物理学──新技术的先导

物理学是研究物质运动的最普遍的形态(力学的、热学的、电磁学的等等)以及它们之间相互转化的一门基础科学.物理学基础研究的目的在于认识物质运动的客观规律和揭示不同层次的物质的内部结构.但历史事实证明,作为基础科学的物理学其研究结果往往能够变成改造世界的强有力的工具     

时空的对称性

 时空的对称性是大自然的奇妙特性之一,这种特性几乎是无处不在。例如,从宏观的角度看,人和动物的形体结构是左右对称的,植物的结构也是左右对称的,飘落的雪花的结构也是对称的。从微观的角度看,所有晶体都是对称排列的,水分子的排列也是具有严格的对称性。对称性无论在人们的日常生活中,还是在科学研究和应用技术领域,都具有非常重要的作用和地位;它潜移默化地影响着人类的观念和思维,这点可以从人类建筑的对称结构和人的对称审美观来说明;尤其在物理科学的研究中,例如基本粒子的研究、半导体物理的研究等等,时空对称性都是处于核心地位的重要概念。     

纯相对的运动观必须批判──试评相对性原理

一、从牛顿的纯绝对运动观到 爱因斯坦的纯相对运动观 在经典力学中,牛顿把物体的运动机械地割裂为“绝对的和相对的,真正的和表现的,数学的和通常的”.在他看来,相对运动“不过是整体的和绝对的运动的一部分”,“是真正运动之差”.他认为自己的“水桶实验”找到了“直接与相对运动相反的水的真正绝对的旋转运动”。当物理学的发展深入到电磁现象的新领域时,光的传播定律就与体现这种形而上学的纯绝对运动观的经典相对性原理发生了严重的抵触. 爱因斯坦抓住电磁观象对于惯性运动也具有相对性的事实,把经典相对性原理推广为狭义相对性原理.他…     

在QCD中核子的静态性质

基于参数化的完全穿衣服的夸克传播子,　利用量子色动力学（QCD）研究了核子的磁矩和电荷半径平方的平均值与夸克动量的依赖关系。预言的核子磁矩和电荷半径的数值与文献中广泛应用的经验值和其他许多具有QCD特征的理论模型所预言的值一致。结果说明了核子的磁矩和电荷半径不是人们通常所理解的一个不变的常数,　而是依赖于核子中夸克动量的一个跑动量,　对于不同动量它们的值是不同的。计算结果也清楚地表明了所采用的参数化的夸克传播子的适用性和可靠性。     

夸克喷注与胶子喷注角分布特性的研究

用蒙特卡洛模拟Jetset 7.4产生质心能量为91.2GeV的正负电子对撞事件. 在引入喷注的圆锥角后, 对不同味的夸克喷注和由不同味夸克发射的胶子产生的喷注的角分布特性进行了仔细研究. 结果发现, 在相同的能量下, 胶子喷注的角分布范围比夸克喷注的角分布范围要明显宽一些. 在带电粒子数、横动量相同的条件下, 胶子喷注的平均圆锥角比夸克喷注的平均圆锥角大很多. 喷注的平均圆锥角随带电多重数以及喷注的横动量的分布都呈线性正关联. 由不同味的夸克发射的胶子产生的喷注的圆锥角分布特性相同；而不同味的夸克喷注的圆锥角分布存在明显的差异.     

焦耳在能量转化与守恒定律建立过程中的实验创新

能量转化与守恒定律的确立与19世纪初期工业革命的蓬勃发展有着直接的关系,不同行业的进展为定律的确立提供了坚实的事实基础.但是,固有的思想惯性又成为新思想建立的阻碍,给新定律的建立者制造了很多的麻烦.迈耶和亥姆霍兹的探索,奠定了能量转化与守恒定律的理论基础,焦耳的热功当量实验以丰富的实验内容、精确的实验数据,为定律的最终确立提供了坚实的实验基础.     

光纤端面的质量与光纤光学性能的关系

光纤的透过性能是光纤传输的重要特性之一。影响光纤透过性能的因素除了纤芯、包层玻璃的质量和几何缺陷以外,还与光纤端面的质量有关。在光纤的加工过程中,光纤端面的平整度、磨料的使用等都会影响端面的质量。讨论了影响光纤透过性能的因素;光纤端面的反射损失对透光性能的影响;增透膜对光纤端面反射的控制;加工后光纤端面的几何形状对透过性能的影响;加工后纤维端面折射率的变化情况;抛光液酸碱性的控制;抛光后光纤端面的处理。通过对光纤端面进行加工过程的控制和对光纤端面进行涂层的处理可改善光纤的透光性能。     

自旋为1的粒子的电磁结构

利用强相互作用的不变性,通过普洛卡(Proca)方程,决定任意具有强相互作用的自旋为1的粒子的一般电磁结构的可能的形状因子。由此计算了电子与氘核的散射的微分截面。结果可用于自旋为1的粒子的电磁结构的实验分析。     

