纳米技术在汽车上的应用前景

 纳米技术将会带来一场技术革命,从而引起21世纪又一场产业革命。纳米是一种度量单位,1纳米为十亿分之一米。纳米结构是指尺寸在100纳米以下的微小结构,在该水平上对物质和材料进行研究和处理的技术,称为纳米技术。纳米技术或称毫微米技术,是在单个原子和分子层次上对物质存在的种类、数量和结构形态等进行精确的观测、识别与控制技术的研究与应用。纳米技术能够从汽车车身应用到车轮,几乎可以涵盖一辆汽车的全部,纳米技术在汽车材料上的广泛应用,也将使汽车产生质的飞跃。就目前来说,只有纳米技术,才是新世纪汽车发展的核心技术。     

国家纳米技术与工程研究院 国家纳米技术产业化基地

~~国家纳米技术与工程研究院 国家纳米技术产业化基地@李博文~~     

纳米技术与肿瘤医学

纳米技术已经在物理、化学、材料、信息与生命科学领域得到广泛应用，并且开始在纳米医药领域得到重视．2012年8月出版的Physics Today期刊刊登了美国癌症研究国家实验室（NCL）纳米技术表征实验室的研究员、美国大学物理学副教授Jennifer Grossman和NCL实验室主任Scott McNeil关于纳米技术与肿瘤医学的文章，摘译如下：     

应用纳米技术的古代染发剂配方

纳米技术一般被视为前沿科技领域的尖端技术。然而科研人员最近发现，一种从希腊罗马时代一直沿用至今、能使头发变黑的铅基染发剂使用的就是纳米微晶，纳米技术竟然出现在2000年前。     

迎接2005世界物理年再谈纳米科技飞速发展

本文回顾了纳米概念的提出与发展,讨论了我国纳米技术面临的挑战和具体对策,分析了世界纳米技术状况,论述了专家预言。     

神奇的纳米技术与军事革命

 20世纪80年代末,一门新颖、独特、颇具神奇色彩的科学技术---纳米技术悄然兴起,并立即引起世界各国的广泛关注和重视。短短十几年中,纳米技术在世界范围内的研究和应用得到了卓有成效的发展,并已成为21世纪的前沿战略科技。一、神奇的纳米技术1nm=10-9m。所谓纳米技术,是在0.1～100nm的尺度空间内研究电子、原子和分子的运动规律及特性,通过微观环境下操作单个原子、分子或原子团、分子团,以制造具有特定功能的材料或器件为最终目的的一门崭新技术。它包括纳米电子技术、纳米材料技术、纳米机械制造技术、纳米显微技术及纳米物理学和纳米生物学等不同的学科和领域。     

纳米技术在未来军事领域中的应用

 纳米技术不仅在材料、生物医学、半导体器件和微机电系统等领域中有着广泛的应用,而且这些领域中的应用又都能不同程度地用于军事领域,所以纳米技术在军事领域中也有着广阔的应用前景。利用纳米技术,科技工作者正在研制纳米武器和纳米武器系统。纳米武器和纳米武器系统具有超微型化、智能化和高性能等优点,必将引起未来武器系统的深刻变革和未来战争模式、作战指挥等一系列重大的变革。一、纳米武器和纳米武器系统的特点1.武器系统超微型化纳米技术用量子器件取代大规模的集成电路,使武器控制系统的重量和功耗成千分之一地减小,从而大大减小了武器的体积和重量。     

21世纪纳米技术及其应用展望

 异军突起的纳米技术“纳米”是英文namometer的译名,是一种长度单位,1纳米为百万分之一毫米,即1毫微米,也就是十亿分之一米,约相当于45个原子串起来那么长。纳米结构通常是指尺寸在100纳米以下的微小结构。科学家们在研究物质构成的过程中,发现在纳米尺度下隔离出来的几个、几十个可数原子或分子,明显表现出许多新的特性,而利用这些特性制造具有特定功能设备的技术,就称为纳米技术。纳米技术其实就是一种用单个原子、分子制造物质的技术。从迄今为止的研究状况看,纳米技术分为三种。     

纳米材料与技术在环保中的应用

本文介绍了纳米技术在大气、污水处理方面的实际应用 ,特别是在环境保护和环境治理方面的应用 .随着纳米材料和纳米技术在环保方面的应用更深入的研究 ,将会给我国乃至全世界在治理环境污染方面带来新的机会     

