超声波的物理特性及应用

 历史上研究超声波的动力,不仅在于大自然中超声波的普遍存在.     

超声生物效应及超声临床诊断的安全性

一、引 言 超声波在医学临床中的应用可分为诊断与治疗两大类.用于诊断的超声波只作为信息的载体,把超声波射入人体的目的,是通过它与人体组织之间的相互作用获取有关生理与病理的信息,而不给人体留下任何影响.为此,常常使用几十mW/cm~2以下的低强度超声.用于治疗时,超声波则作为一种能量形式,把它射入人体的目的,则是要通过它与人体组织的相互     

超声波雾化铝表面液滴的试验研究

介绍了一种超声波抑霜新方法。对频率20 kHz的超声波作用下铝表面液滴的雾化现象进行了可视化观测。对不同超声输入功率以及不同超声作用时间下,70 mm×70 mm×3 mm铝表面液滴群的雾化概率进行了分析。试验结果发现,超声波可以瞬间雾化铝板表面液滴;随着超声输入功率的增加,铝表面液滴雾化概率逐渐增加;功率越低,超声作用时间对液滴雾化概率的影响越显著。结果表明,超声波可以去除铝板表面作为结霜初始阶段的液滴,为冷表面有效抑霜提供了可能。     

超声测距变结构控制系统的研究

本文在超声测距系统中采用了变结构控制理论，根据所测物体的反射界面和介质性质，自动调节超声波发射换能器的功率，建立了超声测距系统的数学模型，对系统方程进行了理论分析，研究了变结构控制系统的设计方法，并结合应用实例，对钻井法凿井用超声波测井仪中超声测距系统进行了计算机仿真，并在实验室进行了实验。     

喷流耦合式超声位移传感器的设计

本文主要研究一种新型微位移传感器。它用超声波原理进行检测，以喷流的水柱作为超声波传播的介质，可以在恶劣环境下进行位移测量。位移等于超声波传播的速度与超声波从发到收之间传播时间的乘积。考虑到声速会随介质一水的温度的升高而增大，设计时进行了实时温度补偿，提高了系统的精度。     

基于超声波的清洗机设计及清洗效果研究

实验结果表明,低频超声波、加入清洗液、清洗过程中织物转动均可加强清洗效果,清洗温度在40到50℃为最佳。     

《超声治疗学》评介

冯若、汪荫棠编著的《超声治疗学》1994年12月由中国医药科技出版社出版。该书资料完整、新颖。共分11章．分别为超声波的物理基础、超声的生物医学效应及其物理机制、超声疗法、超声电疗法、超声药物透人疗法、超声雾化吸入疗法、超声外科、超声治癌、冲击波和超声肢碎石、超声节育及抗早孕研究进展等。全面、系统、深入地论述了超声波疗法的基础理论、发展及应用。书中不仅介绍了国内外关于超声波治疗方面的研究成果与先进经验，而且也包含了两位作者长期在超声医学领域中，从事科学研究与临床工作的部分科研成果。超声医学包括超声诊断及…     

基于超声光栅衍射的液体密度测试

采用超声波与光栅衍射的联合实现液体密度的测量.超声波发生器在周期性高频正弦电信号的激励下产生超声波,此超声波在样品池液体中传输可以产生周期性排布的疏密纵波,进而使液体的折射率呈现周期性排列,当激光束垂直入射此液体时,会产生类似光栅的作用.通过CCD采集分析经过样品池后单色出射光线的衍射图样,得出液体的密度.     

超声换能器表面的振动状态

从超声波在波密介质和波疏介质之间的传播以及诱发共振发射超声波的角度,讨论了空气中超声声速测量实验所用超声换能器的表面振动状态.理论分析及实验测量结果表明:超声换能器表面振动状态与其结构有关,超声接收器表面位移振幅一般不为零.     