Savart偏光镜的透射率对空间调制偏振干涉成像光谱仪通量的影响

空间调制偏振干涉成像光谱仪的核心是干涉仪,干涉仪的重要组成部分是Savart偏光镜.Savart偏光镜的透射率直接决定着空间调制偏振干涉成像光谱仪的光通量,进而影响到目标的干涉图和目标的像.因此有必要研究Savart偏光镜的透射率对光通量的影响.在介绍干涉仪结构的基础上,利用电磁场边界条件和折射定律分别求得了光在Savart偏光镜的4个分界面:空气/Savart偏光镜的左板;Savart偏光镜的左板/胶粘剂;胶粘剂/ Savart偏光镜的右板;Savart偏光镜的右板/空气的透射率和光强,同时得到了光通过干涉仪后的两束干涉光的光强.利用光的叠加原理得到了干涉后的总的光强,并求出了光通过Savart偏光镜的透射率和光通量的数学表达式.通过两者的关系式可以很直观的看到Savart偏光镜的透射率对空间调制偏振干涉成像光谱仪的光通量的影响,为研究空间调制偏振干涉成像光谱仪提供了一定的理论依据.     

添加超导中间层扩散连接BSCCO带材

采用超导粉末作中间层对BSCCO带材进行连接是比较有效的方法.超导粉末中间层中Bi-2223超导相的含量影响着连接的效果,超导相含量为88.5%的中间层连接所得到的接头的连接效率比含量为55%的中间层连接的接头的连接效率高18个百分点.另外在超导粉末中间层中添加适量的金属Ag可以有效的降低中间层的熔点,增加中间层的粘性,减少连接的缺陷,提高连接的质量.     

脉冲激励下超音速混合层涡结构的演化机理

采用大涡模拟方法对脉冲激励作用下的超音速混合层流场进行数值模拟,所得结果清晰展示了流场中涡结构的独特生长机理.基于涡核位置提取方法,对超音速混合层流场中涡结构的空间尺寸和瞬时对流速度等动态特性进行了定量计算.通过分析流场中涡结构的动态特性在不同频率脉冲激励下的变化,揭示出受脉冲激励超音速混合层流场中涡结构的演化机理:涡结构的生长不再是依靠相邻涡-涡结构之间的配对与融合,而是通过涡核外围的一串小涡旋结构被依次吸进涡核来实现,且受激励流场中各个涡结构的空间尺寸变化较小;流场中的涡结构数量与脉冲频率成正比例关系,而涡结构的空间尺寸与脉冲频率成反比例关系;涡结构的平均对流速度随脉冲频率的增大而减小.针对受脉冲激励超音速混合层,给出了能够表征涡结构特性与脉冲激励参数之间关系的方程式,即受激励流场中涡结构的平均对流速度与脉冲周期的乘积近似等于流场中涡结构的空间尺寸(涡结构平均直径).     

Two-step dissociation of a polaron in conjugated polymers

We have studied the electric-field-driven motion of a polaron by solving the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation nonadiabatically and the lattice equation of motion simultaneously. It is found that the polaron may experience two sequent transitions under high fields; one is the transition from the subsonic to the supersonic state, and the other from the supersonic to dissociated state. The acoustic mode is decoupled from the charge when the polaron moves at a speed faster than the sound speed, and then the optical mode is decoupled at the second transition to make the polaron dissociate completely.     

Properties and applications of cold supersonic gas jet

By analyzing the formation mechanism of a supersonic gas jet, a set of equations which describe the atomic beam properties were established. The influence of initial temperature, initial pressure, background gas pressure and pumping speed was discussed in detail. A simulation program was developed based on the equations, and the results under different initial conditions were obtained. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data, and suggest that, in order to get much smaller transverse momentum in collision experiments, it is necessary to lower the initial temperature and the initial pressure of the supersonic gas jet, together with increasing the pumping speed. These results are very instructive for construction of a new generation of cold supersonic gas jets.     

导弹超声速尾退分离干扰特性试验

超/高超声速尾退分离在防热、保形、隐身、多次投放、回收等方面具有明显优势,有望成为高超声速飞行器载荷投放的优选方案。由此面临一类新的多体分离问题:超/高超声速尾退分离问题（aft super/hypersonic ejection separation,ASES）。超/高超声速尾退分离问题本质上是带空腔底部流动与多体分离构成的耦合问题,具有流场结构复杂、气动非定常非线性非对称效应显著的特点。针对超声速尾退分离问题,采用网格测力和轨迹捕获（captive trajectory system,CTS）风洞试验方法探索了尾退分离干扰流场的结构,发现可根据流场结构和舵效变化分为低速-亚声速无激波、高亚声速-跨声速弱激波、超声速激波和准自由流弱干扰4种典型干扰特征,揭示了尾流场影响后不同区域的全弹气动特性和舵效特性以及控制律、攻角、高度和Mach数对分离位移和姿态的影响规律。相关结论将有助于增强对尾退分离问题的认识,对尾退分离技术的工程实践具有参考价值。      

