纳米颗粒悬浮在加热铂丝上的过冷沸腾

本文对加热铂丝上25 nm SiO2颗粒与水悬浮液的过冷沸腾进行实验观察,纯水和纳米颗粒悬浮液的沸腾过程基本相同,但低热流密度下纳米颗粒悬浮液中的气泡重叠(或气泡团聚体)现象非常普遍。在实验观察基础上分析了气泡重叠(或气泡团聚体)成因,纳米颗粒在气泡表面的吸附和浓聚增大了气泡间吸引力和气泡质量,最终导致气泡重叠(或气泡团聚体)的形成。     

纳米流体对流换热机理分析

考虑在纳米流体中纳米颗粒做布朗运动引起的对流换热, 基于纳米颗粒在纳米流体中遵循分形分布, 本文得到纳米流体对流换热的机理模型. 本解析模型没有增加新的经验常数, 从该模型发现纳米流体池沸腾热流密度是温度、纳米颗粒的平均直径、 纳米颗粒的浓度、纳米颗粒的分形维数、沸腾表面活化穴的分形维数、基本液体的物理特性的函数. 对不同的纳米颗粒浓度和不同的纳米颗粒平均直径与不同的实验数据进行了比较, 模型预测的结果与实验结果相吻合. 所得的解析模型可以更深刻地揭示纳米流体对流换热的物理机理.     

细圆管内纳米悬浮液对流换热的实验研究

实验研究了细圆管内氧化铜纳米颗粒悬浮换热特性。试验段的管径为0.68mm、1.01mm和1.28mm,氧化钢纳米颗粒平均粒径为50um,悬浮液中氧化铜纳米颗粒质量分数分别为0.02,0.04和0.06,分散剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)质量的分数为0.02。为进行对比分析,还测试了水的换热特性。实验结果表明,在所研究的尺寸下,层流时去离子水的努谢尔特数Nu要高于已有液体对流换热关联式计算之值,纳米颗粒悬浮液的对流换热系数高于水的,且纳米颗粒的质量分数越高,悬浮液的对流换热系数越大。随着流动从层流向湍流的转换,强化效果也越明显。     

吸附作用在纳米颗粒悬浮液换热强化中的试验与机理研究

本文通过测量SiO_2纳米颗粒在不同工质、不同浓度的悬浮液在不同温度下的导热系数,结合了液氮冷冻、切割并在断面上复形的技术,并利用电镜观察了纳米颗粒在液体中的分布、团聚和液体与之的亲和性。着重分析了纳米颗粒悬浮液中SiO_2纳米颗粒与液体的亲和性对悬浮液导热性能影响的机理。文中提出了SiO_2纳米颗粒的表面吸附层和在作布朗运动时出现”微对流”而使悬浮液换热强化。     

纳米颗粒对沸腾活化核心密度的影响

根据实验所得沸腾曲线,对纳米颗粒悬浮液进行稳态数值模拟,计算了不同过热度下活化核心的密度.计算结果表明一对于不同浓度的纳米颗粒悬浮液,在考虑了其物性变化对沸腾传热的影响外,颗粒的加入对活化核心密度产生的影响是主要的因素,并且影响效果随颗粒浓度的变化不呈单向趋势.     

添加有TiO2纳米颗粒的R11池沸腾换热研究

对添加有TiO2纳米颗粒的制冷剂R11在外径为22.4mm紫铜管外的池沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究.池沸腾饱和温度为35℃和40℃,纳米颗粒悬浮液的浓度为0.01g/l和0.05g/l.对铜管圆周上、下、前、后四个部位的局部换热情况进行了测量和可视化观察以及相应的粗糙度检测分析.结果发现,纳米颗粒的添加基本使管上部粗糙度降低,传热弱化,而使下部粗糙度增加,传热强化.就整体换热而言,40℃的强化换热效果好于30℃,0.01g/l的强化换热效果好于0.05g/l.     

