夫琅和费衍射与大角度衍射

众所周知,夫琅和费衍射的解析强度分布和暗纹位置是在一系列近似情况下导出的。其中最重要的条件是观测点必须限制在傍轴附近,衍射角不能太大,否则得不到简单的解析公式,也就不能称之为夫琅和费衍射。最近发现有人发明错误的理论将夫琅和费衍射概念及其测量扩展到90°角,其结论与常识截然相反,因此,有必要把混淆的概念予以澄清。     

Boundary diffraction waves at multiple Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction

The theory of boundary diffraction wave is generalized to the case of multiple Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction on several sequentially situated holes (screens). The generalized boundary wave is the sum of boundary diffraction waves with different multiplicities described by integrals whose maximal multiplicity is equal to the number of obstacles. It is shown that the proposed generalized boundary wave method provides a multiple time gain in calculations, as compared to the aperture integration method. Results of numerical calculations agree with experimental dependences.     

Electron diffraction

T. B. Rymer Methuen, London; Barnes and Noble, New York, 165 pages, 7 plates. £2.50     

Echelle diffraction grating demultiplexers with a single diffraction passband

Planar multiplexers based on echelle gratings are very popular devices for optical communication applications. However, the available channel number is restricted by the concept of free spectral range (FSR) due to their high operating diffraction order. Now, we can break the restriction of the FSR concept, and most of wavelengths in the operating passband of echelle grating multiplexers can be used based on a variable diffraction order design. We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of the echelle grating multiplexer with a single diffraction passband based on silica platform.     

像面衍射场系夫琅禾费衍射

提出了一个标准积分形式其被积函数由屏函数与一线性相因子的乘积构成,作为夫琅禾费衍射场的普遍定义.据此证明了有4种实验装置能接收到夫琅禾费衍射场,特别强调了像面接收装置及其优点.最后介绍了夫琅禾费衍射与傅里叶变换的关系,以及3种可供选择的相干光学信息处理系统.     

Fighting against diffraction: apodization and near field diffraction structures

Diffraction is a natural phenomenon, which occurs when waves propagate or encounter an obstacle. Diffraction is also a fundamental aspect of modern optics: all imaging systems are diffraction systems. However, like a coin has two sides, diffraction also leads to some unfavorable effects, such as an increase in the size of a beam during propagation, and a limited minimal beam size after focusing. To overcome these disadvantages set by diffraction, many techniques have been developed by various groups, including apodization techniques to reduce the divergence of a laser beam and increase the resolution, and time reversal, STED microscopy, super lenses and optical antennas to obtain resolution down to nano‐scale. This review concentrates on the diffraction of electromagnetic waves, and the ways to overcome beam divergence and the diffraction limit.     

Interference and diffraction effects in folding mirror schlieren diffraction interferometer

Experimental investigations on interference and diffraction phenomenon occurring in a folding mirror schlieren diffraction interferometer have been presented. It is shown that the well-known Lloyd mirror interferometer can easily be converted into a folding mirror schlieren diffraction interferometer. Various intermediate stages occur as the basic two-beam interference pattern in Lloyd mirror interferometer is transformed into a schlieren diffraction pattern. Study of these intermediate stages gives a good insight in understanding the transition behaviour between the fundamental phenomenon of interference and diffraction taking place as the mirror-edge approaches the Airy disk.     

Phonon diffraction gratings

A two-dimensional diffraction grating for phonons is described. It scatters thermal phonons strongly when their dominant wavelength is equal to the grating's lattice constant. Through measurements of the Kapitza resistance between the silicon crystal carrying the grating and liquid helium, it is shown that the scattering by the grating is predominantly coherent, as expected for phonon diffraction.     

Single molecule diffraction

For solving the atomic structure of organic molecules such as small proteins which are difficult to crystallize, the use of a jet of doped liquid helium droplets traversing a continuous high energy electron beam is proposed as a means of obtaining electron diffraction patterns (serial crystallography). Organic molecules (such as small proteins) within the droplet (and within a vitreous ice jacket) may be aligned by use of a polarized laser beam. Iterative methods for solving the phase problem are indicated. Comparisons with a related plan for pulsed x-ray diffraction from single proteins in a molecular beam are provided.     

