窄振动颗粒床中的运动模式

实验研究了竖直振动情况下,窄容器中颗粒的运动模式.发现运动模式与颗粒床厚度及振动加速度有很强的依赖关系.实验表明横向尺寸较小的容器可以抑制对流卷及拱起现象.对于足够厚的颗粒床,即使振动加速度很大,颗粒床下部仍然存在着颗粒聚集态.出现聚集态时,颗粒床对容器底的冲击力是倍周期分岔的.实验表明倍周期分岔点与颗粒床厚度无关.对于较薄的颗粒床,颗粒可以是聚集态或对流卷,视颗粒尺寸而定.如果使用尺寸分布非常窄的球形颗粒,可以观察到颗粒的有序排列.出现同心的圆筒形“壳”结构,每个“壳”上的颗粒是二维六角密排列的. 关键词： 颗粒物质 倍周期分岔 颗粒聚集态 球堆积     

颗粒速度在颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变中的作用

用实验和计算模拟的方法研究了颗粒流中的颗粒速度与颗粒流特性的关系.实验研究发现当入口流量固定时，在出口上方高速运动的颗粒会使颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的临界出口尺寸变小.当颗粒流转变为密集流后，颗粒速度的作用被出口上方的颗粒堆积区所消耗，最终变得与颗粒速度无关.二维分子动力学模拟计算得到了与实验相同的结论.通过二维分子动力学模拟计算，还给出了不同颗粒速度下体系的密度和速率在空间的分布图.这些分布图显示随着颗粒到达出口上方的瞬间速度的不同，颗粒堆积区的密度和高度均会改变，并最终导致颗粒流流动状态的改变. 关键词： 颗粒流 颗粒气体 分子动力学模拟     

颗粒介质的离散态特性研究

回顾了颗粒介质中应力的分布和传播模式以及物体在颗粒介质中运动所受阻力的研究进展，并报道了我们对颗粒体系中代表离散特性的颗粒尺寸效应对颗粒介质特性影响的研究.研究发现物体由于自身重量在颗粒介质中下沉的深度随着颗粒尺寸的增大单调减小；球体在下陷过程中受到的颗粒床的支撑力，除了在约1 mm范围的表面作用区域以外，与下陷深度之间满足很好的幂率关系，幂值在1.5—1.0之间，并且此幂值随着颗粒尺寸的增大而单调减小.颗粒床的支撑力与下陷深度的幂率关系可解释为颗粒介质内部应力结构重组的宏观反应结果. 关键词： 颗粒物质 离散介质力学     

颗粒数方程的求解及流化床数值模拟

流化床内颗粒聚并和破碎将影响颗粒相的流动特性.本文运用基于颗粒动理学理论的欧拉一欧拉气固多相流模型,利用直接矩积分方法求解颗粒数平衡方程,建立颗粒数密度与连续性方程、动量方程之间的关系,数值模拟流化床内两种不同直径颗粒发生聚并时气固两相流动特性。计算结果表明,颗粒聚并伴随着床内颗粒直径逐渐增大,床内颗粒流化状态逐渐变为固定床状态,两种颗粒直径均增加,且小颗粒的体积分数逐渐减小、大颗粒的体积分数增加。当仅考虑聚并过程时增加流化速度将导致床内颗粒体积平均直径变大。随着颗粒密度减小,床内体积平均直径增加。     

振动颗粒物质中倍周期运动对尺寸分离的影响

实验研究了竖直振动颗粒床中,倍周期运动对尺寸分离的影响.实验中,当振动加速度足够大时,系统中出现稳定的对称对流,进一步增大振动加速度到某个临界值时,还会出现倍周期运动.观察表明,背景颗粒的对流运动对分离过程起主导作用,对流速度决定着分离过程的快慢,而在2倍周期和4倍周期分岔之后,分离时间有所减慢.对引起对流运动的起因进行了分析,以此为基础分析了倍周期运动产生影响的物理机理,并对分离时间进行了定量计算,结果与实验值符合很好. 关键词： 颗粒物质 “巴西果”效应 倍周期分岔 对流     

炸药颗粒压制成型数值模拟

 分析炸药压药过程中细观的力学行为,能够为改进压药工艺和提高炸药元件质量提供理论依据。建立了模压条件下炸药颗粒压制成型的计算模型。模型中炸药颗粒被认为是直径相同的球形颗粒,并按一定规律排列。利用非线性有限元计算方法,对炸药颗粒压制成型过程进行了数值模拟计算,分析了压制过程中炸药颗粒变形、受力和温度变化情况。结果表明：药粒在压缩中存在运动和变形两个阶段。在药粒运动阶段,应力集中主要出现在颗粒与约束面的接触部分;药粒进入了塑性变形后,药粒内部压力迅速升高且压力趋于一致。压缩过程中药粒温度升高,药床接近密实状态时,药床中心处药粒温度最高。     

