金属表面非相干线结构光条纹中心提取方法

采用线结构光法测量金属表面形貌时,由于受到金属表面光学特性和散斑噪声的影响,条纹中心的提取误差往往较大。为此,提出了一种非相干线结构光形貌测量方法,避免了散斑噪声的影响。通过分析该方法测量金属表面形貌时的条纹图像特点,提出一种适合非相干线结构光条纹的中心提取方法。该方法首先采用结合积分图像原理的自适应阈值分割算法,对原条纹图像进行分割。采用灰度重心法粗提取原条纹中心坐标,以该坐标为基准向条纹宽度方向延伸,从而确定阈值分割后条纹图的感兴趣区和背景区,并去除背景区的噪声。经中值滤波后,采用几何中心法提取条纹中心。实验结果表明:采用该方法提取粗糙度样块表面非相干光条纹中心的平均误差为1.5 μm,提取齿轮渐开线样板表面非相干光条纹中心的平均误差为0.9 μm,均比其线激光条纹中心的提取误差小。所提方法能实现金属表面非相干线结构光条纹中心的精确提取。     

Investigation of rail noise and bridge noise using a combined 3D dynamic model and 2.5D acoustic model

Bridge noise and rail noise are two major sources of an elevated rail transit bridge in the low and medium frequency range (20–1000 Hz). However, in most of the existing literature, the noise radiated from the bridge and rail was investigated separately or using a simplified source model. In this study, an accurate method is proposed to simulate both the rail noise and bridge noise simultaneously. First, the dynamic responses of the rail and multi-span bridge are obtained using a three-dimensional (3D) vehicle-track-bridge interaction analysis model. Then, the two-dimensional (2D) infinite element model is used to calculate 3D modal acoustic transfer vectors of the rail and bridge based on the wavenumber transformation, in order to overcome the singularity and non-uniqueness of the conventional boundary element method and reduce the computation cost. Third, a field test is conducted, and the accuracy of the proposed simulation procedure is verified. Finally, the contribution of the rail and bridge noise to the total noise level is investigated in the whole space near the bridge. Generally the bridge noise occupies a higher contribution in the space beneath the girder due to the shielding effect of the bridge shape on the rail noise, while the rail noise is dominant in the upper space above the bridge. It is found the presence of the vehicle bodies has considerable effect on the rail noise but little influence on the bridge noise. The slope of the roughness level spectrum has significant influence on the dominant field of bridge noise and rail noise. For the excitation of the assumed ISO roughness level used in this study, the difference between the rail noise and bridge noise is only about 3 dB at field points 15–30 m away from the track center, which indicates both the bridge and rail noise should be included in the noise prediction for an elevated rail transit bridge.     

Current flow through different phases of dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer

A self-assembled monolayer of dodecanethiol grown on Au(1 1 1) substrate has been annealed to form different structural phases: a higher density phase, a lower density stripe phase, and a disordered mixed phase. The electrical properties of each phases have been studied by using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The current-voltage curves measured on the disordered phase were less reproducible than those measured on the two well-ordered phases. Molecular resolution STM image obtained on the stripe phase shows that the structural instability of the alkyl chain of the stripe phase affect the current flow through the molecule. Our study shows that the ordering and structural stability of the molecules are very important in stable measurement of the electrical properties of the molecular films.     

Charge stripe structure in FeTe

We report the STM study on a single-crystalline sample of FeTe at 7.8 K. FeTe is one of the iron-based superconductor. We measured the resistivity and the magnetization of FeTe. FeTe shows SDW transition at 58 K on these measurements. We study the electronic state of FeTe by using STM/STS for observing FeTe from a microscopic viewpoint. We observed the iron layer and the tellurium layer with atomic resolution. Moreover, we discover the charge stripe structure on STM/STS measurement. We find the charge stripe structure is caused by iron atoms from the analysis. The gap structure of 9 meV was observed in tunneling spectra. This gap size is consistent with the SDW gap which is expected from mean field theory with T_N=58 K.     

Reconstruction of extraordinary refractive index profile of O ion-implanted LiNbO3 single-mode channel waveguide based on beam propagation method and image processing

A method bases on beam propagation method and image processing is brought forward to reconstruct the extraordinary refractive index profile of the ion-implanted single-mode channel waveguide in lithium niobate. Channel waveguide is formed by O²⁺ ion implantation at three energies of (3.0, 3.6 and 4.5 MeV) and respective doses of (1.8, 2.2 and 4.8) × 10¹⁴ ions/cm² in vacuum at room temperature. Only one enhanced-index mode is observed for extraordinary light at 1539 nm by prism-coupling method. TRIM’98 code is used to simulate the damage profile in channel waveguide. The modes pattern of TE and TM are measured by use of end-face coupling method.     

