高温高压下氮、氩对OH、O2辐射影响的光谱研究

 本文利用我们研制的棱镜谱仪探测技术研究了氢反应过程OH、O₂的激发辐射特性。研究表明，在高温高压下氩气、氮气减弱链式反应，降低OH辐射；但是，一定量的氩可以使O₂辐射加强。谱仪测量发现，O₂辐射迟于OH辐射，它直接证明了O₂在链中止后受激辐射。本文还观察了入射波激励和反射波激励下OH辐射强度及感应时间的变化过程。所用的光谱探测技术可用于冲击波激励或高速反应产生的高温高压激励辐射特性的研究。     

CH4-O2-N2预混气体爆炸二维数值模拟

 利用CFD软件,基于ISAT算法和简化的甲烷氧化基元反应模型,建立了CH₄-O₂-N₂预混气体的二维湍流爆炸模型。数值计算结果表明,该模型较好地模拟了CH₄-O₂-N₂预混气体在高温气团作用下的点火、燃烧和爆炸过程。计算中,考察了高温点火气团的初始温度和混合气体初始组分对CH₄-O₂-N₂预混气体燃烧和爆炸过程的影响。结果表明：高温气团的初始温度对CH₄-O₂-N₂预混气体的点火延迟时间和燃烧初始阶段有重要影响,但对CJ爆燃没有影响;惰性气体N₂的加入,降低了混合气体的反应活性,导致点火延迟时间增大,燃烧反应速度、爆炸超压和重要自由基浓度都随之减小。相同条件下爆炸超压峰值的计算结果与实验测量结果符合较好。     

高温高压下硝基甲烷快速反应的光谱研究

 利用多台单色仪、光电系统及高速数据采集系统，成功地研究了硝基甲烷和氧混合物点火后快速反应的光谱。实验观察到CH₃O、CH、CH₂O、OH、CHO、CO、CO₂、H₂O、NO、NO₂等中间产物及最终产物的辐射。时间分辨的光谱测量发现：在爆炸激波管中，硝基甲烷快速反应的机理明显不同于硝基甲烷热分解和冲击引爆时的结果。     

纳米铝粉点火机理的快速光谱研究

用光触发同步采集技术在多光谱系统上测定纳米铝粉与环氧丙烷快速反应的点火延迟时间和基团光谱强度,得出诱导激波作用下纳米铝粉的点火机理。X射线衍射(XRD)数据表明,等离子体方法生产的纳米铝粉由于活性较高表面有部分氧化,电子能谱(XPS)给出结果表明氧化层厚度～3nm,且其反应生成物的电子能谱显示氧化层厚度随诱导激波强度增加而相应增大。单色仪测定AlO(464.8nm)点火时间表明随诱导激波强度增大,纳米铝粉在环氧丙烷反应系统中的抛撒状态分布更均匀,颗粒受热面增大,受热率明显增大,且激波作用下铝粉表面3nm厚氧化层也极易被熔破,使内核活性铝气化与反应系统中的氧原子及含氧分子反应放热而达到点火状态。     

平面冲击波高速撞击下Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5大块非晶合金的损伤与断裂

 利用二级轻气炮研究了在平面冲击波高速撞击下，Zr₄₁Ti₁₄Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5大块非晶合金的损伤与断裂行为。实验结果表明：在高速冲击压缩下，大块非晶合金断裂面的角度小于通常压缩情况的角度，这是由高速撞击下材料极高的应变速率决定的；极高的应变速率变形和局域绝热剪切加热造成局部熔化；在温度和压力的共同作用下，非晶合金发生晶化现象。     

制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料中CuO-Al体系的化学反应

 对CuO-Al粉末预制块经不同温度下反应，测试其温度随时间的变化曲线，利用X射线衍射仪对其反应后的试样进行物相分析，得出产生热爆的反应温度及不同温度下的反应产物。 结果表明，CuO-Al体系反应随介质温度升高，可分为3个不同阶段，温度小于1 200 K，不发生化学反应；温度为1 200~1 473 K时CuO-Al体系发生部分化学反应，其产物为Cu₂O、CuAlO₂ 及Al₂O₃；温度高于1 473 K，CuO-Al体系发生化学反应，其产物为Cu和Al₂O₃，此阶段易出现热爆现象。     