CCD在超声光栅实验中的应用

本文详细探讨了超声波在液体中传播速度的测量方法；利用CCD测量技术实现了超声波速度的自动化测量；设计了响应的接口电路和信号处理系统，从而大大地提高了实验测量的精度和准确度．     

Spin-glass-like magnetic ordering in Zn substituted magnetite magnetic fluids

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of magnetic fluids involving polydispersed Zn(0.5)Fe(0. 5)Fe(2)O(4) (FZ5) and Zn(0.7)Fe(0. 3)Fe(2)O(4) (FZ7) nanomagnetic particles are scanned from 4.2 to 300K. The FZ7 fluid exhibits certain distinct features below 40K which are different from FZ5 fluid. These include (i) an isotropic shift in resonance field in zero-field-cooled ESR study, (ii) deviation of resonance field from sin(2)theta behavior (where theta is the angle between axis of the particle and field) in field cooled (FC) sample and (iii) abrupt increase in anisotropy field for FC sample. The results are analyzed in light of the core-shell model for nanomagnetic particles.     

Hadron spectroscopy from B-factories

We review the recent experimental results on hadron spectroscopy from B-factories focusing on the exotic charmonium-like states. Among them we discuss the X(3872), Y(3940), Z(4430)+, Z(4050)+, Z(4250)+ and Y(4140) states found in B-meson decays, the X(3940) and X(4160) states produced in double charmonium production, the Y(4260), Y(4325), Y(4660) and X(4630) states produced with initial-state radiation in e+e-annihilation and the X(3915), Y(4350) states observed in two-photon collisions.     

Heredity of clusters in the rapidly cooling processes of Al-doped Zr_(50)Cu_(50) melts and its correlation with the glass-forming ability

The heredity of clusters in rapidly cooled(Zr_(50)Cu_(50))_(100-x)Al_x melts and its correlation with glass-forming ability(GFA) are studied via molecular dynamics simulations. Pair distribution function and the largest standard cluster(LSC)are adopted to characterize the local atomic structures in the(Zr_(50)Cu_(50))_(100-x)Al_x systems. The [12/555] icosahedra and their medium-range order(IMRO) play an important role in forming(Zr_(50)Cu_(50))_(100-x)Al_x metallic glasses(MGs). The fraction of [12/555], the number of IMRO, and the maximum size of IMRO in MGs increase significantly with increasing x. A tracking study further reveals that the configuration heredity of icosahedral clusters starts from supercooled liquids.No direct correlation exists between the GFA and the onset temperature of continuous or stated heredity. Instead, a larger hereditary supercooled degree of icosahedra matches with better GFA of Al-doped Zr_(50)Cu_(50) alloys.     

氨基酸DLH及其稀土镧配合物的高压红外和拉曼光谱研究

测定了DL-2-氨基-4-磺酸基-丁酸[DLH,DL-Homocysteicacid,(NH3 )-CH(COOH)-(CH2)2-SO3-]及其稀土La配合物[La(DLH)2Cl3·H2O=LaL2]在不同压力下的红外和拉曼光谱。DLH在50kbar左右压力以下存在两个压力诱导相转变区,它们分别在17和37kbar左右,两者均为二级相转变,认为分子间氢键的存在是出现两个压力诱导相转变区的原因。在红外光谱中,SO3-的对称伸缩振动的压力灵敏度(dν/dp)表现出与其他振动模式不同的变化趋势,它们在低压相区的平均压力灵敏度为0.30cm-1·(kbar)-1、中压相区为0.32cm-1.(kbar)-1、高压相区为0.41cm-1·(kbar)-1,低压相区与高压相区的比值为0.72,而其他振动模式刚好相反,低压相区与高压相区的比值为4.8。稀土La配合物LaL2的生成,改变了分子间的氢键,在50kbar左右压力以下只观察到1个压力诱导相转变区(27kbar附近)。在红外光谱中,配合物LaL2中SO3-的反对称伸缩振动的压力灵敏度(dν/dp)也表现出与其他振动模式不同的变化趋势,它们在低压相区的平均压力灵敏度与高压相区的平均压力灵敏度的比值为0.43,而其他振动模式的比值为2.5。     

