量子力学中的密度矩阵与具有相同密度矩阵的系综的可区分性

讨论了密度矩阵的不同定义。建议使用完全密度矩阵、压缩密度矩阵和约化密度矩阵分别描写一个封闭量子体系的、一个系综中平均分子的和一个复合体系中的一个子系统的密度矩阵。强调这与现在人们认为的具有相同压缩密度矩阵的系综是完全等价的结论完全不同,具有相同压缩密度矩阵但是成分不同的系综可以通过系综整体测量来区别。作为一个应用,现在认为现有的核磁共振量子计算中没有纠缠的结论是没有根据的。Density matrix is one important tool in quantum mechanics, and it has very broad applications. However there are different definitions about the density matrix, and they describe quite different systems. There has been some misunderstanding about the density matrix in the community, and these misunderstandings hinder the right application of the density matrix. In this article, we discuss the different definitions of density matrix. We suggest to use the full density matrix, compressed density matrix and the reduced density matrix to describe the state of a complete quantum system, the state of an averaged particle in an ensemble and the state of part of a composite system. We stress that contrary to the wide accepted understanding that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are physically indistinguishable, they are distinguishable through the so-called ensemble measurement. As an application, we suggest that the present conclusion that the present-day nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation does not have quantum entanglement is groundless.     

Non-classical correlation between a single photon and the collective spin excited state of a cold atomic ensemble

We experimentally establish a non-classical correlation between a single Stokes photon and the collective spin excited state of a cold atomic ensemble by using a spontaneous Raman scattering process. The correlation between them can be proved by transferring the spin excited state of the atomic ensemble into an anti-Stokes photon and checking the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality between the Stokes and the anti-Stokes photons. The non-classical correlation can be kept for at least 300 ns.     

Isospin effect of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section in excited nuclear reactions

Using relativistic mean field theory, the neutron and the proton density distribution of 56Ni nuclei could be obtained in the ground state and the excited state. Based on the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics model, the 56Ni nuclei have been simulated in ground state and in the neutron or proton excited state. We then used the three different states of 56Ni to collide with the 56Ni in the ground state. To discuss the evolution of the nuclear stopping in different reactions, two kinds of different excited nuclear reactions were studied at different reaction energies and at different impact parameters. Studies have shown that the nuclear stopping of an excited nuclear reaction is sensitive to the isospin-dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section, compared with the response value of the ground state nuclear reaction. So, it is better for the excited nuclei to extract the isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section information.     

Theoretical Analysis of the Exotic Structure of ^17F

The first excited state and the ground state of ^17F are studied with the asymptotic normalization coefficient method. The results show that the probabilities of the last proton being out of the binding-potential in both the states are P = 59.71% and P = 27.61%, respectively. This means that the last nucleon in both the states of ^17F is far-extended beyond the range of nuclear force, especially in the first excited state. This result is also verified by the calculation of the density distributions of the last proton in ^17F. It is quantitatively confirmed that the first excited state of^1TF is a nuclear halo state and its ground state is a proton skin state.     

Isospin effect of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section in excited nuclear reactions

Using relativistic mean field theory, the neutron and the proton density distribution of ⁵⁶Ni nuclei could be obtained in the ground state and the excited state. Based on the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics model, the ⁵⁶Ni nuclei have been simulated in ground state and in the neutron or proton excited state. We then used the three different states of ⁵⁶Ni to collide with the ⁵⁶Ni in the ground state. To discuss the evolution of the nuclear stopping in different reactions, two kinds of different excited nuclear reactions were studied at different reaction energies and at different impact parameters. Studies have shown that the nuclear stopping of an excited nuclear reaction is sensitive to the isospin-dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section, compared with the response value of the ground state nuclear reaction. So, it is better for the excited nuclei to extract the isospin dependence of nucleon-nucleon cross section information.     