激波诱导下纳米铝粉与微米铝粉的爆炸特征对比研究

对比研究了入射激波诱导下纳米铝粉和微米铝粉与环氧丙烷混合物快速反应系统中的爆炸特征.利用多台单色谱仪同步采集技术实验测定了二种反应混合物在不同诱导激波中强度作用下的点火延迟时间.为获得爆炸系统内部信息利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射分析仪(XRD),X射线能谱(XPS)对相应铝粉反应生成物的结构、态貌、表面氧化层厚度进行了表征和分析.结果表明:TEM结果表明纳米铝粉生成物为絮状、针状和纤维状,而微米铝粉生成物为球状且体积增大;XRD结果显示在压缩区、点火区、燃烧区、爆炸区、传播区、碎片压缩致冷区生 关键词： 诱导激波 点火 XPS能谱 铝粉     

高压高温下B2O3与Mg和Li3N的反应

 通过B₂O₃与Mg和Li₃N分别在不同温度压力条件下的反应，用X射线方法研究了生成物的物相。当采用Mg与B₂O₃为原料时，其产物是Mg₃B₂O₆；用Li₃N与B₂O₃反应时，产物中除了Li₃BO₃，还有立方氮化硼（cBN）生成。这表明，当原料中含有相同数量B₂O₃时，用Mg和Li₃N分别作触媒合成立方氮化硼，将得到不同的结果。     

PZT95/5粉体的冲击合成反应机理初探

 采用柱面冲击波回收装置，通过炸药爆轰产生的冲击波作用于Pb₄O₃、ZrO₂和TiO₂混合物粉体以合成PZT95/5粉体。通过对回收粉体进行的X射线衍射（XRD）分析，并结合冲击波理论，从实验和理论两个方面探讨了PZT粉体的合成机理和过程。结果表明，PZT的合成反应与Pb₃O₄的分解反应几乎同时进行，由于冲击波的特殊性，系统的温度和压力能同时满足Pb₃O₄分解和PZT合成的反应热力学条件，由Pb₃O₄分解的PbO一旦形成，就立刻与ZrO₂、TiO₂等氧化物反应生成PZT；冲击波合成PZT粉体属于特殊的固相反应，物质的扩散速度和反应速度大大提高。     

苯快速反应点火特性的光谱研究

利用由单色谱仪、压力传感器以及示波器组成的测试系统,测定了高温激波管中苯快速反应的几个重要产物:H,C2和CH的点火延迟时间和出现的顺序.提出了一种在入射激波条件下确定含能材料冲击点火延迟时间的新方法,并介绍了苯在快速反应中碳生成的微观反应机理.研究表明:无论马赫数如何改变,H原子总是最先出现,说明苯在快速反应过程中,首先断裂的C-H键,而不是C-C键.利用较早出现的反应中间产物H原子来测定苯的点火延迟时间更为准确.利用单色谱仪技术能较好地研究苯的快速反应点火特性,新方法与国内外常用的全色光技术相比可明显减少实验量.     

PTFE/Al反应材料的力学性能研究

 反应材料是一种由冲击引发的新型含能材料,对其力学性能的研究是其广泛应用的一个重要前提。在室温下,利用万能试验机和改进的摆锤冲击试验机对聚四氟乙烯/铝（PTFE/Al）系列反应材料的拉伸和冲击性能进行了实验研究。随着Al含量的增加,反应材料的密度和燃烧热升高,拉伸强度呈先升高后降低的趋势,在Al含量为6%左右时达到最大值36.1 MPa,与计算结果较符合。推测反应材料的损伤过程为变形、开裂和反应3步。Al含量的增加导致反应材料试样的冲击韧性先升高后降低,在Al含量为40%左右时达到最大值72.06 J/cm²。随着Al含量的增加,材料的反应难度增加,反应自持性降低。     

