多叶光栅在放疗中的应用

放射治疗机理 肿瘤的治疗方式主要有手术、化疗和放疗三种，其中手术和化疗都是局部治疗手段。手术可以切除病灶，对正常组织在可视的情况下予以最大限度的保护；但是，手术过程中受医生主观视力判断的限制，容易将一些亚临床病灶遗留在体内，造成术后肿瘤的快速生长。化疗的作用范围广，但是对1cm^3以上的肿瘤功效差，特别是对良性和恶性细胞特异性识别不够，副作用较大。     

低温外科设备治疗探针高频钎焊研究

治疗探针是低温外科设备的关键器件.在临床手术过程中,治疗探针的探杆部分(非冷冻区)通常需与人体正常组织紧密接触.为不伤及这些非冷冻组织,对于这种细直径探杆狭小隔层空间的绝热,只能采用高真空加以实现.为获得并维持探杆隔层空间的高真空,必须保证冷冻探针金属组件焊接的质量.文中详细介绍了冷冻探针金属组件的材料处理和高频钎焊技...     

双冷针冷冻手术中冻结相变传热的数值模拟

建立了生物组织(含正常组织与肿瘤)冻结过程相变传热的数学模型.模型中采用树状分形方法模拟血管的结构形态,同时考虑了组织在冻结过程中存在冻结区、糊状区和未冻结区三个区域.对生物组织在同时插入两根探针时冻结过程中温度场分布及冰晶生长规律进行了模拟.模拟结果表明:在冷冻初期,冰晶的生长速度较快,到了后期冰晶生长速度明显减慢;探针间距在冷冻初期对冰晶生长产生较大影响,随着冷冻时间的增加这种差别会逐渐减少.     

临床低温外科装置

低温冷冻在临床上可用来杀死各类肿瘤组织,冷冻治疗具有许多优越性,如手术过程出血少、痛苦小.文中介绍低温外科装置的工作过程及装置结构,分析冷冻探头的传热过程.最后根据临床应用,对装置的工作压力、冷冻速率、复温速率等重要参数进行讨论.     

红光/近红外光响应碳点在肿瘤治疗中的应用进展

碳点作为一种新型碳纳米材料,具有优异的光学特性、良好的生物相容性以及催化活性,在生物医学、能源、环境等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。红光/近红外光响应碳点具有组织穿透深度大、生物体自发光干扰较小、对组织损伤小等优点,在生物医学研究领域倍受关注。本文首先介绍了影响碳点吸收/发光的因素,随后评述了近几年红光/近红外光响应碳点在肿瘤治疗中的新进展,主要包括光动力治疗、光热治疗、光动力/光热协同治疗等。同时,针对肿瘤微环境的特点,介绍了微环境响应型碳点及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用研究进展。最后,对碳点在肿瘤治疗领域存在的挑战进行了展望。     

用于接触式探测的多模光纤探针形状优化

对于进行接触式探测的多模光纤探针,信号光来自于附着于探针表面的待测物。基于几何光学,提出了一个物理模型,用以分析探头形状对所收集的信号光强度的影响。采用此模型,对抛物线型探头进行了仿真,给出了最优形状参数,并采用表面增强拉曼探针进行了初步实验验证。此分析可用于指导各种光纤传感器的设计,以确定其最佳的形状参数,适用于荧光传感器、表面等离子体共振传感器、表面增强拉曼传感器等。     

超声治癌与无损测温研究

至今已有很多关于超声治癌的研究。热疗已上升为治疗癌肿的主要方法之一。文中简述了热疗的历史发展，生物物理学基础和超声热疗的技术面貌，报道了对肿瘤或前列腺烧疗的高强度相控聚焦超声技术，它可在１０ｓ以内使肿瘤内升温超过７０℃。     

低温微创手术治疗探头周围组织温度分布研究

采用低温方法对人体深部肿瘤进行杀伤时,既要求对肿瘤组织有最大的杀伤效果,又要保证正常组织,特别是一些重要器官组织,能免受冷冻伤害。文中对冷冻治疗探头形成冰球的大小、以及冻结界面周围组织温度分布进行传热分析和测试,以给出安全区和危险区的范围,这可以为外科手术医生设计低温手术方案提供参考依据。     