电子散射的钠原子受激态取向参数研究

原子碰撞中的取向(orientation)参数的研究为原子碰撞动力学、原子受激态结构提供了丰富的信息.散射靶原子集合可用态多极(state multipole)描述，用它可以表征受激态原子的取向参数.通过取向参数与受激原子态退激的偶极辐射光子的Stokes参数之间的关系，可以进行实验与理论的比较.本文主要研究钠原子受电子散射S→P跃迁中取向参数，根据散射理论的扭曲波近似展开计算得到的散射振幅，带入态多极，然后计算钠原子3P态取向与散射角的关系及不同入射能下受激态取向参数变化特点，并与电子-光子符合散射实验所测数据进行比较.考虑到符合散射实验的测量困难，在误差范围内，理论分析与实验结果符合得比较好. 关键词： 取向参数 态多极 Stokes参数 电子-光子符合测量     

Proton Halo or Skin in the Excited States of Light Nuclei

Properties of nuclei 13,15,N and 9B are investigated in the relativistic mean-field theory with NLz and NL3 force parameters.The calculated binding energies are very close to the experimental ones.The calculations show that the first excited state (1p1/2) in 9B,the first excited state (2s1/2)in 13 N and the second excited state(2s1/2) in 15N are weakly bound .In particular,for 13N and 15N,the proton density distributions in the two above excited states have a long tail and the rms radii of the last proton are greatly larger compared with their respective matter radii.It is predicted that a proton halo exists in the first excited state of 13N and in the second excited state of 15N,respectively.It also indicates that the first excited state in 9B is a proton skin state.     

R-matrix calculation for photoionization

We have employed the R matrix method to calculate differential cross sections for photoionization of helium leaving helium ion in an excited state for incident photon energy between the N=2 and N=3 thresholds (69～73 eV) of He + ion. Differential cross sections for photoionization in the N=2 level at emission angle 0° are provide. Our results are in good agreement with available experimental data and theoretical calculations.     

Terahertz field-induced modulations of intersubband absorptions in quantum wells

Nonlinear optical properties of intersubband electrons in a 3-level quantum well under intense terahertz field are investigated by using a density matrix approach. The results show that the terahertz fields with different frequencies cause the distinct modulations of the intersubband absorptions. The terahertz-induced sideband and Autler--Towns splitting in the absorption spectrum are obtained, respectively for the terahertz-photon energy below and close to the transition energy between the ground and first excited state.     

Quantum explanation for time-phase relations in radiation of the plasma induced by laser ablating aluminum

According to time distribution of Al Ⅰ396.15 nm emission in the plasma induced by laser ablating Aluminum, based on quantum mechanics, we have suggested a hypothesis of transient steady state of atom, which could give our experimental results overall and reasonable explanation in quantum. We suggested that there should be a certain atomic state between ground and excited state of Aluminum atom, so called transient steady state. The transient steady state was that aluminum atom had already absorbed a certain photon, but the valence electron had not transited to external orbit. That is to say, aluminum atom had not transited into excited state, but changed into a certain state called transient steady state between ground and excited state. Seen from the point of atomic energy level, the transient steady state is identical to the level of excited state. The transient steady state was one of the most important models storing energy. The hypothesis could roundly and reasonably explain our experimental results.     

碳碳双键共轭分子在玻璃态形成一个新的体积保守的扭转辐射态

采用时间分辨的单光子计数技术和TDDFT计算方法研究了激发态HY103分子的特性. 在室温下溶液中HY103分子被光激发后会发生光诱导的沿双键旋转的异构化,导致了HY103分子非常短的荧光辐射寿命和较弱的荧光辐射强度. 当HY103分子在77 K的玻璃态被光激发后,HY103分子的正常荧光辐射寿命被延长至2 ns左右,而且荧光辐射的强度也得到增强. 此外还观察到了一个新的辐射态和具有的性质. 这不仅能够诱导碳碳双键的共轭分子在空间束缚的环境中发生光致异构化,也可以形成一个新的稳定的辐射态.     

230—245nm范围内Cl原子共振增强多光子电离光谱

利用共振增强多光子电离－－时间飞行质谱技术获得了Ｃｌ原子在２３０－２４５ｎｍ范围内的代振增强多光子电离光谱,共观察到２６条谱线,其中５条是作者新观察到的,这些谱线对应从Ｃｌ原子基态到激发态的双光子跃迁。从中还观察到Ｃｌ原子在强电场中的Ｓｔａｒｋ效应,发现在强场条件下,Ｃｌｄ原子绵基太＾２Ｐ１／２＾０和＾２Ｐ３／２＾０两能级之间的能工位移１．３５ｃｍ＾＝１。而各电子激发态的Ｓｔａｒｋ位移则大致相等,     

Photon cooperative effect in resonance spectroscopy

A systematic method is proposed for calculating the density matrix of subsystems interacting with their environment under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. The density matrix of photons resonantly interacting with a surrounding gas is calculated. It is shown that use of the Gibbs distribution allows one to completely eliminate inelastic processes from the calculations. A correct account of photon-photon correlators indicates the presence of new cooperative effects. A new branch of the polariton spectrum is predicted, which is due to the presence of excited atoms in the medium. With the help of the density matrix the mean filling numbers of the photon modes are calculated. In terms of wavelengths, we have obtained a generalization of the Planck formula which accounts for photon cooperative phenomena. The manifestation of these effects in kinetic processes is discussed. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 114, 492–510 (August 1998)     