MD simulation of nanoindentation on (001) and (111) surfaces of Ag–Ni multilayers

We perform MD simulations of the nanoindentation on (001) and (111) surfaces of Ag–Ni multilayers with different modulation periods, and find that both the hardness and maximum force increase with the increase of modulation period, in agreement with the inverse Hall–Petch relation. A prismatic partial dislocation loop is observed in the Ni(111)/Ag(111) sample when the modulation period is relatively large. We also find that misfit dislocation network shows a square shape for the Ni(111)/Ag(111) interface, while a triangle shape for the Ni(001)/Ag(001) interface. The pyramidal defect zones are also observed in Ni(001)/Ag(001) sample, while the intersecting stacking faults are observed in Ni(111)/Ag(111) sample after dislocation traversing interface. The results offer insights into the nanoindentation behaviors in metallic multilayers, which should be important for clarifying strengthening mechanism in many other multilayers.     

The zonal architecture of human articular cartilage described by T2 relaxation time in the presence of Gd-DTPA2-

The depth-wise variation of T(2) relaxation time is known to reflect the collagen network architecture in cartilage, while the delayed Gadolinium Enhanced MRI of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) technique is sensitive to tissue proteoglycan (PG) concentration. As the cartilage PG content varies along the tissue depth, the depth-dependent accumulation of the contrast agent may affect the inherent T(2) of cartilage in a nonconstant manner. Therefore, T(2) and dGEMRIC are typically measured in separate MRI sessions. In the present in vitro MRI study at 9.4 T, depth-wise T(2) profiles and collagenous zone thicknesses as determined from T(2) maps in the absence and presence of Gd-DTPA(2-) (T(2) and T(2Gd), respectively) were compared in samples of intact human articular cartilage (n=65). These T(2) measures were further correlated with birefringence (BF) of polarized light microscopy (PLM) to quantify the ability of MRI to predict the properties of the collagen fibril network. The reproducibility of the T(2) measurement in the current setup was also studied. Typical tri-laminar collagen network architecture was observed both with and without Gd-DTPA(2-). The inverse of BF (1/BF) correlated significantly with both T(2) and T(2Gd) (r=0.91, slope=0.56 and r=0.90, slope=0.63), respectively. The statistically significant linear correlations between zone thicknesses as determined from T(2) and T(2Gd) were r=0.55 (slope=0.49), r=0.74 (slope=0.71) and r=0.95 (slope=0.94) for superficial, middle and deep tissue zones, respectively. Reproducibility of the T(2) measurement was worst for superficial cartilage. Consistent with PLM, T(2) and T(2Gd) measurements reveal highly similar depth-dependent information on collagen network in intact human cartilage. Thus, dGEMRIC and T(2) measurements in one MRI session are feasible for intact articular cartilage in vitro.     

Low-E probe for (19)F-(1)H NMR of dilute biological solids

Sample heating induced by radio frequency (RF) irradiation presents a significant challenge to solid state NMR experiments in proteins and other biological systems, causing the sample to dehydrate which may result in distorted spectra and a damaged sample. In this work we describe a large volume, low-E (19)F-(1)H solid state NMR probe, which we developed for the 2D (19)F CPMG studies of dilute membrane proteins in a static and electrically lossy environment at 600MHz field. In (19)FCPMG and related multi-pulse (19)F-(1)H experiments the sample is heated by the conservative electric fields E produced in the sample coil at both (19)F and (1)H frequencies. Instead of using a traditional sample solenoid, our low-E (19)F-(1)H probe utilizes two orthogonal loop-gap resonators in order to minimize the conservative electric fields responsible for sample heating. Absence of the wavelength effects in loop-gap resonators results in homogeneous RF fields and enables the study of large sample volumes, an important feature for the dilute protein preparations. The orthogonal resonators also provide intrinsic isolation between the (19)F and (1)H channels, which is another major challenge for the (19)F-(1)H circuits where Larmor frequencies are only 6% apart. We detail steps to reduce (19)F background signals from the probe, which included careful choice of capacitor lubricants and manufacture of custom non-fluorinated coaxial cables. Application of the probe for two-dimensional (19)F CPMG spectroscopy in oriented lipid membranes is demonstrated with Flufenamic acid (FFA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.     

