纵振驱动球面弯曲振动超声聚焦系统的聚焦特性*

为了将超声聚焦效应应用于工业加工中的冷却技术中,该文提出一种由夹心式换能器纵向振动驱动球面弯曲振动超声聚焦系统。基于基尔霍夫-亥姆霍兹声场理论分析了由换能器中心面纵向振动和球面弯曲振动组成的复合超声振动条件下的声场聚焦特性,并通过实验进行验证。研究结果表明,该聚焦系统具有显著的聚焦特性,球面弯曲振动将声能汇聚在声场焦区;当声场相位相同时,换能器中心面纵向振动和球面弯曲振动产生的声场在焦区发生叠加,可以进一步提高焦区声压;减小换能器中心面半径和球面曲率半径、增加球面开口半径可以增强复合超声振动的聚焦效果。     

核级阀门唇焊焊缝熔深的超声检测方法*

核电阀体唇焊焊缝熔深不足可能导致其在服役期内无预期断裂,由此引起的流质泄露将引起严重的安全事故。因此,极有必要在阀体焊接完成后进行熔深测量以保证足够的焊缝强度。本研究针对阀体唇焊缝粗糙余高曲面声学耦合差、熔深测量难的问题,提出基于喷水式超声聚焦检测技术的唇焊焊缝熔深测量方法。首先,根据核电阀体唇焊焊缝结构特点提出唇焊熔深的超声聚焦测量方法;其次,通过构建检测过程的有限元模型分析焊缝余高曲率对声场聚焦能力的影响,给出余高曲率各异的焊缝检测时的水距修正方法,以便在预定熔深范围内形成高能聚焦声场;最后,分析和提取与唇焊结构相关的检测信号特征,结合金相分析方法修正声速。研究结果显示：通过水距修正可改善焊缝曲率半径变化对聚焦声场的不利影响,曲率半径28.5 mm时焦区声压幅度仅下降11%,基于特征脉冲时间间隔及声速修正可测定焊缝熔深;与金相试验对比,绝对误差小于0.06 mm,满足核电阀门唇焊焊缝熔深测量的需求。     

基于LabVIEW的时间反转超声检测系统的开发

时间反转技术在超声无损检测中的应用非常广泛,它可以忽略介质的非均匀性及初始信号源的位置,能够在时间和空间上聚焦超声波,实现对介质缺陷的聚焦检测。基于LabVIEW图形化编程软件,结合计算机、信号发生器、示波器、超声换能器、GPIB等的使用,对超声检测系统实验平台进行了构建,实现了超声信号的发射、接收以及时间反转一系列的信号处理过程。系统工作过程中,采用了三种不同的时间反转技术：经典时间反转技术(Time Reversal：TR)、反向滤波技术(Inverse Filter：IF)及1位处理技术(1Bit Processing),来实现信号的聚焦。实验验证该系统可以有效的实现时间反转超声检测过程中对信号的激励、接收、处理和存储等功能,有良好的精确性和适用性。     

《医学物理学》中超声波的教学及神奇超声刀

在医学院开设的物理学课程里，关于“超声波”在医学的应用讲得比较多的是超声多普勒血流仪．目前，超声热疗技术取得了巨大的进展，超声热疗技术的发展为人类同肿瘤的斗争提供了一种新技术，尤其是高强度聚焦超声技术应用于肿瘤治疗的前景十分广阔．这一部分内容，医学院的物理课程中不应予以忽视．下面谈两个问题：     

圆环形聚焦声场的构建与调控

提出了一种由径向振动模式的圆环形压电换能器晶片组成的圆柱形阵列换能器结构, 依据阵元激励信号的相位调控机理, 推导了圆环形聚焦声场的调控公式, 在三维空间中构建了圆环形聚焦声场, 实现了对其聚焦区域大小、聚焦圆环半径以及轴向位置移动的调控. 理论分析和仿真研究表明, 所提出的圆柱形阵列换能器实现了对圆环形聚焦声场的调控. 为检测超声、功率超声、医学超声等应用领域提供了一种可实现的新型圆环形可调控聚焦声场.     

