the liquid — vapor equilibrium line up to 4.08 MPa have been studied by high-frequency thermal-wave method. The experimental uncertainties of the temperature, pressure, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurement errors were estimated to be 0.1 K, 3 kPa, 1.5 and 2.5 %, respectively. Values of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of liquid R134a on saturated line have been calculated. Approximation dependences for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity within the whole studied range of temperatures and pressures as well as on the saturated line have been obtained. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 07-08-00295-a).     

High pressure viscosity and density measurements of the binary mixture tridecane + 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane

Abstract

The dynamic viscosity η of the binary mixture tridecane + 2,2,4,4,6,8-heptamethyl-nonane has been measured in the temperature range 293.15-353.15K (in progressive 10 K steps) at pressures 0.1,20,40,60,80 and 100 MPa. The system is described by 9 molar fractions (0 to 1 in 0.125 progressive steps). The density ρ has been measured at pressures from 0.1 to 65 MPa in progressive 5 MPa steps. The whole set of experimental data represents 378 points for η and 882 for ρ. The measurements of η allow to determine the excess viscosity η^E and the excess activation energy of viscous flow ΔG^E versus pressure, temperature and composition.     

基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射的氮气体黏滞系数的测量

体黏滞系数是从微观角度认识气体分子黏滞性的重要参数,传统的兆赫兹声频范围的声波吸收方法无法直接应用于声波弛豫效应在千兆赫兹范围的高频领域,而瑞利-布里渊散射则能实现对声波弛豫效应在千兆赫兹的气体体黏滞系数的测量.本文测量了532 nm激光激发的常温下压强分别为1-9 bar的氮气的自发瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,利用已知温度和压强的理论模型对测量光谱进行了比较,获得了准确的散射角.利用该散射角并结合χ~2值最小原理反演得到不同压强(4—9 bar)下氮气的平均体黏滞系数为(1.46±0.14)×10~(-5)kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1),该结果与文献中利用自发瑞利-布里渊散射获得的结果和理论计算结果相近,但与相干瑞利-布里渊散射的测量结果相差明显.利用该平均体黏滞系数对氮气在不同压强下的温度进行了反演,得到各压强下的温度与实际温度的绝对误差小于2.50 K,反演温度的平均值与实际温度误差小于0.15 K,该结果证明了实验测量得到的氮气的体黏滞系数具有较高的准确性,同时也说明利用瑞利-布里渊散射反演气体参数具有较高的准确性和可靠性.     

Two-dimensional electron-hole pair diffusivities in thin GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells

Diffusivities of two-dimensional electron-hole pairs in thin GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells (QWs) are studied experimentally and theoretically as functions of temperature and well-width. With growing well-widths, increasing diffusivities are observed for fixed Al-contents. Experimental diffusivities for the lateral carrier motion in continuously as well as in interrupted-grown thin QWs of different barrier Al-content are presented for T>150 K. Increasing diffusivities are observed for rising temperatures in the range T190 K. A comparison of the experimental data and results of theoretical model calculations indicates that the increase is partly related to thermal dissociation of excitons into free carrier pairs. The effective diffusivity of this two-component system is calculated using a system of rate equations and considering acoustic-deformation-potential scattering, polar-optical scattering and barrier-alloy-disorder scattering.The experimental data were obtained at: 4. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, W-7000 Stuttgart 80, Germany     

Laser light scattering technique for non-invasive in situ simultaneous measurements on elastic constants and viscosity coefficients of nematic liquid crystals

Theelasticconstantsandtheviscositycoefficientsarethekeyparametersforthephysicalpropertiesofnematicliquidcrystals(LCs)[1,2],fortheyarecorrespondingtothethresholdvoltageandtherespondingtimeofliquidcrystaldisplaydevices[3,4].Sofarnotechniquethatcansimultaneouslymeasurethetwoparametersinsituhasbeenreported.TheelasticconstantsandviscositycoefficientsofnematicLCsatthepresentaremeasuredusingdifferentmethodsindependently.TheviscositycoefficientsisgenerallymeasuredwithOstwaldviscosimeter,andtheelasti…     

Light-scattering study of a supercooled epoxy resin

The dynamics of the fragile glass-forming liquid diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A was studied by depolarized Rayleigh-Brillouin light-scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy above the glass transition, in the temperature range from 261 to 473 K and in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 300 GHz. The structural (alpha-) relaxation process was revealed and no signature of the secondary relaxation previously evidenced by dielectric spectroscopy at about 0.1 GHz was observed. The characteristic time of the alpha process differs from that determined by dielectric spectroscopy of an amount, which increases with increasing temperature. The relaxation times were compared with viscosity data to test the predictions of the classic Stokes-Einstein-Debye model. The tau proportional, variant eta behavior was verified for dielectric data, while a fractional power law of viscosity tau proportional, variant eta(0.89) was obtained for light-scattering relaxation times, extending over more than seven decades in viscosity and time. This deviation of light scattering from viscosity data could be interpreted in terms of cooperative motion in the supercooled liquid with a characteristic length xi(a) proportional, variant(T-T0)(-v) where T(0)=229 K is the Vogel temperature and v is close to 2 / 3 which is consistent with the prediction of the fluctuation theory of glass transition.     

Study of PEO—PPO—PEO Copolymers Conformational Changes: Viscosity and Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements

The self-assembly behaviour of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymers, (EO)₁₃(PO)₃₀(EO)₁₃ (Pluronic L64), and (EO)₇₀ (PO)₃₀(EO)₇₀ (Pluronic F68) in water and in p-xylene has been elucidated by using viscosity and dynamic light scattering measurements to investigate the effects of hydrophilic chains length on their conformational changes. The viscosity measurements were performed for a range of temperature varying from 27°C to 60°C and concentration from 4 to 60 mg/ml. The variation of the viscosity and the conformational changes in aqueous solution depends on the kinds of interactions and the balance between excluded volume effects and hydrophobic interactions. Some dynamic light scattering measurements were also performed at room temperature for the same range of concentration to provide more information on the micellar structures in aqueous and organic solution.     

振动盘式粘度计及R403B和R413A气相粘度的实验测量

建立了国内第一台振动盘式粘度计测量气体的粘度，扭丝采用钛镍合金丝．得到了测量的工作方程．在利用测量的ＨＣＦＣ２２的气相粘度进行校核的基础上测量了Ｒ４０３Ｂ在温度３０３－３６３Ｋ，压力０．１～２．１４ＭＰａ 内的气相粘度，及Ｒ４１３Ａ在温度３０５～３６３Ｋ，压力０．１～１．８２ ＭＰａ 内的气相粘度，并回归了其粘度计算方程．