准稳态法测量纳米颗粒悬浮液的热物性

通过添加亲水性分散剂,经超声振动制备了粒径为50 nm CuO纳米颗粒悬浮液。理论和实验分析了运用准稳态法测量纳米颗粒悬浮液有效导热系数和比热容等热物性的可行性。加热密度为100～500 W/m~2时,热物性测量结果的合理性和重复性都较好;而加热密度较小时离散性较大。实验表明,常温下2~(wt)％的CuO纳米颗粒悬浮液的有效导热系数约为纯水的1.08倍,比热容约为纯水的1.02倍。     

纳米颗粒影响沸腾换热特性的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学方法对纳米流体在金属表面的沸腾现象进行研究,揭示纳米流体的沸腾换热机制。模拟系统分为蒸汽氩、液体氩、固体铜板和铜纳米颗粒四部分。着重探讨了近壁区的纳米颗粒对沸腾换热的影响。在高过热度和低过热度两种加热情况下,探讨纳米流体和基础流体的沸腾现象。结果表明纳米颗粒的添加对沸腾过程有显著的影响:氩的温度、系统净蒸发率显著提高。近壁区的纳米颗粒做无规则运动并且不随流体运动。颗粒的尺寸及过热度对强化效果有显著影响。     

细圆管内纳米颗粒悬浮液强化对流换热的探讨

实验研究了细圆管内去离子水和氧化铜纳米颗粒悬浮液的对流换热特性。根据实验数据,得到纳米颗粒悬浮液相对于去离子水的对流换热强化特性。结果表明,氧化铜纳米颗粒的加入强化了去离子水的换热性能,其强化程度随Re的变化因管径而异,并且与流态有关。     

硼酸浓度及热面倾角对沸腾换热影响的实验研究

基于搭建的加热面倾斜可调式沸腾传热实验装置,通过对比蒸馏水沸腾换热实验与实验关联式,在验证实验装置及测量方法可靠性的基础上,对不同浓度硼酸溶液在不同加热面倾斜角下的沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究和比较,获得了硼酸浓度和加热面倾斜角变化时的平均换热系数。实验结果表明,对于浓度为1.3~9.5 g/kg的硼酸溶液,换热系数随着浓度的增加而增大,但是达到5 5 g/kg后趋于平缓;相同浓度时不同倾斜角下平均换热系数最大相差8%。     

Ultrahigh heat transfer enhancement using nano-porous layer

Heat transfer enhancement is one of the key issues of saving energies and compact designs for mechanical and chemical devices and plants. We discover an ultrahigh convective heat transfer performance compared to the well-known heat transfer correlations caused by a nano-particle porous surface: the maximum increase of heat transfer coefficient was around 180%. This nano-particle porous layer can be formed on the substrate surface by an etching with some acids or alkalis including around 100 nm size nano-particles made from copper oxide, carbon nano-tube and aluminium oxide. Moreover, we have done some experiments using a co-current flow heat exchanger consisting of hot and cold water-channels and obtained an ultrahigh heat transfer performance: over 200% increase compared to the conventional correlation. On the other hand, in order to theoretically investigate effects of nano-particle porous layer structures on the surface energy transfer, the energy transfer from fluid to the heat transfer surface is calculated by a classical molecular dynamics method. Energy transfer to the surface from the fluid strongly depends on the surface structures in nanometre scale that affect the static structure and dynamic behaviours of fluid molecules in the vicinity of the surface.     

BOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF R-11 IN COMPACT TUBE BUNDLES WITH SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES

This study presents new data on nucleate boiling heat transfer obtained in compact horizontal tube bundles with small tube gaps. The experiment investigates the heat transfer enhancement effects by the restricted spaces comprising the compact tube bundles and the enhanced heat transfer tubes for nucleate boiling heat transfer of R-11 at atmospheric pressure. A roll-worked tube was used as a new type of enhanced heat transfer tube. The experimental results show that the small tube gaps can greatly enhance boiling heat transfer in a smooth tube bundle, while enhancement effects of small gaps were not quite significant for the enhanced tube bundle. There is a compound effect from the enhanced surface and the restricted space only for the enhanced tube bundle with the tube gap of 0.5 mm. The effects of the tube positions within both compact tube bundles on the boiling heat transfer were minor.     