相控阵高强度聚焦超声的研究进展

相控阵高强度聚焦超声(high Intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)技术可以通过电子调相自由控制聚焦区域中焦点的形状、位置、个数等,实现高精度、高效率的治疗。文章主要介绍了相控聚焦超声的原理、阵型设计、声场优化、控制算法、电路设计以及换能器材料等几个方面。     

高能激光远场辐照度分布测量技术及其进展

测量高能激光远场辐照度分布是评估激光武器系统性能指标的一个有效方法。对国内外现有的几种高能激光远场辐照度分布测量方法进行了比较和归纳，对各种技术的优点和缺点作了深入的分析，并对靶面抗损伤技术、取样衰减技术和功率密度定标技术3项关键技术研究进展进行了介绍，在该基础上阐述了高能激光能量远场辐照度分布直接测量技术的发展趋势。     

泌尿系统治疗用HIFU换能器的设计

高强度聚焦超声技术是‘种将超声能量聚焦于人体深部组织的狭小区域,形成足够高的声强,使组织瞬时在局部产生高温、无创性局部治疗肿瘤的新技术。近年来,泌尿系统疾病发病率迅速上升,尤其是前列腺疾病发病率高,相关的并发症也较多,已成为威胁男性生命健康的重要疾病。本文应用高强度聚焦超声技术,设计了治疗泌尿系统疾病的线阵换能器。仿真结果证明:该换能器的卢场能量集中,声强峰值尖锐,焦点尺十小,聚焦效果好,可以达到有效无损治疗的目的。     

超声治癌与无损测温研究

至今已有很多关于超声治癌的研究。热疗已上升为治疗癌肿的主要方法之一。文中简述了热疗的历史发展，生物物理学基础和超声热疗的技术面貌，报道了对肿瘤或前列腺烧疗的高强度相控聚焦超声技术，它可在１０ｓ以内使肿瘤内升温超过７０℃。     

高能X射线组合透镜聚焦性能的实验结果

高能X射线组合透镜是一种基于折射效应的新型X射线光学元件。报道了这种新型X射线光学元件聚焦性能的最新实验结果。设计的高能X射线组合透镜为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)材料,包括40个相同的、顺序排布的平凹折射单元,折射单元的球面半径为200μm,组合透镜的几何口径约为500μm,长度约为8 mm,焦距约为1.3 m。简要描述了PMMA材料X射线组合透镜的制作技术和制作过程。并给出了X射线组合透镜聚焦性能测试实验系统和实验条件。最后给出8 keV单色X射线辐射下,PMMA材料X射线组合透镜的聚焦性能的测试结果,对实际测试结果进行了分析和讨论,得出结论,焦距等参量与理论计算结果基本吻合。     

强流加速器材料研究

加速器技术的快速发展以及科学技术研究和应用的不断需求，使得高流强和高品质成为新一代加速器装置的最重要的指标。目前大型科学实验装置如重离子束驱动的惯性约束聚变装置、对撞机、中微子及介子工厂、散裂中子源等都需要强流加速器。详细介绍了强流加速器中涉及的材料问题以及强流加速器在聚变堆材料研究中的作用和前景。With the increasing development of accelerator technology and the growing requirements from scientific and technical researches as well as applications, high intensity and high performance become the most important characters of the new accelerator facilities. Currently, many large-scale scientific experimental facilities such as the heavy-ion driven inertial confined fusion facility, the collider, the neutrino and muon factories, the spallation neutron source and so on all need the high intensity accelerators. In this paper, the material issues relevant to the high intensity accelerators and the applications of high intensity accelerators are introduced.     

两片掺铒玻璃样品级联荧光光谱的实验研究

介绍一种掺铒玻璃样品的制作方法，实验测量了单片及两片掺铒玻璃样品的荧光特性.结果表明：两片掺铒玻璃样品级联的荧光强度比单片掺铒玻璃样品的荧光强度高，半值宽度与高浓度单片样品的半值宽度近似相等；在两片掺铒玻璃样品级联的形式中，浓度高的样品靠近抽运光源时的荧光强度比浓度低的样品靠近抽运光源时的荧光强度高；两种低浓度样品组合的荧光强度相对于其单片样品荧光强度的增幅比两种高浓度样品组合的荧光强度相对于其单片样品荧光强度的增幅要高. 关键词： 掺铒玻璃样品 级联 荧光光谱强度 半值宽度     

Excitation wavelength and intensity dependence of luminescence decay in a-Si(H)

We present results on the dependence of the initial luminescence decay in hydrogenated amorphous Si on temperature, excitation photon energy and excitation intensity. We find that the initial decay becomes faster with increasing temperature and excitation intensity but slower with increasing excitation phonon energy. The total luminescence intensity varies sublinearly with excitation intensity at high intensities, showing that nonradiative processes become more important at high intensities. These results are discussed in terms of current models.     

