医学超声中的超声空化

本文全面地介绍了医学超声与超声空化的关系,综述了医学超声各个应用领域中有关超声空化的最新研究进展,讨论了超声空化在医学超声中的作用及研究超声空化对发展医学超声的重要意义.     

双泡超声空化计算分析

将由速度势叠加原理得到的双泡超声空化动力学微分方程归一化,通过matlab语言编程计算,分析了水中空化泡的线度、双泡间距、声压幅值、声波频率等因素对空化过程的影响. 在双泡超声空化动力学微分方程中引入双频超声,探讨了双泡双频超声问题. 研究表明泡的线度是决定空化特性的主要因素,声压幅值对空化特性的影响最大,其次是超声波的频率;双泡间的相互作用影响空化特性,这种影响随双泡间距的增大而减弱;双频超声对双泡空化特性的影响有限,这种影响在两超声分量的声压幅值相等时较强. 关键词： 超声空化 双泡 双频超声     

超声滚压中的空化现象*

在超声滚压加工中引入切削液后可能会产生空化现象,由此产生的微射流和冲击波对超声表面强化将有积极作用。为研究超声滚压加工中空化现象是否存在及空化效应在超声滚压中的作用,本文首先分析了超声滚压中的空化阈值,然后进行了染色法试验和超声滚压后试样氧元素能谱分析,最后通过超声滚压加工对比试验研究了空化效应对加工后材料表面粗糙度和显微硬度的影响。研究发现,超声滚压加工中的声压幅值远大于空化阈值,满足空化存在的必要条件;超声滚压中发生了明显的卡纸染色现象,引入切削液后工件超声滚压加工表面氧元素含量显著提高,表明超声滚压中发生了空化现象。超声滚压加工中的空化效应能进一步降低工件表面粗糙度和提高表面显微硬度,有利于提高工件表面强化质量。本研究为空化效应在超声滚压中的积极利用提供了依据。     

液体薄层中的超声空化*

液体薄层中的超声空化,因其边界及所处空间的特殊性,而呈现出非常独特的空化结构和演化行为,在超声清洗、超声钎焊、表面处理、近场声悬浮、超声化学等领域都有所应用。该文梳理了近几年该课题组在液体薄层中的超声空化研究中的一些成果,力图揭示液体薄层内空泡、空化云、空化场的运动和分布规律,及其产生、发展和演化过程,以期对液体薄层中的超声空化行为有一个相对清晰和完整的认识。     

超声空化泡运动特性的研究进展

超声空化是一个极其复杂的物理现象,超声空化泡运动是影响超声空化效应的重要因素,研究超声空化泡的运动特性已受到学术界的极大重视。本文研究了近几年国内外学者基于超声作用下的空化泡运动特性的工作,从空化泡运动方程、数值模拟、实验研究等方面介绍了超声空化泡运动特性的研究进展。最后指出了研究中需解决的关键问题,同时对超声空化泡的研究趋势进行了展望。     

高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场模拟

建立了高能超声制备碳纳米管增强AZ91D复合材料的声场计算模型, 并采用有限元方法计算了20 kHz超声直接作用下AZ91D熔体的声场分布, 熔体声场呈辐射状分布, 距离声源越远, 声压幅值越低. 采用超声作用下单一气泡变化模型描述超声作用下AZ91D 熔体中的空化效应, 通过对Rayleigh-Plesset方程的求解, 得到了不同声压作用下气泡的变化规律, 获得了声压幅值与熔体空化效应的关系, 声压幅值越大, 气泡溃灭半径阈值越小, 熔体发生空化效应越容易. 计算了固定坩埚尺寸、不同超声探头没入熔体深度情况下的声场, 得到了超声探头最优没入深度为30 mm左右. 将声场计算结果以及AZ91D熔体中空化效应的发生规律进行综合分析, 得到了超声功率对有效空化区域的影响规律, 超声功率较大时, 有效空化区域体积随超声功率近似成线性增大. 最后, 通过甘油水溶液超声处理实验, 验证了模拟计算的准确性.     

流体控制方程的超声空化泡动力学模拟*

本文基于流体动力学控制方程和VOF模型,在FLUENT 14.5软件环境下对超声空化泡进行数值模拟。首先研究了超声空化泡一个周期内的形态变化,并且利用空化泡形态变化的最大面积、最小面积、膨胀时间、收缩时间等数值结果分析超声参数对空化效果的影响。同时探究了双频超声作用下空化泡运动的变化,计算结果表明:在其他条件相同的情况下,在1~5MPa范围内,超声声压幅值为3MPa时空化效果最好;当超声频率大于20kHz时,空化效果随着超声频率的增大而降低。对于频率相同的双频超声,较声压幅值为其两倍的单频超声有更好的空化效果;对于频率不同的双频超声,空化效果受到频率差的影响。     

超声空化的电化学检测及混响场空化效应的研究

本文提出并设计了超声空化的电化学检测法，实现了通过分析样品的电学量变化来检测声空化，通过对混响场空化效应的研究，定性分析解释了混响场中空化饱和现象? ?     