Experimental Investigation of Subcooled Flow Boiling in an Inclined Channel with a Hot Spot

In this study, the effects of surface roughness, fluid velocity, and surface inclination on hot spot subcooled flow boiling are investigated experimentally. The experimental set-up consists of a circular heater that is placed on the lower wall of a channel. Based on the experimental data, two new independent empirical correlations are presented. The experimental results show that by increasing the surface roughness and fluid velocity, the surface heat fluxes increase. Inclination of the surface in either direction yields a higher heat transfer coefficient in comparison to its horizontal position when the surface is smooth and lower for the rough surface.     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE BUNDLE

The effect of thermal environment on boiling heat transfer performance in a section of a horizontal tube bundle was investigated using R-113 as the working fluid. The in-line tube bundle has five columns and 27 rows with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.3. Heal transfer coefficients obtained from the instrumented tube in the tube bundle with only one tube heated while the other tubes remained unhealed and with all the lubes in the bundle heated are reported for a range of heat flux, pressure, mass flow rate, and quality. The results showed that heat transfer coefficient of a tube in a heated bundle is slightly higher than that in an unhealed bundle, with the variation of heat transfer coefficient decreasing as heat flux, mass flow rate, or pressure increased. It was also found that higher quality would tend to improve the heat transfer. However, the effect of quality disappeared as heat flux, mass flow rate, and pressure increased. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism of the heat transfer augment due to thermal environment was analyzed. It was proposed that fluid agitation and thin liquid film formation are two main factors for a heated bundle to have better transfer performance than an unhealed bundle,     

Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids

This paper is concerned about pool boiling heat transfer using nanofluids, a subject of several investigations over the past few years. The work is motivated by the controversial results reported in the literature and the potential impact of nanofluids on heat transfer intensification. Systematic experiments are carried out to formulate stable aqueous based nanofluids containing γ-alumina nanoparticles (primary particle size 10–50 nm), and to investigate their heat transfer behaviour under nucleate pool boiling conditions. The results show that alumina nanofluids can significantly enhance boiling heat transfer. The enhancement increases with increasing particle concentration and reaches ∼ ∼40% at a particle loading of 1.25% by weight. Discussion of the results suggests that the reported controversies in the thermal performance of nanofluids under the nucleate pool boiling conditions be associated with the properties and behaviour of the nanofluids and boiling surface, as well as their interactions.     

微槽结构和工质对槽内流动沸腾的影响

本文报道实验测试甲醇等低沸点工质在微槽内流动沸腾特性的结果，并对所呈现的起始沸腾区有明显壁温回落等现象作出分析，从而在一定程度上揭示出微型槽道和工质本身特性对流动沸腾特性的影响。     

Two-phase flow boiling heat transfer of FC-72 in parallel micro-channels

Experimental research is performed on two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in micro-channels. FC-72 is used as the working fluid. In order to analyze the heat transfer mechanism during two-phase flow boiling, the dimensionless parameters, e.g., boiling number and convection number, are used, and the effect of these parameters on the heat transfer can be confirmed during flow boiling in the micro-channel. In addition, the transition criterion from bubbly/slug flow to annular flow is proposed from the modified Weber number. Based on the boiling heat transfer mechanism obtained from the experiments, a new correlation is proposed to predict the heat transfer coefficient. The new correlation predicts well the experimental results within a mean absolute error of 5.2%.     

Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids

This paper is concerned about pool boiling heat transfer using nanofluids, a subject of several investigations over the past few years. The work is motivated by the controversial results reported in the literature and the potential impact of nanofluids on heat transfer intensification. Systematic experiments are carried out to formulate stable aqueous based nanofluids containing γ-alumina nanoparticles (primary particle size 10–50 nm), and to investigate their heat transfer behaviour under nucleate pool boiling conditions. The results show that alumina nanofluids can significantly enhance boiling heat transfer. The enhancement increases with increasing particle concentration and reaches ∼ ∼40% at a particle loading of 1.25% by weight. Discussion of the results suggests that the reported controversies in the thermal performance of nanofluids under the nucleate pool boiling conditions be associated with the properties and behaviour of the nanofluids and boiling surface, as well as their interactions.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected issue number.