Digital image correlation for large deformation applied in Ti alloy compression and tension test

In this paper, digital speckle correlation is used in the measurement of Ti alloy compression and tension test. The key technologies applied in the measurement are discussed in detail, including camera calibration with telephoto lens and digital image correlation in large deformation. Single camera self-calibration algorithm based on photogrammetry is proposed. In the algorithm, the interior parameters of camera are estimated without calibrated object, using the bundle adjustment technique, so the 3-D coordinates of calibration target points are not needed in advance to get a reliable camera calibration result. An updating reference image scheme could be employed to deal with large deformation situation. A large deformation measurement scheme, updating reference image scheme, is proposed in this paper. The un-deformed image is used as reference in correlation at first. Only for extremely large deformation field, in which iteration of correlation is not convergent, the reference image is updated to the image of previous deformed stage. Using this method, not only extremely large deformation can be measured successfully but also the accumulated error could be controlled. The 75 mm lens is calibrated in the measurement and compared the result with extensometer and un-calibrated image. Experimental results show that up to 150% tensile deformation and 50% compression deformation can be measured successfully.     

Numerical prediction of rail roughness growth on tangent railway tracks

Growth of railhead roughness (irregularities, waviness) is predicted through numerical simulation of dynamic train-track interaction on tangent track. The hypothesis is that wear is caused by longitudinal slip due to driven wheelsets, and that wear is proportional to the longitudinal frictional power in the contact patch. Emanating from an initial roughness spectrum corresponding to a new or a recent ground rail, an initial roughness profile is determined. Wheel-rail contact forces, creepages and wear for one wheelset passage are calculated in relation to location along a discretely supported track model. The calculated wear is scaled by a chosen number of wheelset passages, and is then added to the initial roughness profile. Field observations of rail corrugation on a Dutch track are used to validate the simulation model. Results from the simulations predict a large roughness growth rate for wavelengths around 30-40 mm. The large growth in this wavelength interval is explained by a low track receptance near the sleepers around the pinned-pinned resonance frequency, in combination with a large number of driven passenger wheelset passages at uniform speed. The agreement between simulations and field measurements is good with respect to dominating roughness wavelength and annual wear rate. Remedies for reducing roughness growth are discussed.     

Real-time surface profile measurement using a feedback type of sinusoidal phase modulating interferometer

In this paper, we propose a sinusoidal phase modulating (SPM) interferometer that is insensitive to external disturbances, and its measuring principle is analyzed theoretically. In the SPM interferometer, the interference signal is detected by a high-speed image sensor based on a low-speed CCD and a signal processing circuit is used to obtain the phase of each point on the surface. Therefore, the surface profile can be measured real-time. The experiments measuring the surface profile of a wedge-shaped optical flat show that the measurement time of the SPM interferometer is less than 10 ms, the repetitive measurement accuracy is 4.2 nm. The results show that the impacts of nonlinear distortion of the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and part external disturbance are removed.     

Dry sliding wear behaviour of magnesium oxide and zirconium oxide plasma electrolytic oxidation coated magnesium alloy

Two types of PEO coatings, one consisting of magnesium oxide (MgO) and the other comprising zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) as the main phase composition were produced on AM50 magnesium alloy from alkaline and acidic electrolytes, respectively. The ZrO₂ coating was found to be spongy and thicker with a higher roughness, whilst the relatively more compact MgO coating was having contrasting features. In the dry sliding oscillating wear tests under two different loads viz., 2 N and 5 N, the ZrO₂ coating exhibited a very poor wear resistance. The MgO coating showed an excellent resistance to sliding wear under 2 N load; however, the load bearing capacity of the coating was found to be insufficient to resist the wear damage under 5 N load. The higher specific wear rates of the MgO coating under 5 N load and that of the ZrO₂ coating under 2 N and 5 N loads were attributed to the poor load bearing capacity and a three-body-abrasive wear mechanism.     

一种用于计算三维视觉测量中线结构光平面的新型算法

介绍了一种基于线结构光的机器视觉测量系统的光平面计算方法.该方法采用图像减影来获取光条图像,利用Steger算法提取图像中的亚像素光条中心点,再用正交直线拟合法计算图像坐标系下的光条直线方程.通过靶标特征点的世界坐标和交比不变性,计算线结构光在靶标平面上的世界坐标点,并将这些坐标点用正交平面拟合法计算得到光平面方程.为了提高整体准确度,本文对算法进行了细节优化,给出了标定系统的设计方案和实验过程.实验结果表明,该方法具有较好的鲁棒性和较高的准确度.