超声空化的研究方法及进展

综述了超声空化研究的各种方法及研究进展,总结了空化研究中存在的问题,简要介绍了超声空化在基因导入方面应用的新进展。     

超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质机理

本文分析了超声空化引起界面湍动对传质过程的影响,提出了相界面上超声空化气泡析出增强边界层液体湍动并促进传质的机理,在传质理论和流体动力学原理的基础上,建立了超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质机理模型,获得了超声空化引起界面湍动促进的传质系数表达式。实验结果验证了模型的合理性。该模型既证实了超声对传质有强化效应,又对传质过程有很好的预测功能,为工业化提供了理论依据。     

超声清洗装置空化噪声谱分析法空化噪声级测量

空化强度是用以衡量液体介质中空化活动的剧烈程度,同时空化效应在超声清洗中起关键作用,因此,测量超声清洗槽中的空化强度便可了解其中空化活动的情况.当发生空化时,液体介质中会产生成分复杂空化噪声,对空化噪声谱进行分析和计算得到空化噪声级,据此可判断空化强度.实验测得结果表明:超声清洗装置内稳态空化分布广泛、均匀,瞬态空化分...     

Generation and control of acoustic cavitation structure

The generation and control of acoustic cavitation structure are a prerequisite for application of cavitation in the field of ultrasonic sonochemistry and ultrasonic cleaning. The generation and control of several typical acoustic cavitation structures (conical bubble structure, smoker, acoustic Lichtenberg figure, tailing bubble structure, jet-induced bubble structures) in a 20–50 kHz ultrasonic field are investigated. Cavitation bubbles tend to move along the direction of pressure drop in the region in front of radiating surface, which are the premise and the foundation of some strong acoustic cavitation structure formation. The nuclei source of above-mentioned acoustic cavitation structures is analyzed. The relationship and mutual transformation of these acoustic cavitation structures are discussed.     

换热器内超声空化效应影响因素数值研究

对超声波参数和换热器参数对超声波空化效应影响的研究,能够找出最佳的超声波参数使其防除垢效果更好。本文利用数值计算方法研究了超声波功率、频率和换热器内介质温度以及换热管的型式对超声空化的影响。结果表明,随着超声波功率的增大,水中汽含率也增大,而且变化也相对激烈;随着频率的增加汽含率先增大后降低,20 kHz为最佳频率;介质温度越高,空化效应越强烈;管径波动较多的波纹管更有利于空化效应的产生和发展。     

Degradation of organic wastewater by hydrodynamic cavitation combined with acoustic cavitation

In this paper, the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), acoustic cavitation (AC) and the combination of these individual methods (HAC) have been investigated. The degradation of 20 L RhB aqueous solution was carried out in a self-designed HAC reactor, where hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation could take place in the same space simultaneously. The effects of initial concentration, inlet pressure, solution temperature and ultrasonic power were studied and discussed. Obvious synergies were found in the HAC process. The combined method achieved the best conversion, and the synergistic effect in HAC was even up to 119% with the ultrasonic power of 220 W in a treatment time of 30 min. The time-independent synergistic factor based on rate constant was introduced and the maximum value reached 40% in the HAC system. Besides, the hybrid HAC method showed great superiority in energy efficiency at lower ultrasonic power (88–176 W). Therefore, HAC technology can be visualized as a promising method for wastewater treatment with good scale-up possibilities.     

双泡模型共振频率的超声空化动力学研究

该研究旨在研究双泡模型的自然共振频率对超声空化的影响,通过理论计算研究了自然共振频率的影响因素,以及单频超声和双频超声与自然共振频率的关系。研究结果表明：气泡初始半径是影响自然共振频率的主要因素;低频驱动下的非线性波动程度会比高频的更加剧烈,当驱动频率等于气泡自然共振频率时,超声空化的效果更好;双频超声取气泡自然共振频率时超声空化效果远远优于单频超声驱动。该研究在超声医学和理解超声空化特性方面有着重要的意义。     

Cavitation bubble dynamics studied by high speed photography and holography: part one

Bubble dynamics has been recognized as being responsible for many effects in ultrasonic fields, for example cleaning and destruction of surfaces, and emulsification. To improve the performance of ultrasonic devices which make use of these effects some knowledge of the dynamics of cavitation bubbles is needed. One of the main means of studying bubble dynamics is high speed photography in conjunction with some suitable bubble production mechanism to get rid of the statistical appearance of bubbles encountered in ultrasonic cavitation. Results of jet and vortex ring formation obtained mainly with spark-and laser-produced bubbles are reported and demonstrated in a series of frames.     

Cavitation mechanism of ultrasonic melt degassing

The real melt always contains non-wettable fine inclusions which are potential nuclei for cavitation and degassing. This paper deals with the nature of ultrasonic degassing and the industrial application of a relevant technology.     

Studies of a novel sensor for assessing the spatial distribution of cavitation activity within ultrasonic cleaning vessels

This paper describes investigations of the spatial distribution of cavitation activity generated within an ultrasonic cleaning vessel, undertaken using a novel cavitation sensor concept. The new sensor monitors high frequency acoustic emissions (>1 MHz) generated by micron-sized bubbles driven into acoustic cavitation by the applied acoustic field. Novel design features of the sensor, including its hollow, cylindrical shape, provide the sensor with spatial resolution, enabling it to associate the megahertz acoustic emissions produced by the cavitating bubbles with specific regions of space within the vessel. The performance of the new sensor has been tested using a 40 kHz ultrasonic cleaner employing four transducers and operating at a nominal electrical power of 140 W under controlled conditions. The results demonstrate the ability of the sensors to identify 'hot-spots' and 'cold-spots' in cavitation activity within the vessel, and show good qualitative agreement with an assessment of the spatial distribution of cavitation determined through erosion monitoring of thin sheets of aluminium foil. The implications of the studies for the development of reliable methods of quantifying the performance of cleaning vessels are discussed in detail.