水中金属丝爆引燃铝粉悬浮液冲击波增强效应

开展了水中铜丝电爆炸引燃铝粉悬浮液的实验研究,将铝粉悬浮液置于有机玻璃管中,同轴心方向穿过200 μm的金属铜丝,经脉冲功率驱动后快速相变发生电爆炸为铝粉爆燃提供反应条件。通过比对不同质量球状铝粉（μm粒径）的悬浮液在相同脉冲电容器储能条件下的放电和冲击波参数,获得了电爆炸驱动铝粉放电特性和冲击波增强效应的规律。实验发现,电爆炸起爆铝粉的冲击波有两个明显的波峰,分别对应于金属丝电爆炸（一次冲击波）和由产物气体胀裂管壁产生的二次冲击波,且铝粉爆燃对二次冲击波的增强效应非常显著,在300 mg铝粉的悬浮液环境中,二次冲击波峰值达到2.77 MPa,是无铝粉添加环境中二次冲击波的2.25倍,冲击波冲量增强了约50%。对不同储能条件下200 mg铝粉的悬浮液环境中金属丝爆的冲击波进行了对比研究,发现随着驱动源储能的增加,电爆炸引发的主冲击波和二次冲击波压力均逐渐增大,600 J时分别达到了3.17和1.91 MPa,冲击波冲量也随储能增加而增加,在600 J储能条件时的冲量为41.12 Pa·s,储能条件约300 J时20.24 Pa·s冲量的2倍。     

铝阳极氧化过程中氢对氧迁移影响的理论研究

为了研究铝阳极氧化过程中离子在阳极反应中的行为，利用第一性原理研究了氢原子对氧原子在铝(111)表面的吸附迁移行为的影响及氧原子向铝晶体内部的渗透行为的影响.结果表明，由于“抽象”(abstract)效应，氢原子的存在大大降低了氧进入铝晶体的能垒.氢原子的引入也影响了氧原子在铝晶体中的扩散，这可以显著降低氧原子在四面体间隙位置之间迁移的活化能(从1.23eV到0.35eV).这些结论助于我们了解阳极氧化过程和离子迁移过程.     

Electrostatic discharge sensitivity and electrical conductivity of composite energetic materials

Composite energetic material response to electrical stimuli was investigated and a correlation between electrical conductivity and ignition sensitivity was examined. The composites consisted of micrometer particle aluminum combined with another metal, metal oxide, or fluoropolymer. Of the nine tested mixtures, aluminum (Al) with copper oxide (CuO) was the only mixture to ignite by electrostatic discharge. Under the loose powder conditions of these experiments, the Al–CuO minimum ignition energy (MIE) is 25 mJ and exhibited an electrical conductivity two orders of magnitude higher than the next composite. This study showed a similar trend in MIE for ignition triggered by a discharged spark compared with a thermal hot wire source.     

Effect of the Al/O ratio on the Al reaction of aluminized RDX-based explosives

Aluminum(Al) powders are used in composite explosives as a typical reducing agent for improving explosion performance. To understand energy release of aluminum in aluminized RDX-based explosives, a series of thermal measurements and underwater explosion(UNDEX) experiments were conducted. Lithium fluoride(LiF) was added in RDX-based explosives, as a replacement of aluminum, and used in constant temperature calorimeter experiments and UNDEXs. The influence of aluminum powder on explosion heat(Qv) was measured. A rich supply of data about aluminum energy release rate was gained. There are other oxides(CO_2, CO, and H_2O) in detonation products besides alumina when the content of RDX is maintained at the same levels. Aluminum cannot fully combine with oxygen in the detonation products. To study the relationship between the explosive formulation and energy release, pressure and impulse signals in underwater experiments were recorded and analyzed after charges were initiated underwater. The shock wave energy(Esk), bubble energy(Eb), and total energy(Et) monotony increase with the Al/O ratio, while the growth rates of the shock wave energy,bubble energy, and total energy become slow.     

Integrating Al with NiO nano honeycomb to realize an energetic material on silicon substrate

Nano energetic materials offer improved performance in energy release, ignition, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk or micro counterparts. In this study, the authors propose an approach to synthesize an Al/NiO based nano energetic material which is fully compatible with a microsystem. A two-dimensional NiO nano honeycomb is first realized by thermal oxidation of a Ni thin film deposited onto a silicon substrate by thermal evaporation. Then the NiO nano honeycomb is integrated with an Al that is deposited by thermal evaporation to realize an Al/NiO based nano energetic material. This approach has several advantages over previous investigations, such as lower ignition temperature, enhanced interfacial contact area, reduced impurities and Al oxidation, tailored dimensions, and easier integration into a microsystem to realize functional devices. The synthesized Al/NiO based nano energetic material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry.     