运动物体在颗粒介质中的阻力形式

物体由重力驱动在颗粒介质中的运动过程，从动力学上可以用等效重力、颗粒床的黏性阻力及静压阻力来描述.通过求解此动力学模型，找到了一个能够控制颗粒系统处于不同阻尼状态的参量Γ，Γ的表达式直接反映了黏性阻力项和静压阻力项的竞争.这种竞争使得颗粒介质能够处于不同阻尼状态，表现出不同的表观阻力行为.根据理论分析结果设计实验，实现了对颗粒介质体系阻尼状态的调节，验证了理论模型给出的运动物体在颗粒介质中受到的阻力形式. 关键词： 颗粒体系 阻力 动力学过程     

重力驱动下运动物体在颗粒介质中的最大穿透深度

通过高速摄像的跟踪，研究了重力场中球形下落物体对松散颗粒床进行撞击并进入颗粒床内的运动过程.运用已得到的颗粒体系中运动物体的阻力模型，分析了物体质量对穿透深度的影响.研究表明，当物体与颗粒床撞击的初始速度较小时，物体在颗粒床中的最大穿透深度与物体质量呈近似线性关系. 实验得到的结果与模型符合很好. 关键词： 颗粒体系 阻力 动力学过程     

正冲击波后固壁表面颗粒的上升运动

为揭示固壁表面颗粒的冲击波夹卷本质，模拟垂直于固壁表面的正冲击波后单个颗粒的上升运动。假定颗粒初始时刻处于气载状态（因波的反射或碰撞离开壁面），受Saffman升力、气动阻力和重力作用。模型方程为波后定常气流边界层方程和颗粒运动常微分方程，分别用单参数法和四阶龙格库塔法求解。计算颗粒速度与轨迹表明：颗粒的冲击波卷扬动力，源于边界层内强剪切流提供的Saffman力；在所考察的冲击波强度和颗粒尺寸范围内，颗粒的上升高度不依赖于冲击波强度；上升高度按颗粒尺寸变化，即尺寸越大，高度越大。比较分析单颗粒和颗粒层的结果，认为实验中颗粒云内大尺寸颗粒少的原因是由于这些颗粒不易从颗粒层中逸出。部分计算结果与实验结果较为符合，验证了所建模型与假设的合理性。     

竖直振动管中颗粒的上升运动

通过实验和数值模拟研究了竖直振动管中颗粒的受激运动.将一直管插入静止的颗粒料层中,并在管内预填充一定高度的颗粒,对直管施加竖直振动.振动强度较弱时,管内的颗粒在重力作用下向下运动;当振动达到一定的强度时,管内颗粒不下降反而克服重力的作用向上运动,随着振动强度的进一步提高,即使不在管内预填充高于颗粒床层的颗粒,颗粒也会沿着振动管逆重力向上运动.颗粒的上升高度与运动速度强烈依赖于振动强度.通过高速相机记录颗粒和直管在单个振动周期内的运动,并结合离散元(DEM)法模拟管内颗粒的受力变化规律,给出了颗粒上升的机理.此研究对实现散体物料的定向输运提供了一种新方法.     

Effects of air on the segregation of particles in a shaken granular bed

Effects of interstitial air on the motions of a large intruder in a shaken granular bed are studied experimentally as a function of ambient air pressure, particle size of the bed, and the density of the intruder. It is found that the intruder always rises from the granular bed in the absence of air. However, the intruder can acquire both positive and negative buoyancy in the presence of air. Negative buoyancy can be observed only when both the density of the intruder and the particle size of the bed are small enough. This negative buoyancy can be explained by the unusual air pressure distribution found in the bed.     

Intruders in the dust: air-driven granular size separation

Using MRI and high-speed video we investigate the motion of a large intruder particle inside a vertically shaken bed of smaller particles. We find a pronounced, nonmonotonic density dependence, with both light and heavy intruders moving faster than those whose density is approximately that of the granular bed. For light intruders, we furthermore observe either rising or sinking behavior, depending on intruder starting height, boundary condition, and interstitial gas pressure. We map out the phase boundary delineating the rising and sinking regimes. A simple model can account for much of the observed behavior and shows how the two regimes are connected by considering pressure gradients across the granular bed during a shaking cycle.     

Are Brazil nuts attractive?