Electron transfer dynamics in the excited state studied by stochastic-Liouville equation

Electron transfer dynamics in the excited state is theoretically investigated by means of the stoschastic-Liouville equation. We evaluate time dependence of the density matrix for the three electronic states, the ground state, locally excited state, and the charge transfer state by solving the equation numerically. We treat the optical transition and electronic interaction in the excited states quantum mechanically to investigate these effects on the reaction dynamics.     

叠加激发对相干态的非经典特性

从激发对相干态出发,构造了叠加激发对相干态,研究了该叠加态的非经典特性.结果表明:在一定条件下,随着相位的变化,叠加态场模的平均光子数呈现类似于拉比振荡的坍塌与复原现象,与激发对相干态相比,在叠加激发对相干态中亚泊松光子统计特性和CauchySchwatz不等式的破坏都得到了增强,但正交相位分量的压缩减弱.     

An Analysis of Infrared Stimulated Current in a-Si:H Based on a Model of Three-step Excitations

An analysia of the infrared stimulated current in a-Si:H is presented based on a model of three-step excited processes. Since the photon energy of the infrared (i.r.) stimulated beam is less than half of the band gap, generation of tho photon current under the infrared illumination is originated from the mechanism of a three-step excited process. To match with the experimental result, we find that the excitation rate b^′ from the lower localized atates to the higher localiied states In the band gap is much smaller than that from the valence band to localized states and from localixed atatee to the conduction band. The steady state value of the density of the free carriers only depends on b^′, average recombination time γ and density of localixed states g(E).     

Secondary emission of globular photonic crystals based on the opal-POPOP composite

The spectra of secondary emission of a globular photonic crystal such as the opal matrix filled with the POPOP aromatic compound (a known luminophore) and initial materials excited by semiconductor light-emitting diodes were studied. It was found that the luminescence spectrum of opal filled with POPOP significantly differs from luminescence spectra of POPOP itself and initial opal. It was shown that the observed luminescence in the visible region is mostly caused by three-photon parametric light scattering. In this case, the spectral shape is controlled by the photon density of states, differing from the photon density of states of pure opal. The shape of the secondary emission spectrum of artificial opal filled with POPOP was calculated. The effect of the photonic bandgap position on the intensity distribution of spontaneous emission of used luminophore was established.     

高激发态原子的相干效应

本文以高激发态原子为研究对象, 由基态、激发态和高激发态能级形成阶梯型三能级系统, 理论上求解阶梯型三能级系统的密度矩阵方程, 研究了高激发态原子的相干效应, 计算获得探测光的吸收和色散曲线. 并研究了高激发态原子间相互作用以及外加电场对相干效应的影响. 结果表明, 外加场可以使吸收和色散曲线产生频移.     

叠加激发双模压缩真空态的量子统计特性(英文)

从激发双模压缩真空态a^+mb^+m|ξ>出发构造了叠加态|Ψ>,研究了|Ψ>的量子统计特性.结果表明:在一定的条件下,随着相位差的变化,叠加态|Ψ>的平均光子数出现类似于Rabi振荡的崩塌与复原现象,而且与单个激发双模压缩真空态a^+mb^+m|ξ>相比,在叠加态|Ψ>中光场的相位压缩和亚泊松光子统计特性都得到了加强.     

Effects of long-wavelength fluorescence excitation in liquid solutions of N-pyrrolobenzonitrile

The absorption, dual fluorescence, and fluorescence excitation spectra of N-pyrrolobenzonitrile (P5C) in a set of solvents with different polarities are studied upon irradiation of solutions by light with different photon energies. The dual fluorescence from the locally excited Frank-Condon and charge-transfer states are recorded in all cases. The change in the excitation photon energy does not affect the fluorescence band positions, but noticeably changes the intensity ratio between the bands in favor of the long-wavelength band belonging to the charge-transfer state. The effects observed are explained using the data of quantum-mechanical calculations, which demonstrate that the solutions of these systems can very likely contain rotational isomers with different pyrrole orientations with respect to the benzene ring. In the excited state, these isomers have different charge-transfer reaction rates, which leads to different intensity ratios of the recorded fluorescence bands.