中国先进研究堆中子散射科学平台介绍

中子散射技术作为人类认知世界不可或缺的独特手段,多年来在诸多领域得到了广泛应用并成绩显著。文章以新建成的中国先进研究堆中子散射科学平台谱仪为例,较为详细地介绍了中子散射技术和谱仪的基本原理和特点,并对其未来的应用进行了展望。     

核能与聚变裂变混合能源堆

未来20年将是核能发展的一个关键时期.2035年左右,快堆有望投入商用;磁约束聚变、激光聚变、Z箍缩聚变也都有演示堆计划.聚变演示堆存在纯聚变与聚变裂变混合能源堆两种可能,而后者可降低聚变功率,缓解高能中子对材料的辐照损伤.另外,氘氚聚变供能时间有限.文章介绍了混合能源堆的概念.能源堆可充分利用铀资源,且后处理不涉及铀钚分离,有很好的防扩散性能.裂变堆、聚变堆、能源堆共同发展,可望使核能在不太长的时间内获得大规模应用,并可为人类提供千年以上的能源供应.     

核工业西南物理研究院的聚变堆设计研究工作

本文回顾我院聚变堆设计研究工作 。在李正武先生的组织下，工作从１９７４年起步，他亲自组织了讲课活动。１９７８年后，他主持外事工作，通过“请进来、派出去”的作法，显著地推动了聚变堆研究工作的发展。本文回顾介绍了我院在纯聚变堆，Ｄ－＾３Ｈｅ堆和聚变增殖堆设计研究方面取得的进展。     

300^#堆在线产氚回路及其应用

本文介绍了３００＾＃堆在线产氚回路的组成及其主要指标、回路运行和释氚实验概况、阐明了在线产氚回路在聚变裂交混合堆包层产氚研究中的应用和前景。     

STR型脉冲聚变堆系统参数和经济性研究

应用系统经济程序ＳＹＳＴＯＫ对大环径比脉冲聚变堆ＳＴＲ概念设计进行了系统参数模拟,并对它的投资费用和电成本进行了估算。为便于ＳＴＲ设计参数和经济性的分析与评估,参考了美国的ＡＲＩＥＳ－Ⅱ和ＰＵＬＳＡＲ－Ⅱ聚变堆设计并与之进行了比较。采用电成本ＣＯＥ为目标函数,对ＳＴＲ系统参数优化进行了研究。对ＳＴＲ电厂的ＣＯＥ与石油电厂,液化天然气电厂、煤电厂及裂变堆电厂的ＣＯＥ进行了分析比较。ＳＴＲ型聚变堆的长     

新一代干净的核能——加速器驱动的次临界堆

介绍了新一代干净的核能－加速器驱动的次临界堆的原因和国际研究进展，并对国内如何开展这方面的研究提出了建议。     

惯性约束聚变－裂变混合堆及其包层中子学设计

对惯性约束混合堆的功率循环,氚钚生产的燃料循环和混合堆作为聚变能源的前期应用的可能性作了简要的介绍。对快裂包层和抑制裂变包层作了初步的中子学研究设计,指出了其优缺点和应用的前景。     

超高燃耗常规快堆堆芯物理概念设计

为了比较常规快堆与行波堆的堆芯特性,以最大卸料燃耗300 000 MWd/tHM为目标,设计了高燃耗快堆 (HBFR),给出了堆芯的物理学设计方案。采用六批换料方式补偿燃耗反应性损失。选择NAS程序计算了冷停堆状态、热停堆状态和满功率状态三种不同堆芯状态,分析了临界参数、功率分布、DPA特性、温度和功率反应性特性、控制棒价值等堆芯参数。设计结果表明,HBFR的燃料组件最大卸料燃耗接近300 000 MWd/tHM,平均卸料燃耗219 000 MWd/tHM,单循环燃耗反应性损失3.7%(k是有效增殖因子,k是有效增殖因子的变化量),可以通过补偿棒实现反应性控制,HBFR的各参数满足设计目标与设计限值,可以为下一步与行波堆的比较研究提供参考堆芯。     

聚变堆设计研究进展综述

本文综述了2006年度聚变堆设计研究的主要工作，重点是聚变示范堆DEMO设计，ITER实验包层模块（TBM）设计，聚变堆安全分析与高温、高压氦实验回路建设等方面的进展。     

邮票上的物理学史56——核能作为动力(续)

英国人偏爱石墨气冷反应堆.他们的第一座核电站卡德霍尔核电站便是石墨气冷堆,以金属天然铀为燃料,二氧化碳为冷却剂.后来做了改进,燃料改用二氧化铀,需将铀235的丰度提高到2%～3%,冷却剂的出口温度从400 ℃提高到650 ℃,热效率提高不少.英国自1965年起修建了14座这样的改进型气冷堆,总装机容量8×106kW.图22(英国1966年,英国技术)是Windscale的反应堆,邮票下方的文字是"Windscale先进的气冷堆";图23(英国1978年,能源),Oldbury核电站.最近又出现了高温气冷堆,采用陶瓷涂敷颗粒燃料,以He为冷却剂.冷却剂出口温度可达800 ℃,热效率达40%.我国在863计划中规定要建造一座热功率为1×104kW的研究型高温气冷堆.     