Magnetic properties of nano-sized 5 at.%Fe–Al systems

High energy ball milling is a promising materials processing technique that is widely used to produce nanocrystalline structures. However, when stainless steel or hardened steel containers and balls are used for milling, contamination from the milling medium can influence the material properties of the final nanostructured products due to intercalation of iron (Fe) as an impurity. This study reports the effect of iron contamination on nanocrystalline aluminum (Al) powder. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and bulk magnetization studies using a vibrating sample magnetometer show that pure Al powder milled in hard steel media is strongly ferromagnetic at room temperature due to Fe contamination of about 5 at.% from the milling medium. TEM studies indicate that the system consists mainly of nano-sized Fe interspersed in Al with average crystallite sizes of ~2 and ~5 nm for Fe and Al, respectively. A comparative study of this system made with a mechanically alloyed Fe–Al system with the same percentage of Fe mixed with pure Al and mechanically alloyed using tungsten carbide vials and balls shows that the saturation magnetization, coercivity, Curie temperature, and low temperature behavior (field cooled–zero field cooled) are very different in the two cases. The different magnetic properties of the two systems can be attributed to the presence of magnetic and non-magnetic phases present.     

Combustion waves in composite solid material of shell–core type

In this article, an asymptotic and numerical analysis of combustion wave propagation in shell–core composite solid energetic material is undertaken based on the diffusional–thermal model with an overall Arrhenius reaction step. Flame speed and structure are found for a broad range of parameter values. Two different regimes of flame propagation are identified. In the weak recuperation regime, the temperatures of the shell and core are monotonic functions of the coordinates, and they differ only slightly in the reaction zone of the flame. In the strong recuperation regime, the temperature of the shell is significantly higher than that of the core and has a sharp peak in the reaction zone with the maximum value exceeding the adiabatic flame temperature for pure energetic material. It is found that the highest level of flame acceleration in the composite material can be attained in the strong recuperation regime. The competition of these flame propagation regimes may lead to the coexistence of multiple combustion waves travelling with different velocities. The stability is investigated of combustion waves in the practically important strong recuperation regime.     

三元复合表面膜反射光谱的计算

将二元的金属－介质非均匀复合物的等效介质理论推广到三元的情况，并由此计算出两种铝阳极氧化着色谱试样的反射谱。与实验结果对比可看出，计算曲线与实验曲线大致相符，表明该计算方法在一定范围和条件下的适用性，从而为多元复合表面材料光特性的理论研究提供了一种可行的方法。     

In situ XPS investigation of Pt(Sn)/Mg(Al)O catalysts during ethane dehydrogenation experiments

Calcined hydrotalcite with or without added metal (Mg(Al)O, Pt/Mg(Al)O and Pt,Sn/Mg(Al)O) have been investigated with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) during ethane dehydrogenation experiments. The temperature in the analysis chamber was 450 °C and the gas pressure was in the range 0.3-1 mbar. Depth profiling of calcined hydrotalcite and platinum catalysts under reaction, oxidation and in hydrogen-water mixture was performed by varying the photon energy, covering an analysis depth of 10-21 Å. It was observed that the Mg/Al ratio in the Mg(Al)O crystallites does not vary significantly in the analysis depth range studied. This result indicates that Mg and Al are homogeneously distributed in the Mg(Al)O crystallites. Catalytic tests have shown that the initial activity of a Pt,Sn/Mg(Al)O catalyst increases during an activation period consisting of several cycles of reduction-dehydrogenation-oxidation. The Sn/Mg ratio in a Pt,Sn/Mg(Al)O catalyst was followed during several such cycles, and was found to increase during the activation period, probably due to a process where tin spreads over the carrier material and covers an increasing fraction of the Mg(Al)O surface. The results further indicate that spreading of tin occurs under reduction conditions.A PtSn₂ alloy was studied separately. The surface of the alloy was enriched in Sn during reduction and reaction conditions at 450 °C. Binding energies were determined and indicated that Sn on the particle surface is predominantly in an oxidised state under reaction conditions, while Pt and a fraction of Sn is present as a reduced Pt-Sn alloy.