Cherenkov-Vavilov formulation of X waves

The field from a supersonic (or equivalently superluminal) point source in uniform motion [i.e., the Cherenkov-Vavilov (CV) effect] is shown to be equivalent to the diffractionless X-wave field. It is demonstrated that the power required to support an X wave is equivalent to the power dissipated by a CV source. In the context of the CV solution, it is clear that any supersonic or superluminal properties exhibited by X waves are purely phase effects. As a consequence, X waves cannot propagate a signal faster than the speed of waves, and thus necessarily obey the law on the finiteness of information transfer.     

Effects of processing parameters on laser cutting of aluminium-copper alloys using off-axial supersonic nozzles

Conventional laser cutting involves the utilization of converging coaxial nozzles to inject the assist gas used to remove the molten material. This processing system prevents the utilization of this technique to cut aluminium alloys for aerospace applications. The inefficient removal of molten material by the assist gas produces cuts with poor quality; very rough cuts, with a large amount of dross, and a large heat affected zone (HAZ) are obtained. An alternative to increase the assist gas performance is the utilization of off-axial supersonic nozzles. Removal of molten material is substantially increased and cuts with high quality are obtained. On the other hand, pulsed laser cutting offers superior results during the processing of high reflectivity materials as aluminium alloys. However, there are no experimental studies which explore the pulsed laser cutting of aluminium alloys by means of a cutting head assisted by an off-axis supersonic nozzle.The present work constitutes a quantitative experimental study to determine the influence of processing parameters on the cutting speed and quality criteria during processing by means of off-axial supersonic nozzles. Cutting experiments were performed in pulsed mode and the results explained under the basis of the molten material removal mechanisms. Performed experiments indicate a reduction in cutting speed as compared to continuous wave (CW) mode processing and the existence of two processing regimes as a function of the pulse frequency. Best results are obtained under the high pulse frequency one (f > 100 Hz) because the superior capabilities of molten material removal of the supersonic jets are completely exploited in this processing regime.     

Active suppression of panel flutter with piezoelectric actuators using eigenvector orientation method

This paper examines the use of eigenvector orientation method to detect the onset of subsonic and supersonic flutter of panels modeled by finite elements. The accuracy of the eigenvector orientation method for prediction of the flutter boundary (indicated by a gradual loss of orthogonality between two eigenvectors) is demonstrated by using the examples of a swept-back cantilever plate model at subsonic speed and a simply supported plate model at supersonic speed. Piezoelectric layers are assumed to be bonded to the top and bottom surfaces of the simply supported plate in order to provide bending moments to control motions of each finite element. An approach of optimal control design is presented to actively suppress the possible flutter based on linear quadratic regulator theory and the nonlinear modal equations of motions. To illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of using the piezoelectric layers as controllers, several cases are studied and presented. The effects of varying locations of control moments are studied so as to fulfill the objective of adjusting the flutter speed to be within a desirable range. The results illustrate that the control moment manipulation can offset the flutter occurrence and additionally generate a lead time for possibly executing flutter control.     

声速测定中“驻波共振”条件的讨论

对超声声速测定仪发射器与接收器之间合成波进行了分析，由此对驻波共振条件进行解释。     

光学窗口凹腔流场的光学传输效应研究

当带有光学成像探测制导系统的高速飞行器在大气层内飞行时,光学窗口与来流之间会形成复杂的凹腔绕流流场,产生气动光学效应。建立了求解超声速流场的高精度LES/RANS混合算法模型,研究了超声速流动条件下的Settles三维凹腔流动;在计算得到精确流场数据的基础上,研究了凹腔剪切层区域的光学传输效应。结果表明,凹腔流动的剪切层结构将引起光线抖动,导致严重的波面畸变,明显降低光强斯特雷尔(Strehl)比,严重影响光学传输性能,进而大大降低光学制导精度。     

发动机喷流对火箭气动特性影响

开展了考虑底部发动机喷流影响的火箭气动特性CFD仿真设计,比较了有/无喷流时火箭附近流场结构、表面压力分布、整体气动力/力矩特性在亚/超声速段的差异,结果显示,发动机喷流对火箭亚声速段的轴向力、法向力和俯仰力矩特性均有较为显著的影响,且有减小尾部空气舵气动控制力矩的影响,而超声速段的影响仅限于轴向力。该仿真结果与飞行试验气动辨识结果较为一致。基于仿真分析结果,可建立一种折中考虑喷流影响的气动特性设计方法,供火箭精细化气动特性设计参考使用。