光纤导光板的研制

介绍用光纤束或光纤面板制作的光源,这种光源可用于传真机或扫描仪的接触式图像传感器。     

使用非侵入性的组织识别成像术于真皮组织与水晶矿石之深层造影

欲了解皮肤深层的状况,使用三维医学影像技术实属必要,作者提出(组织识别成像术)的新技术,以减低扫描光源对组织之侵入性.先建立皮肤内各种不同组织如黑色素、胶原蛋白、血红素的反射光谱以组成组织数据库;于实际扫描待测皮肤时.依序读出样本组织深层中各空间点的反射光谱,将各点的反射光谱与组织数据库中各种组织的反射光谱做交叉相关程度之运算.可侦测出扫描的各点属于肌肤中的何种组织.其次,再于成像程序中依序给予各点以各对应组织的颜色,即可产生彩色的肌肤衫深层显像.组织识别成像术具有系统简单、成本低廉、彩色成像等优点,且对组织达到真正的非侵入性,将可将之微小化成为个人式、可携式的肌肤检测仪,对于美容市场极具潜力.     

The use of view angle tilting to reduce distortions in magnetic resonance imaging of cryosurgery

Susceptibility artifacts from magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible cryoprobes can distort MR images of iceballs. In this work, we investigate the ability of view angle tilting (VAT) to correct susceptibility induced distortions in MR images of cryosurgery. The efficacy of VAT was tested in an ex vivo bovine liver model of cryosurgery using MR-compatible cryoprobes. Artifacts on high bandwidth fast spin echo images of freezing obtained with and without VAT were compared with photographs of the actual iceball shape and size. In vivo imaging with VAT was demonstrated during percutaneous MR-guided cryosurgery of pig liver and brain. VAT was most successful in reducing probe and iceball distortions when the imaging plane was normal to the cryoprobe, and the cryoprobe was perpendicular to the main magnetic field of the scanner. VAT had the greatest benefit when used to correct MR images of freezing when the surface of the iceball was relatively near to the cryoprobe. For large iceballs, the artifact was small so the VAT correction was less important. We conclude that VAT significantly reduced distortions in the shape of the signal void corresponding to the extent of freezing visualized during MR-guided cryosurgery. This improved ability to visualize the exact location of the cryoprobe, as well as the precise shape of the iceball, particularly during initial freezing when the iceball is small, has potential to significantly improve the accuracy of MR-guided cryosurgery of small lesions, and the accuracy of MR-assisted temperature calculations that are based on precise imaging of the probe location, and boundary geometry of the iceball.     

The thermal effect of urethral warming during cryosurgery

The heating effect of urethral warming during cryosurgery has been investigated theoretically, via heat transfer simulations. Two warmer configurations have been considered: (i). the clinically available urethral warmer, which has a configuration of a counter flow fluid heat exchanger; (ii). a newly designed urethral warmer, based on a temperature controlled electrical heater, termed a "cryoheater". A dramatic effect of thermal resistance to heat transfer through the heat exchanger wall has been identified, which is absent in the cryoheater. It follows that the cryoheater is expected to be more efficient in generating an unfrozen region around the urethra. It is shown that the conventional heat exchanger may fail to prevent freezing around the urethra in a significant number of prostate cases, depending on the layout of cryoprobes around the urethra. On the other hand, clinical reports exist which suggest that the heat exchanger improves in many cases the outcome of cryosurgery, in terms of long term complications. It is speculated in the current report that the cryoheater can further improve the outcome of cryosurgery, by providing protection from freezing in a wider range of cases. It is suggested that a future study be conducted to examine the correlation between the layout of cryoprobes and surgical outcome.     

MRI-monitored cryosurgery in the rabbit brain

The inability to observe the transient, irregular shape of the frozen region that develops during cryosurgery has inhibited the application of this surgical technique to the treatment of tumors in the brain and deep in visceral organs. We used proton NMR spin-echo and spoiled gradient-echo imaging to monitor the development of frozen lesions during cryosurgery in the rabbit brain and the resulting postervosurgical changes up to 4 hr after freezing. Spoiled gradient-echo images (TE = 14 ms; TR = 50 ms) were acquired during freezing and thawing at a rate of 15 s/slice. Although the frozen region itself is invisible in MR images, its presence is distinguished easily from the surrounding unfrozen soft tissue because of the large contrast difference between frozen and unfrozen regions. T₂-weighted spin-echo images (TE = 100 ms, TR = 2 s) obtained after thawing suggest that edema forms first at the margin of the region that was frozen (cryolesion) and then moves into the region's core. Histological examination showed complete necrosis in the cryolesion and a sharp transition to undamaged tissue at the margin of the lesion and its image. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage was investigated using gadolinium-DTPA. The region of edema in the T₂-weighted spin-echo images was coincident with the area of BBB damage in the Gd-DTPA-enhanced T₁-weighted spin-echo images (TE = 33 ms, TR = 400 ms) and both were distinguishable as areas of high signal relative to the surrounding normal tissue. The results of these experiments indicate that MR can both effectively monitor the cryosurgical freezing and thawing cycle and characterize the postcryosurgical changes in tissue during follow-up.     