The Properties of Light Pressure Force with High Order in Laser Fields

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The Properties of Light Pressure Force with High Order in Laser Fields

In this paper, the light pressure force in low and high intensity laser fields is derived. The exact numerical results of forces Fn∥(n=0,1,2,3,4,5,6…) through the matrix continued fraction method are presented. At low intensity field (G=1), the spatially averaged force F0∥ gives a cooling effect at the negative detuning. At high intensity (G=64), the effects of the forces with higher order (n≥2) appear and the contributes of the forces with odd or even order are opposite. It is great different from no high order force at low intensity.     

Polarization and intensity of Compton scattering

X-ray spectra scattered at 90° by acrylic resin plates of various thicknesses are measured. The intensity and polarization of Compton-scattered X-rays are estimated from the spectra. As the thickness of the slab increases, the intensity increases but the polarization decreases. The optimal thickness for a polarized X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is determined, which provides both high intensity and high polarization.     

Early MRI findings of rapidly destructive coxopathy

To diagnose rapidly destructive coxopathy (RDC) in its early stages and understand the pathomechanism of associated joint destruction, ten cases of RDC were followed by periodic MRI from onset of the disease. In the initial stage (stage 1) of RDC, when radiographs revealed slight narrowing of the joint space, a small subchondral area of low signal intensity was observed on T(1)-weighted images (T1WI) and inhomogeneous high intensity was observed on T(2)-weighted images (T2WI) in the antero-lateral portion of the femoral head. When radiographs showed obliteration of the joint space (stage 2), MRI revealed a diffuse area of low intensity on TIWI and high intensity on T2WI in the proximal femur, including the femoral neck and head, suggesting extensive bone marrow edema. The femoral head and acetabulum were aggressively destroyed (stage 3) in all cases 3 to 6 months after the diffuse abnormal pattern was observed on MRI. MRI in stage 3 cases showed low intensity areas on both T1WI and T2WI. RDC did not show the band-like pattern of low intensity on T1WI and high intensity on T2WI that typify MRI findings in cases of osteonecrosis. When joint space narrowing is observed radiographically, the diffuse abnormal pattern of low intensity on T1WI and high intensity on T2WI induced by a subchondral small lesion might be an early sign of RDC.     

基于二元光学设计的高能激光窗口的初步探讨

对非均匀近场强度分布影响强激光远场聚焦效果的原因进行了分析。对高能激光窗口进行了二元光学设计。提高了光束强度分布的均匀性,改善了光束质量。介绍了二元光学设计的基本原理,采用随机并行扰动爬山法对窗口的位相分布、变换后的光束强度分布、衍射效率和光束均匀性进行了计算。计算结果表明,基于二元光学设计的激光窗口能有效地改善光束强度分布的均匀性,提高了发射光束的质量。     

聚光光强对光伏电池阵列输出性能的影响

基于槽式聚光热电联供系统,深入分析晶硅电池阵列和砷化镓电池阵列在高倍聚光下的输出特性及输出功率的影响因素.研究结果表明,聚光光强下砷化镓电池阵列输出性能优于晶硅电池阵列,高光强会导致光伏电池禁带宽度变窄,短路电流成倍增加,增加输出功率,但同时耗尽层复合率变大,开路电压降低,制约阵列的输出功率;高光强还引起电池温度升高,电池阵列串联内阻增加.分析表明聚光作用下电池阵列串联内阻对输出功率影响巨大,串联内阻从0 Ω增加1 Ω,四种电池阵列输出功率分别损失67.78%,74.93%,77.30%和58.01%. 关键词： 热电联供 太阳电池阵列 串联内阻 输出功率     

Nonstationary heating during VUV photochemical ablation of polymers

According to a previously developed pure photochemical model of VUV laser ablation of polymers, the velocity of ablation front is proportional to surface intensity, and a stationary value of the surface temperature does not depend on laser intensity. Previous estimations show, however, that this stationary surface temperature could be too high to be relevant to the photochemical mechanism. This raises a question of whether the stationary value of the surface temperature can be achieved for a given time shape of light intensity coming to the surface irradiated by a laser pulse of high enough fluence. The intensity time shape is connected not only with the time shape of a laser pulse but also with screening of laser radiation by the plume. This problem is discussed in the present communication. Specifically, it is shown that with a hyperbolic surface intensity time shape, heat diffusion can successfully compete with laser heating decreasing maximum surface temperature compared to its stationary value. The hyperbolic surface laser intensity corresponds to a rectangular laser pulse screened by plume during the photochemical ablation. This allows one to estimate that the photochemical model for a multiple-pulse VUV laser ablation with a high plume extinction coefficient is self-consistent even for a high value of stationary temperature and for high enough laser fluences. PACS 42.62.-b; 44.05.+e; 82.53.-k