Phase-matched nonlinear diffraction

We report on a new (to our knowledge) configuration incorporating both birefringence and quasi-phase-matching, enabling efficient phase-matched nonlinear diffraction in one-dimensional periodically poled nonlinear crystals. We demonstrate the method experimentally, showing an efficient nonlinear diffraction to the first few orders in two types of crystals, MgO doped congruent lithium niobate and congruent lithium niobate, and characterize its efficiency dependence on the fundamental power, the propagation angle, and the crystal temperature. This configuration can increase efficiencies observed in nonlinear diffraction experiments, enables ferroelectric domain characterization by nonlinear microscopy, and can be used to determine the duty cycles of periodically poled nonlinear crystals.     

EXAFS and diffraction

We discuss advantages and limitations of X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray diffraction and anomalous X-ray diffraction as structural tools for ordered and (chemically and structurally) disordered solids.     

Ultrafast electron diffraction

Ultrafast electron diffraction(UED) technique has proven to be an innovative tool for providing new insights in lattice dynamics with unprecedented temporal and spatial sensitivities. In this article, we give a brief introduction of this technique using the proposed UED station in the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility(SECUF) as a prototype. We briefly discussed UED's functionality, working principle, design consideration, and main components. We also briefly reviewed several pioneer works with UED to study structure-function correlations in several research areas. With these efforts,we endeavor to raise the awareness of this tool among those researchers, who may not yet have realized the emerging opportunities offered by this technique.     

Phase knife-edge laser Schlieren diffraction interferometry with boundary diffraction wave theory

Within the framework of boundary diffraction wave theory it has been shown that the first bright fringe on either side of the central dark fringe of the phase knife-edge Fresnel diffraction pattern could be broadened to cover the whole field of view. Broadening of the first diffraction fringe, instead of conventionally modifying the spatial frequency spectrum, enhances the sensitivity of the Schlieren system. The use of phase knife-edge as viewing diaphragm in Schlieren diffraction interferometry not only enhances the fringe contrast but also avoids the loss in phase information as it lets through light from all parts of the test object and its thin interfacing makes the method suitable even for studying weak disturbances.      

An accurate dynamical electron diffraction algorithm for reflection high-energy electron diffraction

The conventional multislice method (CMS) method, one of the most popular dynamical electron diffraction calculation procedures in transmission electron microscopy, was introduced to calculate reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) as it is well adapted to deal with the deviations from the periodicity in the direction parallel to the surface. However, in the present work, we show that the CMS method is no longer sufficiently accurate for simulating RHEED with the accelerating voltage 3–100 kV because of the high-energy approximation. An accurate multislice (AMS) method can be an alternative for more accurate RHEED calculations with reasonable computing time. A detailed comparison of the numerical calculation of the AMS method and the CMS method is carried out with respect to different accelerating voltages, surface structure models, Debye–Waller factors and glancing angles.     

A method of suppression of diffraction oscillations near the diffraction reflection region

Light propagation through the layer of a chiral photonic crystal with graded parameters of modulation is considered in the case of oblique incidence. The problem is solved by the Ambartsumian’s layer addition method. It is shown that under certain conditions it is possible to suppress the diffraction oscillations near the diffraction reflection region.     

Order in amorphous polystyrenes as revealed by electron diffraction and diffraction microscopy

Ordered regions ranging in size between 15 and 45 Å have been established in several atactic polystyrenes of various molecular weights (4800; 51,000; and 1,800,000) as well as in an amorphous isotactic polystyrene by means of electron diffraction and high-resolution diffraction microscopy. The order is due to long-chain polymer molecules which tend to align more-or-less parallel to one another with a constant average spacing. The orderly chain packing can be disturbed upon cross-linking by electron irradiation, the disturbance being manifested in the irreversible changes in the d spacing and broadening of one of the diffuse rings which is inter-molecular in origin. From the results obtained, the high-resolution diffraction microscopy technique appears to have the potential for resolving the question regarding the presence of order in unoriented amorphous polymers. The technique can also differentiate between a broadened diffuse ring due to small crystallites and another due to paracrystals containing numerous defects.     

Fresnel diffraction in deuterium

In Glauber's theory of high energy scattering the wavefunction inside the nucleus is given by geometrical optics. The theory is extended to lower energies by incorporating the effects due to Fresnel diffraction, and applied to elastic and inelastic scattering off deuterium.     

General coupled-wave diffraction theory

Coupled-wave theory is developed in full generality for unrestricted grating and polarization geometries. The analysis applies to composite gratings modulated dielectrically, magnetically, and in absorptivity; and is also developed for gratings nonuniform with depth.