纳米技术强势因子的国际排行榜

最近 ,来自澳大利亚Murdoch大学的技术政策专家Marinova等 ,在学术期刊上撰文 ,发表了他们依据专利统计作出的关于纳米技术国际竞争力排行榜的研究结果 .他们研究的对象是在美国持有纳米技术专利最多的 12个国家和地区 (不包括美国 ) .综合四项指标的量化评估 (见下文 ) ,最终的竞争力排名前三位的依次是 :法国、日本和加拿大 .第一项评估指标是纳米技术专业化 (technologyspecial ization ,TS)的地方比较优势 ,它等于 :某国居民的纳米技术发明专利数在该国所有技术发明专利中的比重与 12个国家和地区平均水平之比 .TS指标高 ,意味着 :相…     

Shape-influenced magnetic properties of CoO nanoparticles

Despite uncertainty about the potential human health and environmental risks of nanotechnology, major stakeholders such as regulatory agencies and the nanotechnology industry are already negotiating the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnology. Because of a relative lack of nano-specific regulations, the future of nanotechnology development will depend greatly on the views held by the nanotechnology industry. This study fills the research gap in understanding how the nanotechnology industry perceives the risks of nanotechnology. This is the first interview-based study of the nanotechnology industry in the United States. Semi-structured, open-ended phone interviews were conducted with 17 individuals involved in the commercialization of nanotechnology in the United States. Results indicate that while the industry acknowledges uncertainty about the potential risks of nanotechnology and takes significant precaution in ensuring the safety of their products, they do not see nanotechnology as novel or risky. They do not believe that uncertainty over risk ought to delay the further development of nanotechnology. The industry sees itself as the primary agent in ensuring consumer safety and believes that consumers are adequately protected. They are also largely benefit-centric and view product labeling as inefficacious.     

Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks

Over the last decade social scientific researchers have examined how the public perceives risks associated with nanotechnology. The body of literature that has emerged has been methodologically diverse. The findings have confirmed that some publics perceive nanotechnology as riskier than others, experts feel nanotechnology is less risky than the public does, and despite risks the public is optimistic about nanotechnology development. However, the extant literature on nanotechnology and risk suffers from sometimes widely divergent findings and has failed to provide a detailed picture of how the public actually feels about nanotechnology risks when compared to other risks. This study addresses the deficiencies in the literature by providing a comparative approach to gauging nanotechnology risks. The findings show that the public does not fear nanotechnology compared to other risks. Out of 24 risks presented to the participants, nanotechnology ranked 19th in terms of overall risk and 20th in terms of “high risk.”     

Progress of nanoscience in China

Fast evolving nanoseienees and nanotechnology in China has made it one of the front countries of nanotechnology development. Ill this review, we summarize some most recent progresses in nanoseienee research and nanotechnology development in China. The topics we selected in this article include llano-fabrication, nanocatalysis, bioinspired nanoteehnology, green printing nanotechnology, nanoplasmonics, nanomedicine, nanomaterials and their applications, energy and environmental nanoteehnology, nano EHS （nanosafety）, etc. Most of them have great potentials in applications or application-related key issues in future.     

Current situation and industrialization of Taiwan nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is projected to be a very promising field, and the impact of nanotechnology on society is increasingly significant as the research funding and manufactured goods increase exponentially. A clearer picture of Taiwan’s current and future nanotechnology industry is an essential component for future planning. Therefore, this investigation studies the progress of industrializing nanotechnology in Taiwan by surveying 150 companies. Along with understanding Taiwan’s current nanotechnology industrialization, this paper also suggests ways to promote Taiwan’s nanotechnology. The survey results are summarized and serve as the basis for planning a nanotechnology industrialization strategy.     

Determining the efficacy of a nanotechnology media product in enhancing children’s engagement with nanotechnology

Public engagement in nanotechnology media products can lead to a greater interest in understanding of nanotechnology. A study was undertaken to determine middle school student engagement in Nanooze, a magazine featuring nanotechnology research that has been developed for a young adult audience. Teachers at 116 Detroit middle schools distributed two issues of the magazine to their students, and surveys were collected from 870 students after reading the magazines. Results suggest that the majority of students liked reading the magazine and learned something about nanotechnology. Engagement in nanotechnology led to understanding of nanotechnology. The Nanooze magazine was an effective medium for engaging middle school students in learning about nanotechnology.     