Correlation of CSF neuroinflammatory molecules with leptomeningeal cortical subcortical white matter fractional anisotropy in neonatal meningitis

It has been previously hypothesized that the high fractional anisotropy (FA) values in leptomeningeal cortical subcortical white matter (LCSWM) regions of neonatal brain with bacterial meningitis is due to the presence of adhesion molecules in the subarachnoid space, which are responsible for adherence of inflammatory cells over the subarachnoid membrane. The aim of this study was to look for any relationship between FA values in LCSWM regions and various neuroinflammatory molecules (NMs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measured in neonates with bacterial meningitis. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on 18 term neonates (median age, 10.5 days) having bacterial meningitis and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. CSF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to quantify NMs [soluble intracellular adhesion molecules (sICAM), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)]. Significantly increased FA values were observed in LCSWM regions of the patients compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between FA values in LCSWM regions and NMs [sICAM (r=0.67, P=.006), TNF-alpha (r=0.69, P=.005) and IL-1beta (r=0.82, P=.000)] in CSF of these patients. No difference in FA values (P=.99) in LCSWM regions was observed between patients with sterile (0.12+/-0.02) and culture-positive CSF study (0.12+/-0.02). FA may be used as noninvasive surrogate marker of NMs in neonatal meningitis in assessing therapeutic response in future.     

Whole-body T2* mapping at 1.5 T

This study investigated the feasibility of an MRI protocol providing whole-body T2* maps at 1.5 T. Seven healthy volunteers (mean age=30.1+/-3.7, three women and four men) and two patients (both male, 53 and 46 years old) affected by transfusion-dependent anemias participated in the study. Coronally oriented images of five subsequent body levels were acquired using a fat-suppressed multiecho 2D gradient-echo sequence (12 echo times ranging from 4.8 to 76.3 ms were selected) and afterwards composed. Parametrical T2* maps of the whole body were reconstructed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. For both, healthy volunteers and patients, representative T2* values were computed from extended regions of interest (ROIs). Good-quality whole-body T2* maps were computed in all volunteers and patients. In healthy volunteers, T2* values were assessed in the cerebral white (58.5+/-4.2 ms) and gray (81.4+/-5.5 ms) matter, liver (34.3+/-7.0 ms), spleen (63.5+/-3.3 ms), kidneys (65.4+/-10.3 ms) and skeletal muscles (~30 ms). The liver presented faster relaxation rates in males as compared to females. One patient (serum ferritin concentration=927 microg/dl) showed shortened T2* values in liver (3.6+/-5.5 ms), spleen (3.1+/-4.8 ms), kidneys (11.1+/-7.1 ms) and muscles (25.1+/-3.4 ms). The second patient (serum ferritin concentration=346 microg/dl) presented reduced T2* values in liver (3.9+/-7.3 ms), spleen (20.1+/-9.8 ms) and kidneys (24.6+/-7.7 ms). The presented technique may find clinical application in the assessment of the iron burden in the entire body, and in monitoring of chelation therapies in patients treated with frequent blood transfusions.     

Preparation and Characterization of PMMA/ZnO Nanocomposites via In‐Situ Polymerization Method

Poly(methyl methacrylate) zine oxide (ZnO) (PMMA/ZnO) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the solution radical copolymerization of the monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the oleic acid–modified ZnO nanoparticles (OA‐ZnO) with 2,2′‐azobis(isobutylonitrile) (AIBN) as initiator in toluene. The products were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Ultraviolet ‐variable (UV‐Vis) analysis showed that the composites had high absorption in the ultraviolet region and low absorption in the visible region. The absorption in the ultraviolet region depended on the content of ZnO nanoparticles in the nanocomposites. It is expected that they can be used as UV‐filters in optical materials.