The thorium cycle for fast breeder reactors

The role that could be played by liquid metal-cooled fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs) in the utilization of India’s considerable thorium resources is reviewed in this article. Distinct advantages of thorium-based fuels over plutonium-uranium fuels in LMFBRs pertain to a more favourable coolant voiding reactivity coefficient and better fuel element irradiation stability. The poorer breeding capability of thorium-fuelled fast reactors can in principle be overcome by improved core design and development of advanced fuel concepts. The technical feasibility of such advanced thorium fuels and core designs must be established by sustained research and development. It is also necessary to efficiently close the thorium fuel cycle of fast breeder reactors by appropriate development of the fuel reprocessing and refabrication stages. The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam is expected to be an important tool for development of thorium fuel and fuel cycle technology. A quick look at the economics of the thorium cycle for fast reactors, vis-a-vis the more conventional uranium cycle indicates only a small and acceptable cost disadvantage on account of the need for remote fabrication of recycled thorium fuel. The authors felicitate Prof. D S Kothari on his eightieth birthday and dedicate this paper to him on this occasion.     

Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for pretreatment of oily wastewater for anaerobic co-digestion with waste activated sludge

Application of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was investigated with the objective of biogas production enhancement from co-digestion of oily wastewater (OWW) and waste activated sludge (WAS). Initially, the effect of HC on the OWW was evaluated in terms of energy consumption and turbidity increase. Then, several mixtures of OWW (with and without HC pretreatment) and WAS with the same concentration of total volatile solid were prepared as a substrate for co-digestion. Following, several batch co-digestion trials were conducted. To compare the biogas production, a number of digestion trials were also conducted with a mono substrate (OWW or WAS alone). The best operating condition of HC was achieved in the shortest retention time (7.5 min) with the application of 3 mm diameter orifice and maximum pump rotational speed. Biogas production from all co-digestion reactors was higher than the WAS mono substrate reactors. Moreover, biogas production had a direct relationship with OWW ratio and no major inhibition was observed in any of the reactors. The biogas production was also enhanced by HC pretreatment and almost all of the reactors with HC pretreatment had higher reaction rates than the reactors without pretreatment.     

瞬发超临界系统内持续裂变链的发展过程

根据基本的概率理论和瞬发临界附近有限裂变链的发展规律, 推导了单脉冲源条件下脉冲堆引发持续裂变链过程中的中子数与时间关系式, 并得到CFBR-Ⅱ堆上实验的验证. 该关系式进一步发展了Hansen理论模型, 除了可以描述裂变链后期的发展趋势, 还可以描述持续裂变链产生初期中子数的快速增长行为. 讨论了引发时间与源强的关系, 指出在弱源条件下, 引发时间几乎不依赖于源强. 关键词： 持续裂变链 脉冲堆 引发时间     

Analysis and design considerations for a real-time system for non-destructive evaluation in the nuclear industry

This paper studies the feasibility of implementing a real-time system for non-destructive evaluation of nuclear reactors based on the principles of synthetic aperture processing. A detailed analysis of the computational requirements and simulation and benchmarking work on several computers seems to suggest the design of a special purpose processor as the most viable solution to the problem. The paper concludes with a discussion of the parameters affecting field design and some preliminary design considerations of the overall system.     

Neutronic calculations for CANDU thorium systems using Monte Carlo techniques

In this paper, we have investigated the prospects of exploiting the rich world thorium reserves using Canada Deuterium Uranium （CANDU） reactors. The analysis is performed using the Monte Carlo MCNP code in order to understand how much time the reactor is in criticality conduction. Four different fuel compositions have been selected for analysis. We have obtained the infinite multiplication factor, k∞, under full power operation of the reactor over 8 years. The neutronic flux distribution in the full core reactor has already been investigated.     

Investigation of induction of air due to ultrasound source in the sonochemical reactors

A detailed investigation into the phenomena of induction of air using a novel arrangement of the ultrasonic horn (tip is located just above the liquid surface) has been made with the quantification of the extent of induction in terms of the air entrainment rate and the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of air into the system. The measurement of air entrainment rate was found to be quite difficult and hence focus was kept on the quantification in terms of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient. The effect of ultrasonic power dissipation and type of the liquid medium (water, sodium chloride and sodium laruyl sulphate [surfactant] solution) on the mass transfer coefficient has been studied and correlations have been developed for the prediction of the same. Comparison with the mechanically agitated surface aerators has enabled us to understand the controlling mechanism in the induction and subsequent distribution of the air i.e. turbulence or convective motion. The present work should open an entirely new field of research in the area of design of sonochemical gas–liquid reactors operating possibly as a combination of gas-inducing reactors and cavitational reactors.     

连续搅拌槽式反应器中自催化化学反应的延迟同步

讨论了由两个连续搅拌槽式反应器组成的化学反应系统的延迟同步问题.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,通过选择适当的输出和同步信号得到了使反应实现延迟同步的控制函数,并用数值模拟验证了方法的有效性.最后指出延迟同步误差系统存在着两种不同的时间尺度. 关键词： 延迟同步 化学反应 连续搅拌槽式反应器 时间尺度     

新型聚变堆用超导材料Nb3Al的研究现状

未来聚变堆中等离子体能量密度的提高对超导磁体中导体在高场下的载流能力和抗应变能力提出了更高的要求.和已大规模应用的Nb<,3> Sn 相比,A<,15> 型金属间化合物Nb<,3> Al 超导材料在高场下的本征临界电流密度更高,且具有更优异的抗应变能力.经过近三十年的持续研究,Nb<,3>Al 的性能得到大幅提高,已成...     

聚变-裂变混合堆系统在能源战略中的地位及其设计中若干问题的分析

简要描述聚变-裂变混合堆在长期能源发展战略中的地位,着重计算分析具有不同类型的聚变堆芯和包层的混合堆生产电能和可裂变核燃料的能力,研究不同类型聚变-裂变混合堆与其支持的卫星堆(如压水堆)组合燃料循环系统生产电能的能力.指出以天然铀或贫化铀为燃料,水冷却的包层设计是一种经济可行、技术风险较小的设计方案.