The structure and infrastructure of the global nanotechnology literature

Text mining is the extraction of useful information from large volumes of text. A text mining analysis of the global open nanotechnology literature was performed. Records from the Science Citation Index (SCI)/Social SCI were analyzed to provide the infrastructure of the global nanotechnology literature (prolific authors/journals/institutions/countries, most cited authors/papers/journals) and the thematic structure (taxonomy) of the global nanotechnology literature, from a science perspective. Records from the Engineering Compendex (EC) were analyzed to provide a taxonomy from a technology perspective.

• The Far Eastern countries have expanded nanotechnology publication output dramatically in the past decade.
• The Peoples Republic of China ranks second to the USA (2004 results) in nanotechnology papers published in the SCI, and has increased its nanotechnology publication output by a factor of 21 in a decade.
• Of the six most prolific (publications) nanotechnology countries, the three from the Western group (USA, Germany, France) have about eight percent more nanotechnology publications (for 2004) than the three from the Far Eastern group (China, Japan, South Korea).
• While most of the high nanotechnology publication-producing countries are also high nanotechnology patent producers in the US Patent Office (as of 2003), China is a major exception. China ranks 20th as a nanotechnology patent-producing country in the US Patent Office.

     

Public Attitudes Toward Nanotechnology

Data from 3909 respondents to an Internet survey questionnaire provide the first insights into public perceptions of nanotechnology. Quantitative analysis of statistics about agreement and disagreement with two statements, one positive and the other negative, reveals high levels of enthusiasm for the potential benefits of nanotechnology and little concern about possible dangers. The respondents mentally connect nanotechnology with the space program, nuclear power, and cloning research, but rate it more favorably. In contrast, they do not associate nanotechnology with pseudoscience, despite its imaginative exploitation by science fiction writers. Qualitative analysis of written comments from 598 respondents indicates that many ideas about the value of nanotechnology have entered popular culture, and it provides material for an additional 108 questionnaire items that can be used in future surveys on the topic. The findings of this exploratory study can serve as benchmarks against which to compare results of future research on the evolving status of nanotechnology in society.     

The current state of public understanding of nanotechnology

The growing importance of nanotechnology in industry and society has not been accompanied by a widespread understanding of the subject among the general public. Simple questions to initially probe the smallest thing that people can see and can think of reveals a divide in the understanding of the general public. A survey of 1500 individuals ranging in age from 6 to 74 has revealed a lack of knowledge of nanotechnology and especially a lack of understanding of the context of nanotechnology in the world that is too small to see. Survey findings are corroborated by in-depth interviews with 400 adults in studies of nanoscience literacy commisioned by University of California, Berkeley and Cornell in 2002 and 2004, respectively. In general, with the exception of 14–28 year olds, over 60% of respondents say they have never heard of nano or nanotechnology. The results suggest that the general public, especially middle-school children, has no firm foundation to understand nanotechnology and likely will continue to be equally impressed by credible scientific information as well as pure fictional accounts of nanotechnology.     

Occupational safety and health in nanotechnology and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization, is playing a critical global role in ensuring that emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology, are developed responsibly. This article describes OECD activities around occupational safety and health of nanotechnology and provides state-of-the-science overview resulting from an OECD workshop on exposure assessment and mitigation for nanotechnology workplace.     

Nanotechnology and the need for risk governance

After identifying the main characteristics and prospects of nanotechnology as an emerging technology, the paper presents the general risks associated with nanotechnology applications and the deficits of the risk governance process today, concluding with recommendations to governments, industry, international organizations and other stakeholders. The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) has identified a governance gap between the requirements pertaining to the nano- rather than the micro-/macro- technologies. The novel attributes of nanotechnology demand different routes for risk-benefit assessment and risk management, and at present, nanotechnology innovation proceeds ahead of the policy and regulatory environment. In the shorter term, the governance gap is significant for those passive nanostructures that are currently in production and have high exposure rates; and is especially significant for the several ‘active’ nanoscale structures and nanosystems that we can expect to be on the market in the near future. Active nanoscale structures and nanosystems have the potential to affect not only human health and the environment but also aspects of social lifestyle, human identity and cultural values. The main recommendations of the report deal with selected higher risk nanotechnology applications, short- and long-term issues, and global models for nanotechnology governance.