Time-resolved spectral wing emission kinetics and optical imaging of human cancerous and normal prostate tissues

Time-resolved polarization-dependent kinetics of near infrared (NIR) spectral wing (SW) emission from human cancerous and normal prostate tissues was investigated. The differences between the temporal profiles, intensities and polarization properties of SW emission from cancerous and normal prostate tissues were observed. The intensity of SW emission from cancerous prostate tissue at peak position was found ∼2 times stronger than the normal prostate tissue indicating changes of fluorophores contained in the cancerous tissue compared with normal tissue. The decay time of anisotropy of SW emission from cancerous tissue was found ∼1.4 times longer than that of normal tissue reflecting changes of the micro-environment of fluorophores in the cancerous tissue as compared with the normal tissue. The stronger intensity of SW emission from cancerous tissue was used to image and identify cancerous areas surrounded by normal tissue.     

Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy and optical imaging of Cybesin in cancerous and normal prostate tissues

Time-resolved polarization-dependent fluorescence of Cybesin in solution and in cancerous and normal prostate tissues were measured. The polarization preservation property of Cybesin in tissue was observed. The fluorescence intensity emitted from a Cybesin-stained cancerous tissue area was found to be much stronger than that from a Cybesin-stained normal tissue area indicating that cancerous prostate tissue takes-up more Cybesin than normal tissue. The polarization anisotropy of Cybesin contained in cancerous prostate tissue was found to be larger than that of Cybesin in normal prostate tissue indicating that a larger degree of polarization was preserved in the Cybesin-stained cancerous tissue due to structures. A static anisotropy component from the emission of cell-bonded Cybesin molecules in tissue and a time-dependent anisotropy component from the emission of un-bonded Cybesin molecules were determined and discussed. The static anisotropy value of Cybesin in stained cancerous tissue was found to be much larger than that in stained normal tissue. The fluorescence polarization difference imaging technique based on the polarization preservation of Cybesin was used to enhance the image contrast between cancerous and normal prostate tissue areas.     

Experimental measurement and theoretical analyses of the freezing-thawing processes around a probe

Both the experimental and the analytical studies of the freezing/thawing process around a cryosurgical cylinder probes in a simulative biological tissue are presented in this paper. The enthalpy method and the finite element scheme are applied to solve the multidimensional phase change problems in cryosurgery. A very good agreement is found between the computed solutions and the experimental results. The influences of different cooling-warming schemes of the probe on the ice ball development, the temperature variation, the axial and the radial temperature gradients inside the tissues, and the requirement of cooling power are analyzed     

Modeling the heat transfer problem for the novel combined cryosurgery and hyperthermia system

A multidimensional, finite element analysis (FEA) for the freezing, holding, rewarming and heating processes of biological tissues during the cryosurgery process of the new Combined Cryosurgery/Hyperthermia System is presented to theoretically test its validity. The tissues are treated as nonideal materials freezing over a temperature range, and the thermophysical properties of which are temperature dependent. The enthalpy method is applied to solve the highly nonlinear problem. It was found that when the same boundary condition and the same target tissue presented, the novel Cryosurgery/Hyperthermia System could supply the target tissue an approximative cooling rate, a much lower minimal temperature, a much greater warming rate, and a much greater thermal gradients compared with that of the simplified Endocare system. The numerical simulation indicates that the novel combined cryosurgery and hyperthermia system can provide an excellent curative effect in the corresponding cryotherapy. And the most attractive feature of this FEA framework is that it can be easily mastered by the surgeon without in-depth theory of heat transfer to analyze the cryosurgery process beforehand due to the friendly GUI (graphical user interface) of Ansys software.