We present event-driven simulation results for single and multiple intruders in a vertically vibrated granular bed. Under our vibratory conditions, the mean vertical position of a single intruder is governed primarily by a buoyancylike effect. Multiple intruders also exhibit buoyancy governed behavior; however, multiple neutrally buoyant intruders cluster spontaneously and undergo horizontal segregation. These effects can be understood by considering the dynamics of two neutrally buoyant intruders. We have measured an attractive force between such intruders which has a range of five intruder diameters, and we provide a mechanistic explanation for the origins of this force.     

An Experimental Investigation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Coiled Heat Exchanger Embedded in a Packed Bed

Forced convection heat transfer from a helically coiled heat exchanger embedded in a packed bed of spherical glass particles was investigated experimentally. With dry air at ambient pressure and temperature as a flowing fluid, the effect of particle size, helically coiled heat exchanger diameter, and position was studied for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. It was found that the particle diameter, the helically coiled heat exchanger diameter and position, and the air velocity are of great influence on the convective heat transfer between the helically coiled heat exchanger and air. Results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing the air velocity, increasing helically coiled heat exchanger diameter, and decreasing the particle size. The highest heat transfer coefficients were obtained with the packed-bed particle size of 16 mm and heat exchanger coil diameter of 9.525 mm (1/4 inch) at a Reynolds number range of 1,536 to 4,134 for all used coil positions in the conducted tests. A dimensionless correlation was proposed for Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, particle size, coil size, and coil position.     

Competition of Brazil nut effect,buoyancy, and inelasticity induced segregation in a granular mixture

It has been recently reported that a granular mixture in which grains differ in their restitution coefficients presents segregation: the more inelastic particles sink to the bottom. When other segregation mechanisms as buoyancy and the Brazil nut effect are present, the inelasticity induced segregation can compete with them. First, a detailed analysis, based on numerical simulations of two dimensional systems, of the competition between buoyancy and the inelasticity induced segregation is presented, finding that there is a transition line in the parameter space that determines which mechanism is dominant. In the case of neutrally buoyant particles having different sizes the inelasticity induced segregation can compete with the Brazil nut effect (BNE). Reverse Brazil nut effect (RBNE) could be obtained at large inelasticities of the intruder. At intermediate values, BNE and RBNE coexist and large inelastic particles are found both near the bottom and at the top of the system.     

Mechanism on oscillating lifted flames in nonpremixed laminar coflow jets

The oscillating lifted flame in a laminar nonpremixed nitrogen-diluted fuel jet is known to be a result of buoyancy, though the detailed physical mechanism of the initiation has not yet been properly addressed. We designed a systematic experiment to test the hypothesis that the oscillation is driven by competition between the positive buoyancy of flame and the negative buoyancy of a fuel stream heavier than the ambient air. The positive buoyancy was examined with various flame temperatures by changing fuel mole fraction, and the negative buoyancy was investigated with various fuel densities. The density of the coflow was also varied within a certain range by adding either helium or carbon dioxide to air, to study how it affected the positive and negative buoyancies at the same time. As a result, we found that the range of oscillation was well-correlated with the positive and the negative buoyancies; the former stabilized the oscillation while the latter triggered instability and became a source of the oscillation. Further measurements of the flow fields and OH radicals evidenced the important role of the negative buoyancy on the oscillation, detailing a periodic variation in the unburned flow velocity that affected the displacement of the flame.     

On the oscillating flame characteristics in nonpremixed laminar coflow-jets: An experimental and numerical study

This study investigates the characteristics of oscillating lifted flames in laminar coflow-jets experimentally and numerically by varying both fuel density (by varying propane and n-butane mixtures) and coflow density (by diluting air with N₂/He mixtures). Two different lifted flame oscillation behaviors are observed depending on these parameters: oscillating tribrachial lifted flame (OTLF) and oscillating mode-change lifted flame (OMLF), where a rapid increase in flame radius is observed. The regimes of the two flames are identified from experiments, which shows that OMLF occurs only when the effect of the negative buoyancy on the flow field by the fuel heavier than air becomes significant at low fuel jet velocity. OMLFs are also identified to distinguish OTLF regime from flame extinction, which implies that an OMLF can be extinguished when the positive buoyancy becomes weak, losing its stabilizing effect, or when the negative buoyancy becomes strong, further enhancing its destabilizing effect. Transient numerical simulations of both OTLF and OMLF reveal that the OMLF occurs by a strong toroidal vortex and a subsequent counterflow-like structure induced by relatively-strong negative buoyancy. Such a drastic flow redirection significantly changes the fuel concentration gradient such that the OMLF changes its mode from a tribrachial flame mode (decreasing edge speed with fuel concentration gradient) to the premixed flame-like transition mode when the fuel concentration gradient becomes very small (increasing edge speed with fuel concentration gradient). Again, a tribrachial flame mode is recovered during a rising period of flame edge and repeats an oscillation cycle.